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Article ; Online: COVID-19 and other respiratory tract infections at mass gathering religious and sporting events.

Al-Tawfiq, Jaffar A / El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / McCloskey, Brian / Azhar, Esam I

2022 Volume 28, Issue 3, Page(s) 192–198

Abstract: Purpose of review: Mass gathering (MG) religious events provide ideal conditions for transmission and globalization of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). We review recent literature on COVID-19 and other RTIs at recurring international annual MG ... ...

Abstract	Purpose of review: Mass gathering (MG) religious events provide ideal conditions for transmission and globalization of respiratory tract infections (RTIs). We review recent literature on COVID-19 and other RTIs at recurring international annual MG religious and sporting events. Recent findings: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic organizers of MG religious and sporting events introduced risk-based infection control measures that limited transmission of RTIs. The 2020 and 2021 Hajj were conducted with limited numbers of pilgrims compared to the annual millions of pilgrims. The Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games were cancelled and held in 2021. The success of the COVID-19 countermeasures at the 2021 Hajj and 2021 Tokyo Olympics was based on implementing good public health and social measures alongside a comprehensive testing strategy. Summary: MG events are associated with transmission of a range of bacterial and viral RTIs. Introducing risk based a multitude of public health interventions can reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other RTIs.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Humans ; Islam ; Mass Gatherings ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Travel
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1285505-4
ISSN	1531-6971 ; 1070-5287 ; 1078-1641
ISSN (online)	1531-6971
ISSN	1070-5287 ; 1078-1641
DOI	10.1097/MCP.0000000000000859
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: IgY antibodies: The promising potential to overcome antibiotic resistance.

El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / Abbas, Aymn T / Oelkrug, Christopher / Tahoon, Marwa / Ezzat, Sameera / Zumla, Alimuddin / Azhar, Esam I

Frontiers in immunology

2023 Volume 14, Page(s) 1065353

Abstract: Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a growing threat to global health security. Whilst the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural phenomenon, it is also driven by antibiotic exposure in health care, agriculture, and the environment. ... ...

Abstract	Antibiotic resistant bacteria are a growing threat to global health security. Whilst the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a natural phenomenon, it is also driven by antibiotic exposure in health care, agriculture, and the environment. Antibiotic pressure and inappropriate use of antibiotics are important factors which drive resistance. Apart from their use to treat bacterial infections in humans, antibiotics also play an important role in animal husbandry. With limited antibiotic options, alternate strategies are required to overcome AMR. Passive immunization through oral, nasal and topical administration of egg yolk-derived IgY antibodies from immunized chickens were recently shown to be effective for treating bacterial infections in animals and humans. Immunization of chickens with specific antigens offers the possibility of creating specific antibodies targeting a wide range of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In this review, we describe the growing global problem of antimicrobial resistance and highlight the promising potential of the use of egg yolk IgY antibodies for the treatment of bacterial infections, particularly those listed in the World Health Organization priority list.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Chickens ; Antibodies ; Bacterial Infections/prevention & control ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Anti-Infective Agents
Chemical Substances	IgY ; Antibodies ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2023.1065353
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus-a 10-year (2012-2022) global analysis of human and camel infections, genomic sequences, lineages, and geographical origins.

Azhar, Esam I / Velavan, Thirumalaisamy P / Rungsung, Ikrormi / Traore, Tieble / Hui, David S / McCloskey, Brian / El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / Zumla, Alimuddin

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2023 Volume 131, Page(s) 87–94

Abstract: Objectives: The World Health Organization priority zoonotic pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) has a high case fatality rate in humans and circulates in camels worldwide.: Methods: We performed a global analysis of ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The World Health Organization priority zoonotic pathogen Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus (CoV) has a high case fatality rate in humans and circulates in camels worldwide. Methods: We performed a global analysis of human and camel MERS-CoV infections, epidemiology, genomic sequences, clades, lineages, and geographical origins for the period January 1, 2012 to August 3, 2022. MERS-CoV Surface gene sequences (4061 bp) were extracted from GenBank, and a phylogenetic maximum likelihood tree was constructed. Results: As of August 2022, 2591 human MERS cases from 26 countries were reported to the World Health Organization (Saudi Arabia, 2184 cases, including 813 deaths [case fatality rate: 37.2%]) Although declining in numbers, MERS cases continue to be reported from the Middle East. A total of 728 MERS-CoV genomes were identified (the largest numbers were from Saudi Arabia [222: human = 146, camels = 76] and the United Arab Emirates [176: human = 21, camels = 155]). A total of 501 'S'-gene sequences were used for phylogenetic tree construction (camels [n = 264], humans [n = 226], bats [n = 8], other [n=3]). Three MERS-CoV clades were identified: clade B, which is the largest, followed by clade A and clade C. Of the 462 clade B lineages, lineage 5 was predominant (n = 177). Conclusion: MERS-CoV remains a threat to global health security. MERS-CoV variants continue circulating in humans and camels. The recombination rates indicate co-infections with different MERS-CoV lineages. Proactive surveillance of MERS-CoV infections and variants of concern in camels and humans worldwide, and development of a MERS vaccine, are essential for epidemic preparedness.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus/genetics ; Camelus ; Phylogeny ; Middle East/epidemiology ; Saudi Arabia/epidemiology ; Genomics ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-29
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2023.03.046
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Article: Rapid and Reliable Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using Direct RT-LAMP.

El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / El-Daly, Mai M / Hassan, Ahmed M / Harakeh, Steve M / Alandijany, Thamir A / Azhar, Esam I

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

2022 Volume 12, Issue 4

Abstract: Background: ...

Abstract	Background:
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662336-5
ISSN	2075-4418
ISSN	2075-4418
DOI	10.3390/diagnostics12040828
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Qatar FIFA World Cup 2022 and camel pageant championships increase risk of MERS-CoV transmission and global spread.

Azhar, Esam I / Hui, David S / McCloskey, Brian / El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / Sharma, Avinash / Maeurer, Markus / Lee, Shui-Shan / Zumla, Alimuddin

The Lancet. Global health

2022 Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) e189–e190

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Qatar/epidemiology ; Camelus ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Zoonoses ; Antibodies, Viral ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2723488-5
ISSN	2214-109X ; 2214-109X
ISSN (online)	2214-109X
ISSN	2214-109X
DOI	10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00543-5
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Article ; Online: In Silico Prediction and Designing of Potential siRNAs to be used as Antivirals Against SARS-CoV-2.

Sohrab, Sayed S / El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / Abbas, Aymn T / Bajrai, Leena H / Azhar, Esam I

Current pharmaceutical design

2021 Volume 27, Issue 32, Page(s) 3490–3500

Abstract: Background: The unusual pneumonia outbreak that originated in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019 was found to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or COVID-19.: Methods: In this work, we have performed an ... ...

Abstract	Background: The unusual pneumonia outbreak that originated in the city of Wuhan, China in December 2019 was found to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or COVID-19. Methods: In this work, we have performed an in silico design and prediction of potential siRNAs based on genetic diversity and recombination patterns, targeting various genes of SARS-CoV-2 for antiviral therapeutics. We performed extensive sequence analysis to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships, and to identify the possible source of virus reservoirs and recombination patterns, and the evolution of the virus as well as we designed the siRNAs which can be used as antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. Results: The sequence analysis and phylogenetic relationships indicated high sequence identity and closed clusters with many types of coronavirus. In our analysis, the full-genome of SARS-CoV-2 showed the highest sequence (nucleotide) identity with SARS-bat-ZC45 (87.7%). The overall sequence identity ranged from 74.3% to 87.7% with selected SARS viruses. The recombination analysis indicated the bat SARS virus is a potential recombinant and serves as a major and minor parent. We have predicted 442 siRNAs and finally selected only 19 functional, and potential siRNAs. Conclusion: The siRNAs were predicted and selected based on their greater potency and specificity. The predicted siRNAs need to be validated experimentally for their effective binding and antiviral activity.
MeSH term(s)	Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; COVID-19 ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Phylogeny ; RNA, Small Interfering/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; RNA, Small Interfering
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-12
Publishing country	United Arab Emirates
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1304236-1
ISSN	1873-4286 ; 1381-6128
ISSN (online)	1873-4286
ISSN	1381-6128
DOI	10.2174/1381612827999210111194101
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Article: Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity.

Faizo, Arwa A / Bawazir, Asma A / Almashjary, Majed N / Hassan, Ahmed M / Qashqari, Fadi S / Barefah, Ahmed S / El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / Alandijany, Thamir A / Azhar, Esam I

Vaccines

2023 Volume 11, Issue 2

Abstract: Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-2019) in iron-deficient individuals (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines11020327
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Computational Design and Experimental Evaluation of MERS-CoV siRNAs in Selected Cell Lines

Sayed S. Sohrab / Sherif A. El-Kafrawy / Zeenat Mirza / Ahmed M. Hassan / Fatima Alsaqaf / Esam I. Azhar

Diagnostics, Vol 13, Iss 1, p

2023 Volume 151

Abstract: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is caused by a well-known coronavirus first identified in a hospitalized patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV is a serious pathogen affecting both human and camel health globally, with ... ...

Abstract	Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is caused by a well-known coronavirus first identified in a hospitalized patient in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MERS-CoV is a serious pathogen affecting both human and camel health globally, with camels being known carriers of viruses that spread to humans. In this work, MERS-CoV genomic sequences were retrieved and analyzed by multiple sequence alignment to design and predict siRNAs with online software. The siRNAs were designed from the orf1ab region of the virus genome because of its high sequence conservation and vital role in virus replication. The designed siRNAs were used for experimental evaluation in selected cell lines: Vero cells, HEK-293-T, and Huh-7. Virus inhibition was assessed according to the cycle threshold value during a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Out of 462 potential siRNAs, we filtered out 21 based on specific selection criteria without off-target effect. The selected siRNAs did not show any cellular toxicity in the tested cell lines at various concentrations. Based on our results, it was obvious that the combined use of siRNAs exhibited a reduction in MERS-CoV replication in the Vero, HEK-293-T, and Huh-7 cell lines, with the highest efficacy displayed in the Vero cells.
Keywords	MERS-CoV ; in silico prediction ; siRNAs ; Vero cells ; HEK-293-T ; Huh-7 cells ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effect of insilico predicted and designed potential siRNAs on inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 in HEK-293 cells.

Sohrab, Sayed Sartaj / El-Kafrawy, Sherif Aly / Azhar, Esam Ibraheem

Journal of King Saud University. Science

2022 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 101965

Abstract: Objectives: The COVID-19 was identified for the first time from the sea food market, Wuhan city, China in 2019 and the pathogenic organism was identified as SARS-CoV-2. Currently, this virus has spread to 223 countries and territories and known as a ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The COVID-19 was identified for the first time from the sea food market, Wuhan city, China in 2019 and the pathogenic organism was identified as SARS-CoV-2. Currently, this virus has spread to 223 countries and territories and known as a serious issue for the global human community. Many vaccines have been developed and used for immunization. Methods: We have reported the insilico prediction, designing, secondary structure prediction, molecular docking analysis, and Results: The analyzed data resulted in the selection of only three siRNAs out of twenty-six siRNAs generated by online software. The secondary structure prediction and molecular docking analysis of siRNAs revealed the efficient binding to the target. There was no cellular toxicity observed in the HEK-293 cells at any tested concentrations of siRNAs. The purification of RNA was completed from inoculated cells and subjected to q-RT-PCR. The highest Ct value was observed in siRNA 3 than the others. The results offered valuable evidence and invigorated us to assess the potency of siRNAs by using alone or in combination in other human cells. Conclusion: The data generated from this study indicates the significance of in silico prediction and narrow down the potential siRNA' against SARS-CoV-2, and molecular docking investigation offered the effective siRNAs binding with the target. Finally, it is concluded that the online bioinformatics approach provided the prediction and selection of siRNAs with better antiviral efficacy. The siRNA-3 was observed to be the best for reduction of viral RNA in cells.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-16
Publishing country	Saudi Arabia
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2213-686X
ISSN (online)	2213-686X
DOI	10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101965
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Article ; Online: In silico prediction and experimental evaluation of potential siRNAs against SARS-CoV-2 inhibition in Vero E6 cells.

Sartaj Sohrab, Sayed / Aly El-Kafrawy, Sherif / Ibraheem Azhar, Esam

Journal of King Saud University. Science

2022 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 102049

Abstract: Objective: The acute cases of pneumonia (COVID-19) were first reported from China in December 2019, and the pathogen was identified as SARS-CoV-2. Currently, many vaccines have been developed against this virus by using multiple genes, applying ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The acute cases of pneumonia (COVID-19) were first reported from China in December 2019, and the pathogen was identified as SARS-CoV-2. Currently, many vaccines have been developed against this virus by using multiple genes, applying different platforms, and used for the vaccinations of the human population. Spike protein genes play an important role in host cell attachment and viral entry and have been extensively used for the development of vaccine and antiviral therapeutics. Short interfering RNA is also known as silencing RNA and contribute a significant role to regulate the expression of a specific gene. By using this technology, virus inhibition has been demonstrated against many viral diseases. Methods: In this work, we have reported the Insilico prediction, designing, and experimental validation of siRNAs antiviral potency against SARS-CoV-2-S-RBD. The siDirect 2.0 was selected for siRNAs prediction, and secondary structure was predicted by RNAfold while the HNADOCK was used for molecular docking analysis and specific binding of siRNAs to the selected target. We have used and evaluated four siRNAs for cellular toxicity and determination of antiviral efficiency based on the Ct value of q-real-time PCR in Vero E6 cells. Results: Based on the experimental evaluation and analysis of results from generated data, we observed that there is no cytotoxicity for any tested siRNAs in Vero E6 cells. Total four siRNA were filtered out from twenty-one siRNAs following the strict selection and scoring criteria. The better antiviral efficiency was observed in 3rd siRNAs based on the Ct value of q-real-time PCR. The results that emerged from this study encouraged us to validate the efficiency of these siRNAs in multiple cells by using alone and in a combination of two or more siRNAs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 proliferation. Conclusion: The Insilico prediction, molecular docking analysis provided the selection of better siRNAs. Based on the experimental evaluation only 3rd siRNA was found to be more effective than others and showed better antiviral efficiency. These siRNAs should also be evaluated in other cell lines either separately or in combination against SARS-CoV-2 to determine their antiviral efficiency.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	Saudi Arabia
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2213-686X
ISSN (online)	2213-686X
DOI	10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102049
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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