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Article: A method to determine reactive oxygen species production in intestinal and liver cell cultures using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate assay.

Engelbrecht, Ilzé / Horn, Suranie / Giesy, John P / Pieters, Rialet

2024 Volume 12, Page(s) 102615

Abstract: Exposure to xenobiotics can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When detoxification organs such as the intestines and liver cannot neutralise these xenobiotics, it can induce oxidative stress and cause damage to tissues. Therefore, ... ...

Abstract	Exposure to xenobiotics can increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). When detoxification organs such as the intestines and liver cannot neutralise these xenobiotics, it can induce oxidative stress and cause damage to tissues. Therefore, cell-based bioassays that indicate intracellular ROS production are a useful screening tool to evaluate the effect of these chemicals. Although flow cytometry is commonly used to measure ROS in cells, many research laboratories in the Global South do not always have access to such specialised instrumentation. Therefore, we describe a sensitive but low-cost method that can easily be used to determine ROS production
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2830212-6
ISSN	2215-0161
ISSN	2215-0161
DOI	10.1016/j.mex.2024.102615
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The benefit of using

Horak, Ilzé / Horn, Suranie / Pieters, Rialet

Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B, Pesticides, food contaminants, and agricultural wastes

2023 Volume 58, Issue 12, Page(s) 689–710

Abstract: Applied pesticides end up in non-target environments as complex mixtures. When bioavailable, these chemicals pose a threat to living organisms and can induce oxidative stress (OS). In this article, attention is paid to OS and the physiological role of ... ...

Abstract	Applied pesticides end up in non-target environments as complex mixtures. When bioavailable, these chemicals pose a threat to living organisms and can induce oxidative stress (OS). In this article, attention is paid to OS and the physiological role of the antioxidant defense system. South African and international literature was reviewed to provide extensive evidence of pesticide-induced OS in non-target organisms,
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; South Africa ; Oxidative Stress ; Pesticides/toxicity ; Antioxidants/pharmacology ; Biological Assay
Chemical Substances	Pesticides ; Antioxidants
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	197072-0
ISSN	1532-4109 ; 0360-1234
ISSN (online)	1532-4109
ISSN	0360-1234
DOI	10.1080/03601234.2023.2264739
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Article: Determining superoxide dismutase content and catalase activity in mammalian cell lines.

Engelbrecht, Ilzé / Horn, Suranie / Giesy, John P / Pieters, Rialet

MethodsX

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 102395

Abstract: Traditional methods for determining superoxide dismutase (SOD) content and catalase (CAT) activity rely on measuring the absorbance of individual tissue (biological) samples using a cuvette and spectrophotometer, rather than cell cultures. Although there ...

Abstract	Traditional methods for determining superoxide dismutase (SOD) content and catalase (CAT) activity rely on measuring the absorbance of individual tissue (biological) samples using a cuvette and spectrophotometer, rather than cell cultures. Although there are kits available for SOD and CAT assays, these allow for high-throughput analysis of samples and might be too expensive for research laboratories in countries from the Global South, such as South Africa. This paper describes a simple and cost-effective method to determine SOD content and CAT activity in mammalian cell cultures following exposure to environmental chemical mixtures by measuring absorbance in 96-well microplates. Moreover, the equipment used for this method is considered standard for cell culture laboratories, while the reagents and consumables are easily obtainable.•Antioxidant enzyme levels can be measured
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-23
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2830212-6
ISSN	2215-0161
ISSN	2215-0161
DOI	10.1016/j.mex.2023.102395
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Article ; Online: Determining superoxide dismutase content and catalase activity in mammalian cell lines

Ilzé Engelbrecht / Suranie Horn / John P. Giesy / Rialet Pieters

MethodsX, Vol 11, Iss , Pp 102395- (2023)

2023

Abstract	Traditional methods for determining superoxide dismutase (SOD) content and catalase (CAT) activity rely on measuring the absorbance of individual tissue (biological) samples using a cuvette and spectrophotometer, rather than cell cultures. Although there are kits available for SOD and CAT assays, these allow for high-throughput analysis of samples and might be too expensive for research laboratories in countries from the Global South, such as South Africa. This paper describes a simple and cost-effective method to determine SOD content and CAT activity in mammalian cell cultures following exposure to environmental chemical mixtures by measuring absorbance in 96-well microplates. Moreover, the equipment used for this method is considered standard for cell culture laboratories, while the reagents and consumables are easily obtainable. • Antioxidant enzyme levels can be measured in vitro in cell cultures. • The supernatant obtained can be used to determine protein concentration, SOD content, and CAT activity. • This method is simple and affordable, allowing for the analysis of multiple samples (up to 32 samples per microplate).
Keywords	96-well microplate ; Absorbance ; Antioxidant enzymes ; Cell cultures ; Hydrogen peroxide decomposition ; In vitro bioassay ; Science ; Q
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Oxidative stress in the freshwater shrimp Caridina africana following exposure to atrazine.

van Rensburg, Gregg J / Wepener, Victor / Horn, Suranie / Greenfield, Richard

Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology

2022 Volume 109, Issue 3, Page(s) 443–449

Abstract: The toxicity of pesticides to non-target organisms continues to be important in understanding the dynamic interactions between anthropogenic chemicals and ecosystem health. This study assesses biochemical markers to determine the effects that varying ... ...

Abstract	The toxicity of pesticides to non-target organisms continues to be important in understanding the dynamic interactions between anthropogenic chemicals and ecosystem health. This study assesses biochemical markers to determine the effects that varying concentrations of atrazine (13.1-5557 µg/l) have on the freshwater shrimp, Caridina africana. Exposure and oxidative stress biomarkers were analysed and followed by univariate, integrated biomarker response v2 (IBRv2) and Kendall Tau correlation statistical analyses, to gain insight into the concentration-dependent responses. Oxidative stress biomarkers such as reduced glutathione content (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase activity (GST), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) and catalase activity (CAT) were significantly correlated with increasing atrazine exposure concentration (p < 0.01). Bimodality has been seen when looking at both the univariate statistically significant differences as well as the IBRv2, with the first peak at 106.8 µg/l and the second peak at 5557 µg/l atrazine. The results indicate that while individual responses may indicate statistically significant differences, using correlation and integrated statistical analysis can shed light on trends in the adaptive response of these.
MeSH term(s)	Atrazine/toxicity ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Catalase/metabolism ; Ecosystem ; Fresh Water ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Glutathione Transferase/metabolism ; Herbicides/toxicity ; Oxidative Stress ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers ; Herbicides ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) ; Superoxide Dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) ; Glutathione Transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) ; Glutathione (GAN16C9B8O) ; Atrazine (QJA9M5H4IM)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	6895-0
ISSN	1432-0800 ; 0007-4861
ISSN (online)	1432-0800
ISSN	0007-4861
DOI	10.1007/s00128-022-03526-2
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Article ; Online: Impact of Potential COVID-19 Treatment on South African Water Sources Already Threatened by Pharmaceutical Pollution.

Horn, Suranie / Vogt, Bianca / Pieters, Rialet / Bouwman, Hindrik / Bezuidenhout, Carlos

Environmental toxicology and chemistry

2020 Volume 39, Issue 7, Page(s) 1305–1306

Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	46234-2
ISSN	1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
ISSN (online)	1552-8618
ISSN	0730-7268
DOI	10.1002/etc.4734
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Article: Agrochemicals in freshwater systems and their potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals: A South African context

Horak, Ilzé / Horn, Suranie / Pieters, Rialet

Environmental pollution. 2021 Jan. 01, v. 268

2021

Abstract: South Africa is the largest agrochemical user in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 3000 registered pesticide products. Although they reduce crop losses, these chemicals reach non-target aquatic environments via leaching, spray drift or run-off. In this ... ...

Abstract	South Africa is the largest agrochemical user in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 3000 registered pesticide products. Although they reduce crop losses, these chemicals reach non-target aquatic environments via leaching, spray drift or run-off. In this review, attention is paid to legacy and current-use pesticides reported in literature for the freshwater environment of South Africa and to the extent these are linked to endocrine disruption. Although banned, residues of many legacy organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) are still detected in South African watercourses and wildlife. Several current-use pesticides (triazine herbicides, glyphosate-based herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos) have also been reported. Agrochemicals can interfere with normal hormone function of non-target organism leading to various endocrine disrupting (ED) effects: intersex, reduced spermatogenesis, asymmetric urogenital papillae, testicular lesions and infertile eggs. Although studies investigating the occurrence of agrochemicals and/or ED effects in freshwater aquatic environments in South Africa have increased, few studies determined both the levels of agricultural pesticides present and associated ED effects. The majority of studies conducted are either laboratory-based employing in vitro or in vivo bioassays to determine ED effects of agrochemicals or studies that investigate environmental concentrations of pesticides. However, a combined approach of bioassays and chemical screening will provide a more comprehensive overview of agrochemical pollution of water systems in South Africa and the risks associated with long-term chronic exposure.
Keywords	2,4-D ; DDT (pesticide) ; agrochemicals ; chlorinated hydrocarbons ; chlorpyrifos ; chronic exposure ; endosulfan ; freshwater ; nontarget organisms ; runoff ; spermatogenesis ; spray drift ; testes ; water pollution ; wildlife ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0101
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115718
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: HIV-antiretrovirals in river water from Gauteng, South Africa: Mixed messages of wastewater inflows as source

Horn, Suranie / Vogt, Tash / Gerber, Elisca / Vogt, Bianca / Bouwman, Hindrik / Pieters, Rialet

Science of the total environment. 2022 Feb. 01, v. 806

2022

Abstract: South Africa has the highest number of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). High usage of HIV-antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for the treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) leads to the presence of ARVs in the ... ...

Abstract	South Africa has the highest number of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). High usage of HIV-antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) for the treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) leads to the presence of ARVs in the environment. Wastewater is a major contributor of pharmaceuticals in surface and drinking water as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not designed to remove these compounds. Pharmaceuticals in the environment pose risks and the effects of ARVs on non-target organisms are largely unknown. The concentrations of ARVs in surface water upstream and downstream from WWTPs in rivers were determined. The samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction and analysed by using liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Five ARVs were quantified, mostly in downstream samples of the WWTPs, indicating wastewater as a source of ARVs, but this was not apparent in all cases. Nevirapine, lopinavir, and efavirenz were frequently detected; the highest concentrations being lopinavir and efavirenz at 38 μg/L and 24 μg/L, respectively. Aquatic ecosystems are at risk due to the constant input of pharmaceuticals that include large amounts of everyday use and the release of ARVs. This study highlights the potential of increased water pollution worldwide should more people consume increased quantities of pharmaceuticals.
Keywords	Human immunodeficiency virus ; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; drugs ; environment ; liquid chromatography ; risk ; river water ; solid phase extraction ; spectrometers ; surface water ; wastewater ; water pollution ; South Africa
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0201
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150346
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The role of effect-based methods to address water quality monitoring in South Africa: a developing country's struggle.

Kruger, Annika / Pieters, Rialet / Horn, Suranie / van Zijl, Catherina / Aneck-Hahn, Natalie

Environmental science and pollution research international

2022 Volume 29, Issue 56, Page(s) 84049–84055

Abstract: Water is an important resource, and it is a worldwide struggle to provide water of good quality to the whole population. Despite good governing laws and guidelines set in place to help protect the water resources and ensure it is of good quality for ... ...

Abstract	Water is an important resource, and it is a worldwide struggle to provide water of good quality to the whole population. Despite good governing laws and guidelines set in place to help protect the water resources and ensure it is of good quality for various consumers, the water quality in South Africa is worsening due to lack of management. The deteriorating infrastructure is becoming progressively worse, due to corruption and insufficient funds. The ever-increasing number of toxicants, as well as the identification of emerging chemicals of concern, are also challenges South Africa is facing. Chemical analysis cannot determine the total biological effect of a mixture of chemical compounds, but this shortcoming can be addressed by adding effect-based methods (EBMs) to water quality monitoring programmes. In this paper, the current status of water quality monitoring in South Africa is discussed, as well as the capacity of the country to add EBMs to its water quality monitoring programmes to protect and improve human and animal life. Created in Biorender.com.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Water Quality ; South Africa ; Developing Countries ; Water Resources ; Hazardous Substances ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
Chemical Substances	Hazardous Substances
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-14
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1178791-0
ISSN	1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
ISSN (online)	1614-7499
ISSN	0944-1344
DOI	10.1007/s11356-022-23534-3
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Article ; Online: Agrochemicals in freshwater systems and their potential as endocrine disrupting chemicals: A South African context.

Horak, Ilzé / Horn, Suranie / Pieters, Rialet

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)

2020 Volume 268, Issue Pt A, Page(s) 115718

Abstract	South Africa is the largest agrochemical user in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 3000 registered pesticide products. Although they reduce crop losses, these chemicals reach non-target aquatic environments via leaching, spray drift or run-off. In this review, attention is paid to legacy and current-use pesticides reported in literature for the freshwater environment of South Africa and to the extent these are linked to endocrine disruption. Although banned, residues of many legacy organochlorine pesticides (endosulfan and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)) are still detected in South African watercourses and wildlife. Several current-use pesticides (triazine herbicides, glyphosate-based herbicides, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and chlorpyrifos) have also been reported. Agrochemicals can interfere with normal hormone function of non-target organism leading to various endocrine disrupting (ED) effects: intersex, reduced spermatogenesis, asymmetric urogenital papillae, testicular lesions and infertile eggs. Although studies investigating the occurrence of agrochemicals and/or ED effects in freshwater aquatic environments in South Africa have increased, few studies determined both the levels of agricultural pesticides present and associated ED effects. The majority of studies conducted are either laboratory-based employing in vitro or in vivo bioassays to determine ED effects of agrochemicals or studies that investigate environmental concentrations of pesticides. However, a combined approach of bioassays and chemical screening will provide a more comprehensive overview of agrochemical pollution of water systems in South Africa and the risks associated with long-term chronic exposure.
MeSH term(s)	Agrochemicals/toxicity ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Fresh Water ; Male ; Pesticides/analysis ; South Africa ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Agrochemicals ; Endocrine Disruptors ; Pesticides ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115718
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