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  1. Article ; Online: Epidemiology of Escherichia coli bloodstream infection antimicrobial resistance trends across South West England during the first 2 years of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic response.

    Stanley, Jack / Sullivan, Brian / Dowsey, Andrew W / Jones, Koren / Beck, Charles R

    Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

    2024  

    Abstract: Objectives: Between 2016 and 2019, the proportion of Escherichia coli bloodstream infection (BSI) with resistance to at least one antibiotic increased nationally. Public health interventions implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic changed ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Between 2016 and 2019, the proportion of Escherichia coli bloodstream infection (BSI) with resistance to at least one antibiotic increased nationally. Public health interventions implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic changed population contact patterns and healthcare systems, with consequent effects on epidemiological trends of numerous pathogens. We investigated the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on epidemiological trends of E. coli BSI antimicrobial resistance (AMR) across South West England.
    Methods: We undertook a retrospective ecological analysis utilizing routine surveillance data of E. coli BSI cases reported to the UK Health Security Agency between 2016 and 2021. We analysed AMR trends for antimicrobial agents including amoxicillin-clavulanate, ciprofloxacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, gentamicin, third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems before and after the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions (23 March 2020) using Bayesian segmented regression.
    Results: We identified 19 055 cases. A total of 50.2% were male. Median age was 76 (interquartile range, 65-85 years). Piperacillin-tazobactam (-2.90% [95% highest density interval {HDI} -4.51%, -0.48%]) and ciprofloxacin (-2.40% [95% HDI -4.35%, 0.48%]) resistance demonstrated immediate step changes at the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions. Gentamicin (odds ratio [OR] 0.92 [95% HDI 0.76, 1.12]) and third-generation cephalosporins (OR 0.95 [95% HDI 0.80, 1.14]) exhibited decreasing annual resistance trends after the implementation of COVID-19 restrictions, with moderate evidence for a lower OR after restrictions as compared to the period before (gentamicin Bayes Factor = 5.10, third-generation cephalosporins Bayes Factor = 6.67).
    Discussion: COVID-19 restrictions led to abrupt and longer term changes to E.coli BSI AMR. The immediate effects suggest altered transmission, whereas changes to resistant E. coli reservoirs may explain trend effects.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1328418-6
    ISSN 1469-0691 ; 1470-9465 ; 1198-743X
    ISSN (online) 1469-0691
    ISSN 1470-9465 ; 1198-743X
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmi.2024.03.018
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Uncertainty-Aware Protein-Level Quantification and Differential Expression Analysis of Proteomics Data with seaMass.

    Phillips, Alexander M / Unwin, Richard D / Hubbard, Simon J / Dowsey, Andrew W

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2022  Volume 2426, Page(s) 141–162

    Abstract: seaMass is an R package for protein-level quantification, normalization, and differential expression analysis of proteomics mass spectrometry data after peptide identification, protein grouping, and feature-level quantification. Using the concept of a ... ...

    Abstract seaMass is an R package for protein-level quantification, normalization, and differential expression analysis of proteomics mass spectrometry data after peptide identification, protein grouping, and feature-level quantification. Using the concept of a blocked experimental design, seaMass can analyze all common discovery proteomics paradigms, including label-free (e.g., Waters Progenesis input), SILAC (e.g., MaxQuant input), isotope labelling (e.g., SCIEX ProteinPilot iTraq and Thermo ProteomeDiscoverer TMT input), and data-independent acquisition (e.g., OpenSWATH-PyProphet input), and is able to scale to study with hundreds of assays or more. By utilizing hierarchical Bayesian modelling, seaMass assesses the quantification reliability of each feature and peptide across assays so that only those in consensus influence the resulting protein group quantification strongly. Similarly, unexplained variation in each individual assay is captured, providing both a metric for quality control and automatic down-weighting of suspect assays. To achieve this, each protein group-level quantification outputted by seaMass is accompanied by the standard deviation of its posterior uncertainty. Moreover, seaMass integrates a flexible differential expression analysis subsystem with false discovery rate control based on the popular MCMCglmm package for Bayesian mixed-effects modelling, and also provides uncertainty-aware principal components analysis. We provide a description for using seaMass to perform an end-to-end analysis using a real dataset associated with a published clinical proteomics study.
    MeSH term(s) Proteomics/methods ; Uncertainty ; Reproducibility of Results ; Bayes Theorem ; Proteins ; Peptides ; Proteome/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Proteins ; Peptides ; Proteome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-0716-1967-4_8
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Diagnostic MALDI-TOF MS can differentiate between high and low toxic

    Brignoli, Tarcisio / Recker, Mario / Lee, Winnie W Y / Dong, Tim / Bhamber, Ranjeet / Albur, Mahableshwar / Williams, Philip / Dowsey, Andrew W / Massey, Ruth C

    Microbiology (Reading, England)

    2022  Volume 168, Issue 8

    Abstract: Staphylococcus ... ...

    Abstract Staphylococcus aureus
    MeSH term(s) Bacteremia/diagnosis ; Bacteremia/microbiology ; Humans ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization ; Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcus aureus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1180712-x
    ISSN 1465-2080 ; 1350-0872
    ISSN (online) 1465-2080
    ISSN 1350-0872
    DOI 10.1099/mic.0.001223
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Visual identification of individual Holstein-Friesian cattle via deep metric learning

    Andrew, William / Gao, Jing / Mullan, Siobhan / Campbell, Neill / Dowsey, Andrew W / Burghardt, Tilo

    Computers and electronics in agriculture. 2021 June, v. 185

    2021  

    Abstract: Holstein-Friesian cattle exhibit individually-characteristic black and white coat patterns visually akin to those arising from Turing’s reaction-diffusion systems. This work takes advantage of these natural markings in order to automate visual detection ... ...

    Abstract Holstein-Friesian cattle exhibit individually-characteristic black and white coat patterns visually akin to those arising from Turing’s reaction-diffusion systems. This work takes advantage of these natural markings in order to automate visual detection and biometric identification of individual Holstein-Friesians via convolutional neural networks and deep metric learning techniques. Existing approaches rely on markings, tags or wearables with a variety of maintenance requirements, whereas we present a totally hands-off method for the automated detection, localisation, and identification of individual animals from overhead imaging in an open herd setting, i.e. where new additions to the herd are identified without re-training. We find that deep metric learning systems show strong performance even when many cattle unseen during system training are to be identified and re-identified – achieving 93.8% accuracy when trained on just half of the population. This work paves the way for facilitating the non-intrusive monitoring of cattle applicable to precision farming and surveillance for automated productivity, health and welfare monitoring, and to veterinary research such as behavioural analysis, disease outbreak tracing, and more. Key parts of the source code, network weights and underpinning datasets are available publicly (OpenCows2020).
    Keywords Holstein ; agriculture ; automation ; biometry ; cattle ; data collection ; disease outbreaks ; electronics ; herds ; monitoring ; veterinary medicine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-06
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 395514-x
    ISSN 0168-1699
    ISSN 0168-1699
    DOI 10.1016/j.compag.2021.106133
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  5. Article ; Online: mzMLb: A Future-Proof Raw Mass Spectrometry Data Format Based on Standards-Compliant mzML and Optimized for Speed and Storage Requirements.

    Bhamber, Ranjeet S / Jankevics, Andris / Deutsch, Eric W / Jones, Andrew R / Dowsey, Andrew W

    Journal of proteome research

    2020  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 172–183

    Abstract: With ever-increasing amounts of data produced by mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics and metabolomics, and the sheer volume of samples now analyzed, the need for a common open format possessing both file size efficiency and faster read/write speeds has ... ...

    Abstract With ever-increasing amounts of data produced by mass spectrometry (MS) proteomics and metabolomics, and the sheer volume of samples now analyzed, the need for a common open format possessing both file size efficiency and faster read/write speeds has become paramount to drive the next generation of data analysis pipelines. The Proteomics Standards Initiative (PSI) has established a clear and precise extensible markup language (XML) representation for data interchange, mzML, receiving substantial uptake; nevertheless, storage and file access efficiency has not been the main focus. We propose an HDF5 file format "mzMLb" that is optimized for both read/write speed and storage of the raw mass spectrometry data. We provide an extensive validation of the write speed, random read speed, and storage size, demonstrating a flexible format that with or without compression is faster than all existing approaches in virtually all cases, while with compression is comparable in size to proprietary vendor file formats. Since our approach uniquely preserves the XML encoding of the metadata, the format implicitly supports future versions of mzML and is straightforward to implement: mzMLb's design adheres to both HDF5 and NetCDF4 standard implementations, which allows it to be easily utilized by third parties due to their widespread programming language support. A reference implementation within the established ProteoWizard toolkit is provided.
    MeSH term(s) Databases, Protein ; Mass Spectrometry ; Metabolomics ; Programming Languages ; Proteomics ; Software
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2078618-9
    ISSN 1535-3907 ; 1535-3893
    ISSN (online) 1535-3907
    ISSN 1535-3893
    DOI 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00192
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Widespread severe cerebral elevations of haptoglobin and haemopexin in sporadic Alzheimer's disease: Evidence for a pervasive microvasculopathy.

    Philbert, Sasha A / Xu, Jingshu / Unwin, Richard D / Dowsey, Andrew W / Cooper, Garth J S

    Biochemical and biophysical research communications

    2021  Volume 555, Page(s) 89–94

    Abstract: Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is the commonest cause of age-related neurodegeneration but there are no available treatments with demonstrated disease-modifying actions. It is therefore relevant to study hitherto-unknown aspects of brain structure ... ...

    Abstract Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is the commonest cause of age-related neurodegeneration but there are no available treatments with demonstrated disease-modifying actions. It is therefore relevant to study hitherto-unknown aspects of brain structure and function to seek new disease-related mechanisms that might be targeted by novel disease-modifying interventions. During hypothesis-generating proteomic investigations in a case-control study of sAD, we observed widespread elevations of haptoglobin and haemopexin in all six brain-regions studied, which together represent much of the brain. Measured perturbations were significant, with the posterior probability of upregulation generally >95% and haptoglobin doubling in expression levels on average across deep brain structures (hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and cingulate gyrus) as well as sensory and motor cortices, and cerebellum. Haptoglobin and haemopexin are often regarded as circulating proteins whose main functions are to bind, respectively, the strongly pro-inflammatory extracellular haemoglobin and haeme molecules that form following haemolysis, thereby promoting their clearance and suppressing damage they might otherwise cause, for example, acute kidney injury. To our knowledge, elevations in neither cerebral haptoglobin nor haemopexin have previously been linked to the pathogenesis of sAD. Post-mortem examination of these cases showed no signs of macroscopic cerebral haemorrhage. These findings demonstrate pervasive cerebral elevation of haptoglobin and haemopexin, consistent with low-level intracerebral leakage of haemoglobin and consequent haeme formation throughout sAD brain. They point to a widespread underlying microvasculopathy that facilitates erythrocyte leakage, thereby triggering elevated tissue-free haemoglobin and driving the measured elevations in haptoglobin and haemopexin.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology ; Brain/blood supply ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/metabolism ; Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology ; Female ; Haptoglobins/analysis ; Hemopexin/analysis ; Humans ; Iron/analysis ; Iron/metabolism ; Male
    Chemical Substances Haptoglobins ; Hemopexin (9013-71-2) ; Iron (E1UOL152H7)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 205723-2
    ISSN 1090-2104 ; 0006-291X ; 0006-291X
    ISSN (online) 1090-2104 ; 0006-291X
    ISSN 0006-291X
    DOI 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.107
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Coenzyme A-Dependent Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes Are Decreased in Alzheimer's Disease Consistent With Cerebral Pantothenate Deficiency.

    Sang, Crystal / Philbert, Sasha A / Hartland, Danielle / Unwin, Richard D / Dowsey, Andrew W / Xu, Jingshu / Cooper, Garth J S

    Frontiers in aging neuroscience

    2022  Volume 14, Page(s) 893159

    Abstract: Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is the commonest cause of age-related neurodegeneration and dementia globally, and a leading cause of premature disability and death. To date, the quest for a disease-modifying therapy for sAD has failed, probably ... ...

    Abstract Sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD) is the commonest cause of age-related neurodegeneration and dementia globally, and a leading cause of premature disability and death. To date, the quest for a disease-modifying therapy for sAD has failed, probably reflecting our incomplete understanding of aetiology and pathogenesis. Drugs that target aggregated Aβ/tau are ineffective, and metabolic defects are now considered to play substantive roles in sAD pathobiology. We tested the hypothesis that the recently identified, pervasive cerebral deficiency of pantothenate (vitamin B5) in sAD, might undermine brain energy metabolism by impairing levels of tricarboxylic acid (TCA)-cycle enzymes and enzyme complexes, some of which require the pantothenate-derived cofactor, coenzyme A (CoA) for their normal functioning. We applied proteomics to measure levels of the multi-subunit TCA-cycle enzymes and their cytoplasmic homologues. We analysed six functionally distinct brain regions from nine sAD cases and nine controls, measuring 33 cerebral proteins that comprise the nine enzymes of the mitochondrial-TCA cycle. Remarkably, we found widespread perturbations affecting only two multi-subunit enzymes and two enzyme complexes, whose function is modulated, directly or indirectly by CoA: pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, isocitrate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, and succinyl-CoA synthetase. The sAD cases we studied here displayed widespread deficiency of pantothenate, the obligatory precursor of CoA. Therefore, deficient cerebral pantothenate can damage brain-energy metabolism in sAD, at least in part through impairing levels of these four mitochondrial-TCA-cycle enzymes.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2558898-9
    ISSN 1663-4365
    ISSN 1663-4365
    DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2022.893159
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Book ; Online: Towards Self-Supervision for Video Identification of Individual Holstein-Friesian Cattle

    Gao, Jing / Burghardt, Tilo / Andrew, William / Dowsey, Andrew W. / Campbell, Neill W.

    The Cows2021 Dataset

    2021  

    Abstract: In this paper we publish the largest identity-annotated Holstein-Friesian cattle dataset Cows2021 and a first self-supervision framework for video identification of individual animals. The dataset contains 10,402 RGB images with labels for localisation ... ...

    Abstract In this paper we publish the largest identity-annotated Holstein-Friesian cattle dataset Cows2021 and a first self-supervision framework for video identification of individual animals. The dataset contains 10,402 RGB images with labels for localisation and identity as well as 301 videos from the same herd. The data shows top-down in-barn imagery, which captures the breed's individually distinctive black and white coat pattern. Motivated by the labelling burden involved in constructing visual cattle identification systems, we propose exploiting the temporal coat pattern appearance across videos as a self-supervision signal for animal identity learning. Using an individual-agnostic cattle detector that yields oriented bounding-boxes, rotation-normalised tracklets of individuals are formed via tracking-by-detection and enriched via augmentations. This produces a `positive' sample set per tracklet, which is paired against a `negative' set sampled from random cattle of other videos. Frame-triplet contrastive learning is then employed to construct a metric latent space. The fitting of a Gaussian Mixture Model to this space yields a cattle identity classifier. Results show an accuracy of Top-1 57.0% and Top-4: 76.9% and an Adjusted Rand Index: 0.53 compared to the ground truth. Whilst supervised training surpasses this benchmark by a large margin, we conclude that self-supervision can nevertheless play a highly effective role in speeding up labelling efforts when initially constructing supervision information. We provide all data and full source code alongside an analysis and evaluation of the system.

    Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, dataset will be available, code will be available
    Keywords Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2021-05-05
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: National farm assurance scheme demonstrates welfare outcome improvements for sustainable intensification of dairy production

    Mullan, Siobhan / Wiltshire, Philippa / Cross, Kate / Main, David CJ / Still, Kate / Crawley, Madeleine / Dowsey, Andrew W.

    International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability. 2022 July 04, v. 20, no. 4 p.558-575

    2022  

    Abstract: Animal welfare is a key pillar of sustainability in livestock farming but can be challenging to deliver improvements when productivity is high. In October 2013, the Red Tractor UK national dairy assurance scheme introduced welfare outcome monitoring on ... ...

    Abstract Animal welfare is a key pillar of sustainability in livestock farming but can be challenging to deliver improvements when productivity is high. In October 2013, the Red Tractor UK national dairy assurance scheme introduced welfare outcome monitoring on its 11,500 farms, covering 95% of UK milk produced. Here we show that 98 farm assurance assessors achieved high levels of agreement with a gold standard and report data they collected for three years from 248,689 cows, typically 10 cows per farm, during 19,899 audits. Between 2013 and 2014, and 2015 and 2016, the estimated national prevalence fell significantly for lameness (from 10.0% to 7.9%), dirtiness (from 12.4% to 9.2%), ‘hairloss, lesions and swellings’ (from 9.3% to 6.5%), and fat cows (from 2.4% to 1.9%). This occurred at a time when milk yield per cow increased. We have demonstrated an effective implementation strategy suitable for uptake internationally to align with societal sustainability goals.
    Keywords animal welfare ; cows ; farms ; lameness ; milk ; milk yield ; sustainable agriculture ; tractors ; Sustainable intensification ; farm assurance ; dairy cows ; welfare outcomes
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0704
    Size p. 558-575.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2296084-3
    ISSN 1747-762X ; 1473-5903
    ISSN (online) 1747-762X
    ISSN 1473-5903
    DOI 10.1080/14735903.2021.1957348
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  10. Book ; Online: Visual Identification of Individual Holstein-Friesian Cattle via Deep Metric Learning

    Andrew, William / Gao, Jing / Mullan, Siobhan / Campbell, Neill / Dowsey, Andrew W / Burghardt, Tilo

    2020  

    Abstract: Holstein-Friesian cattle exhibit individually-characteristic black and white coat patterns visually akin to those arising from Turing's reaction-diffusion systems. This work takes advantage of these natural markings in order to automate visual detection ... ...

    Abstract Holstein-Friesian cattle exhibit individually-characteristic black and white coat patterns visually akin to those arising from Turing's reaction-diffusion systems. This work takes advantage of these natural markings in order to automate visual detection and biometric identification of individual Holstein-Friesians via convolutional neural networks and deep metric learning techniques. Existing approaches rely on markings, tags or wearables with a variety of maintenance requirements, whereas we present a totally hands-off method for the automated detection, localisation, and identification of individual animals from overhead imaging in an open herd setting, i.e. where new additions to the herd are identified without re-training. We propose the use of SoftMax-based reciprocal triplet loss to address the identification problem and evaluate the techniques in detail against fixed herd paradigms. We find that deep metric learning systems show strong performance even when many cattle unseen during system training are to be identified and re-identified -- achieving 93.8% accuracy when trained on just half of the population. This work paves the way for facilitating the non-intrusive monitoring of cattle applicable to precision farming and surveillance for automated productivity, health and welfare monitoring, and to veterinary research such as behavioural analysis, disease outbreak tracing, and more. Key parts of the source code, network weights and datasets are available publicly.

    Comment: 41 pages, 18 figures, 2 tables; Submitted to Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

    Source code and network weights available at https://github.com/CWOA/MetricLearningIdentification

    OpenCows2020 dataset available at https://doi.org/10.5523/bris.10m32xl88x2b61zlkkgz3fml17
    Keywords Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ; I.4.8 ; I.4.9
    Subject code 006
    Publishing date 2020-06-16
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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