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  1. Article ; Online: Cancer-targeted photoimmunotherapy induces antitumor immunity and can be augmented by anti-PD-1 therapy for durable anticancer responses in an immunologically active murine tumor model.

    Hsu, Michelle A / Okamura, Stephanie M / De Magalhaes Filho, C Daniel / Bergeron, Daniele M / Rodriguez, Ahiram / West, Melissa / Yadav, Deepak / Heim, Roger / Fong, Jerry J / Garcia-Guzman, Miguel

    Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII

    2022  Volume 72, Issue 1, Page(s) 151–168

    Abstract: The complex immunosuppressive nature of solid tumor microenvironments poses a significant challenge to generating efficacious and durable anticancer responses. Photoimmunotherapy is a cancer treatment strategy by which an antibody is conjugated with a ... ...

    Abstract The complex immunosuppressive nature of solid tumor microenvironments poses a significant challenge to generating efficacious and durable anticancer responses. Photoimmunotherapy is a cancer treatment strategy by which an antibody is conjugated with a non-toxic light-activatable dye. Following administration of the conjugate and binding to the target tumor, subsequent local laser illumination activates the dye, resulting in highly specific target cell membrane disruption. Here we demonstrate that photoimmunotherapy treatment elicited tumor necrosis, thus inducing immunogenic cell death characterized by the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Photoimmunotherapy-killed tumor cells activated dendritic cells (DC), leading to the production of proinflammatory cytokines, T cell stimulation, priming antigen-specific T cells, and durable memory T cell responses, which led complete responder mice to effectively reject new tumors upon rechallenge. PD-1 blockade in combination with photoimmunotherapy enhanced overall anticancer efficacy, including against anti-PD-1-resistant tumors. The combination treatment also elicited abscopal anticancer activity, as observed by reduction of distal, non-illuminated tumors, further demonstrating the ability of photoimmunotherapy to harness local and peripheral T cell responses. With this work we therefore delineate the immune mechanisms of action for photoimmunotherapy and demonstrate the potential for cancer-targeted photoimmunotherapy to be combined with other immunotherapy approaches for augmented, durable anticancer efficacy. Moreover, we demonstrate responses utilizing various immunocompetent mouse models, as well as in vitro data from human cells, suggesting broad translational potential.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Immunotherapy/methods ; Phototherapy/methods ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Disease Models, Animal ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Tumor Microenvironment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-01
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 195342-4
    ISSN 1432-0851 ; 0340-7004
    ISSN (online) 1432-0851
    ISSN 0340-7004
    DOI 10.1007/s00262-022-03239-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Human-specific evolutionary changes in the biology of siglecs.

    Schwarz, Flavio / Fong, Jerry J / Varki, Ajit

    Advances in experimental medicine and biology

    2014  Volume 842, Page(s) 1–16

    MeSH term(s) Chromosome Mapping ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Multigene Family ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; Receptors, Cell Surface/classification ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins/classification ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins/genetics
    Chemical Substances Protein Isoforms ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-08-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
    ISSN (online) 2214-8019
    ISSN 0065-2598
    DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-11280-0_1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Siglec-7 engagement by GBS β-protein suppresses pyroptotic cell death of natural killer cells.

    Fong, Jerry J / Tsai, Chih-Ming / Saha, Sudeshna / Nizet, Victor / Varki, Ajit / Bui, Jack D

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2018  Volume 115, Issue 41, Page(s) 10410–10415

    Abstract: Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and destroy abnormal host cells, such as tumor cells or those infected by viral pathogens. To safely accomplish these functions, NK cells display activating receptors that detect ... ...

    Abstract Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune lymphocytes that recognize and destroy abnormal host cells, such as tumor cells or those infected by viral pathogens. To safely accomplish these functions, NK cells display activating receptors that detect stress molecules or viral ligands displayed at the cell surface, balanced by inhibitory receptors that bind to self-molecules. To date, such activating and inhibitory receptors on NK cells are not known to recognize bacterial determinants. Moreover, NK cell responses to direct interactions with extracellular bacteria are poorly explored. In this study, we observed the human neonatal pathogen group B
    MeSH term(s) Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics ; Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/immunology ; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism ; Killer Cells, Natural/pathology ; Lectins/genetics ; Lectins/metabolism ; Pyroptosis
    Chemical Substances Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; Inflammation Mediators ; Lectins ; SIGLEC7 protein, human ; beta protein, Streptococcus
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1804108115
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Evolution of the exclusively human pathogen

    Landig, Corinna S / Hazel, Ashley / Kellman, Benjamin P / Fong, Jerry J / Schwarz, Flavio / Agarwal, Sarika / Varki, Nissi / Massari, Paola / Lewis, Nathan E / Ram, Sanjay / Varki, Ajit

    Evolutionary applications

    2019  Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 337–349

    Abstract: Neisseria ... ...

    Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2405496-3
    ISSN 1752-4563 ; 1752-4571
    ISSN (online) 1752-4563
    ISSN 1752-4571
    DOI 10.1111/eva.12744
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Siglec-14 Enhances NLRP3-Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages.

    Tsai, Chih-Ming / Riestra, Angelica M / Ali, Syed Raza / Fong, Jerry J / Liu, Janet Z / Hughes, Gillian / Varki, Ajit / Nizet, Victor

    Journal of innate immunity

    2019  Volume 12, Issue 4, Page(s) 333–343

    Abstract: Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the inflammasome, resulting in the release of the pro-immune and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In humans, the paired ... s ... ialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin receptors Siglec-5 ( ... ...

    Abstract Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the inflammasome, resulting in the release of the pro-immune and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In humans, the paired <underline>s</underline>ialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin receptors Siglec-5 (inhibitory) and Siglec-14 (activating) have been shown to have reciprocal roles in regulating macrophage immune responses, but their interaction with IL-1β signaling and the inflammasome has not been characterized. Here we show that in response to known inflammasome activators (ATP, nigericin) or the sialic acid-expressing human bacterial pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS), the presence of Siglec-14 enhances, whereas Siglec-5 reduces, inflammasome activation and macrophage IL-1β release. Human THP-1 macrophages stably transfected with Siglec-14 exhibited increased caspase-1 activation, IL-1β release and pyroptosis after GBS infection, in a manner blocked by a specific inhibitor of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3), a protein involved in inflammasome assembly. Another leading pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, lacks sialic acid but rather prominently expresses a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acid from macrophages, eliminating cis- interactions with the lectin receptor, thus attenuating Siglec-14 induced IL-1β secretion. Vimentin, a cytoskeletal protein released during macrophage inflammatory activation is known to induce the inflammasome. We found that vimentin has increased interaction with Siglec-14 compared to Siglec-5, and this interaction heightened IL-1β production by Siglec-14-expressing cells. Siglec-14 is absent from some humans because of a SIGLEC5/14 fusion polymorphism, and we found increased IL-1β expression in primary macrophages from SIGLEC14+/+ individuals compared to those with the SIGLEC14-/+ and SIGLEC14-/- genotypes. Collectively, our results identify a new immunoregulatory role of Siglec-14 as a positive regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Inflammasomes/genetics ; Inflammasomes/immunology ; Lectins/genetics ; Lectins/immunology ; Macrophages/immunology ; Macrophages/microbiology ; Macrophages/pathology ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/immunology ; Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics ; Receptors, Cell Surface/immunology ; Streptococcal Infections/genetics ; Streptococcal Infections/immunology ; Streptococcal Infections/pathology ; Streptococcus agalactiae/immunology ; THP-1 Cells
    Chemical Substances Inflammasomes ; Lectins ; NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein ; NLRP3 protein, human ; Receptors, Cell Surface ; SIGLEC14 protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-05
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2454158-8
    ISSN 1662-8128 ; 1662-811X
    ISSN (online) 1662-8128
    ISSN 1662-811X
    DOI 10.1159/000504323
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Vocabulary Growth: Dual Language Learners at Risk for Language Impairment.

    Kan, Pui Fong / Huang, Shirley / Winicour, Ellie / Yang, Jerry

    American journal of speech-language pathology

    2020  Volume 29, Issue 3, Page(s) 1178–1195

    Abstract: Purpose This research project examined the vocabulary growth patterns of typically developing (TD) Cantonese-English dual language learners (DLLs) and their peers who are at risk for language impairment. Method Two studies were done. Study 1 examined the ...

    Abstract Purpose This research project examined the vocabulary growth patterns of typically developing (TD) Cantonese-English dual language learners (DLLs) and their peers who are at risk for language impairment. Method Two studies were done. Study 1 examined the concurrent validity of a pilot vocabulary screening measure, the Kai Ming Vocabulary Test, that was designed for Cantonese-English preschool DLLs. Participants were 53 preschool children who learned Cantonese as their first language (L1) and English as a second language (L2). Their scores on the Kai Ming Vocabulary Test were examined in relation to their language sample measures, including number of different words and mean length of utterance, in L1 and in L2. Study 2 examined the vocabulary growth patterns of 24 TD Cantonese-English DLL preschoolers and 24 DLLs who are at risk for language impairment (At-Risk group). Each child was tested 3 times during an academic year. Results Results of Study 1 showed that children's vocabulary scores (
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Child Language ; Child, Preschool ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development Disorders/diagnosis ; Language Tests ; Multilingualism ; Vocabulary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1154406-5
    ISSN 1558-9110 ; 1058-0360
    ISSN (online) 1558-9110
    ISSN 1058-0360
    DOI 10.1044/2020_AJSLP-19-00160
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Evolution of the exclusively human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae

    Corinna S. Landig / Ashley Hazel / Benjamin P. Kellman / Jerry J. Fong / Flavio Schwarz / Sarika Agarwal / Nissi Varki / Paola Massari / Nathan E. Lewis / Sanjay Ram / Ajit Varki

    Evolutionary Applications, Vol 12, Iss 2, Pp 337-

    Human‐specific engagement of immunoregulatory Siglecs

    2019  Volume 349

    Abstract: Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea exclusively in humans and uses multiple strategies to infect, including acquisition of host sialic acids that cap and mask lipooligosaccharide termini, while restricting ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea exclusively in humans and uses multiple strategies to infect, including acquisition of host sialic acids that cap and mask lipooligosaccharide termini, while restricting complement activation. We hypothesized that gonococci selectively target human anti‐inflammatory sialic acid‐recognizing Siglec receptors on innate immune cells to blunt host responses and that pro‐inflammatory Siglecs and SIGLEC pseudogene polymorphisms represent host evolutionary adaptations to counteract this interaction. N. gonorrhoeae can indeed engage multiple human but not chimpanzee CD33rSiglecs expressed on innate immune cells and in the genitourinary tract––including Siglec‐11 (inhibitory) and Siglec‐16 (activating), which we detected for the first time on human cervical epithelium. Surprisingly, in addition to LOS sialic acid, we found that gonococcal porin (PorB) mediated binding to multiple Siglecs. PorB also bound preferentially to human Siglecs and not chimpanzee orthologs, modulating host immune reactions in a human‐specific manner. Lastly, we studied the distribution of null SIGLEC polymorphisms in a Namibian cohort with a high prevalence of gonorrhea and found that uninfected women preferentially harbor functional SIGLEC16 alleles encoding an activating immune receptor. These results contribute to the understanding of the human specificity of N. gonorrhoeae and how it evolved to evade the human immune defense.
    Keywords disease biology ; evolutionary medicine ; gonorrhea ; microbial biology ; polymorphism ; population genetics ; Evolution ; QH359-425
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wiley
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Siglec-14 Enhances NLRP3-Inflammasome Activation in Macrophages

    Chih-Ming Tsai / Angelica M. Riestra / Syed Raza Ali / Jerry J. Fong / Janet Z. Liu / Gillian Hughes / Ajit Varki / Victor Nizet

    Journal of Innate Immunity, Pp 1-

    2019  Volume 11

    Abstract: Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the inflammasome, resulting in the release of the pro-immune and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In humans, the paired sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin receptors Siglec-5 (inhibitory) and Siglec- ... ...

    Abstract Pathogenic microorganisms are sensed by the inflammasome, resulting in the release of the pro-immune and proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). In humans, the paired sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin receptors Siglec-5 (inhibitory) and Siglec-14 (activating) have been shown to have reciprocal roles in regulating macrophage immune responses, but their interaction with IL-1β signaling and the inflammasome has not been characterized. Here we show that in response to known inflammasome activators (ATP, nigericin) or the sialic acid-expressing human bacterial pathogen group B Streptococcus (GBS), the presence of Siglec-14 enhances, whereas Siglec-5 reduces, inflammasome activation and macrophage IL-1β release. Human THP-1 macrophages stably transfected with Siglec-14 exhibited increased caspase-1 activation, IL-1β release and pyroptosis after GBS infection, in a manner blocked by a specific inhibitor of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3), a protein involved in inflammasome assembly. Another leading pathogen, Streptococcus pneumoniae, lacks sialic acid but rather prominently expresses a sialidase, which cleaves sialic acid from macrophages, eliminating cis- interactions with the lectin receptor, thus attenuating Siglec-14 induced IL-1β secretion. Vimentin, a cytoskeletal protein released during macrophage inflammatory activation is known to induce the inflammasome. We found that vimentin has increased interaction with Siglec-14 compared to Siglec-5, and this interaction heightened IL-1β production by Siglec-14-expressing cells. Siglec-14 is absent from some humans because of a SIGLEC5/14 fusion polymorphism, and we found increased IL-1β expression in primary macrophages from SIGLEC14+/+ individuals compared to those with the SIGLEC14–/+ and SIGLEC14–/– genotypes. Collectively, our results identify a new immunoregulatory role of Siglec-14 as a positive regulator of NLRP3 inflammasome activation.
    Keywords siglec ; interleukin-1β ; caspase-1 ; inflammasome ; macrophages ; innate immunity ; vimentin ; Medicine ; R ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Karger Publishers
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Determining subpopulation methylation profiles from bisulfite sequencing data of heterogeneous samples using DXM.

    Fong, Jerry / Gardner, Jacob R / Andrews, Jared M / Cashen, Amanda F / Payton, Jacqueline E / Weinberger, Kilian Q / Edwards, John R

    Nucleic acids research

    2021  Volume 49, Issue 16, Page(s) e93

    Abstract: Epigenetic changes, such as aberrant DNA methylation, contribute to cancer clonal expansion and disease progression. However, identifying subpopulation-level changes in a heterogeneous sample remains challenging. Thus, we have developed a computational ... ...

    Abstract Epigenetic changes, such as aberrant DNA methylation, contribute to cancer clonal expansion and disease progression. However, identifying subpopulation-level changes in a heterogeneous sample remains challenging. Thus, we have developed a computational approach, DXM, to deconvolve the methylation profiles of major allelic subpopulations from the bisulfite sequencing data of a heterogeneous sample. DXM does not require prior knowledge of the number of subpopulations or types of cells to expect. We benchmark DXM's performance and demonstrate improvement over existing methods. We further experimentally validate DXM predicted allelic subpopulation-methylation profiles in four Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas (DLBCLs). Lastly, as proof-of-concept, we apply DXM to a cohort of 31 DLBCLs and relate allelic subpopulation methylation profiles to relapse. We thus demonstrate that DXM can robustly find allelic subpopulation methylation profiles that may contribute to disease progression using bisulfite sequencing data of any heterogeneous sample.
    MeSH term(s) Algorithms ; Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA Methylation ; Epigenomics/methods ; Epigenomics/standards ; Genetic Heterogeneity ; Humans ; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/standards
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-06-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 186809-3
    ISSN 1362-4962 ; 1362-4954 ; 0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
    ISSN (online) 1362-4962 ; 1362-4954
    ISSN 0301-5610 ; 0305-1048
    DOI 10.1093/nar/gkab516
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Comparing feature selection and machine learning approaches for predicting

    Fong, Wei Jing / Tan, Hong Ming / Garg, Rishabh / Teh, Ai Ling / Pan, Hong / Gupta, Varsha / Krishna, Bernadus / Chen, Zou Hui / Purwanto, Natania Yovela / Yap, Fabian / Tan, Kok Hian / Chan, Kok Yen Jerry / Chan, Shiao-Yng / Goh, Nicole / Rane, Nikita / Tan, Ethel Siew Ee / Jiang, Yuheng / Han, Mei / Meaney, Michael /
    Wang, Dennis / Keppo, Jussi / Tan, Geoffrey Chern-Yee

    Frontiers in neuroinformatics

    2024  Volume 17, Page(s) 1244336

    Abstract: Introduction: Pharmacogenetics currently supports clinical decision-making on the basis of a limited number of variants in a few genes and may benefit paediatric prescribing where there is a need for more precise dosing. Integrating genomic information ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Pharmacogenetics currently supports clinical decision-making on the basis of a limited number of variants in a few genes and may benefit paediatric prescribing where there is a need for more precise dosing. Integrating genomic information such as methylation into pharmacogenetic models holds the potential to improve their accuracy and consequently prescribing decisions. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (
    Methods: Buffy coat DNA methylation was quantified using the Illumina Infinium Methylation EPIC beadchip. CpG sites associated with
    Results: Overall, Elastic Net models of genetic features appeared to perform marginally better than heritability estimates and substantially better than Linear Regression and XGBoost models. The addition of nongenetic features appeared to improve performance for some but not all feature sets and probes. The best feature set and Machine Learning (ML) approach differed substantially between CpG sites and a number of top variables were identified for each model.
    Discussion: The development of SNP-based prediction models for CYP2D6 CpG methylation in Singaporean children of varying ethnicities in this study has clinical application. With further validation, they may add to the set of tools available to improve precision medicine and pharmacogenetics-based dosing.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452979-5
    ISSN 1662-5196
    ISSN 1662-5196
    DOI 10.3389/fninf.2023.1244336
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