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Article ; Online: Anonymized location data reveals trends in legal Cannabis use in communities with increased mental health risks at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Ashby, Nathaniel J S

2021 Volume 39, Issue 4, Page(s) 436–440

Abstract: Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increases in felt negative affect for many. This is concerning as individuals at increased risk for mental health issues are often more likely to use substances to cope with ... ...

Abstract	Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to increases in felt negative affect for many. This is concerning as individuals at increased risk for mental health issues are often more likely to use substances to cope with stressors. Objectives: The aim of the current study is to examine whether communities reporting an increased risk for developing mental health issues showed differential patterns of legal cannabis use as the pandemic began. A secondary goal is to examine the feasibility of using anonymized location data to uncover community consumption patterns of potential concern. Methods: Anonymized location data from approximately 10% of devices in the United States provided a count of the number of visitors to 3,335 cannabis retail locations (medical and recreational) each day from December 1 Results: As the pandemic began communities reporting a greater aMUDs showed greater visitation to cannabis retailers. Conclusions: These results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic may have led to increased legal cannabis use in at risk communities. They also highlight the value anonymized location data can provide policymakers and practitioners in uncovering community level trends as they confront an increasingly uncertain landscape.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; Cannabis ; Humans ; Marijuana Abuse/epidemiology ; Marijuana Smoking/trends ; Medical Marijuana/therapeutic use ; Mental Health/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; United States
Chemical Substances	Medical Marijuana
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1077616-3
ISSN	1545-0848 ; 1055-0887
ISSN (online)	1545-0848
ISSN	1055-0887
DOI	10.1080/10550887.2021.1886831
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Article ; Online: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Unhealthy Eating in Populations with Obesity.

Ashby, Nathaniel J S

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)

2020 Volume 28, Issue 10, Page(s) 1802–1805

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on patronage to unhealthy eating establishments in populations with obesity.: Methods: Anonymized movement data accounting for roughly 10% of devices in ... ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic on patronage to unhealthy eating establishments in populations with obesity. Methods: Anonymized movement data accounting for roughly 10% of devices in the United States at 138,989 unhealthy eating locations from December 1, 2019, through April 2020 and the percentage of adults with obesity, the poverty rate, and the food environment index in 65% of United States counties were collected and merged. A cluster corrected Poisson spline regression was performed predicting patronage by day, the percentage of adults with obesity in the establishment's county, the county's poverty rate, and its food environment index, as well as their interactions. Results: Patronage to unhealthy eating establishments was higher where there was a higher percentage of the adult population with obesity. A similar pattern was observed for counties with a lower food environment index. These disparities appear to have increased as the COVID-19 pandemic spread. Conclusions: These results suggest unhealthy eating patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic are higher in already at-risk populations. Policy makers can use these findings to motivate interventions and programs aimed at increasing healthy food intake in at-risk communities during crises.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Cluster Analysis ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Diet, Healthy/psychology ; Diet, Healthy/statistics & numerical data ; Feeding Behavior/psychology ; Female ; Food Supply/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/psychology ; Obesity/virology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; Poisson Distribution ; Poverty/psychology ; Poverty/statistics & numerical data ; Quarantine/psychology ; Quarantine/statistics & numerical data ; Regression Analysis ; SARS-CoV-2 ; United States/epidemiology ; Young Adult
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2230457-5
ISSN	1930-739X ; 1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
ISSN (online)	1930-739X
ISSN	1071-7323 ; 1930-7381
DOI	10.1002/oby.22940
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Article ; Online: Impact of the COVID‐19 Pandemic on Unhealthy Eating in Populations with Obesity

Ashby, Nathaniel J. S.

Obesity

2020 Volume 28, Issue 10, Page(s) 1802–1805

Keywords	Nutrition and Dietetics ; Medicine (miscellaneous) ; Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ; Endocrinology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	1930-7381
DOI	10.1002/oby.22940
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The effect of switching costs on choice-inertia and its consequences.

Ashby, Nathaniel J S / Teodorescu, Kinneret

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e0214098

Abstract: In two studies we provide a novel investigation into the effects of monetary switching costs on choice-inertia (i.e., selection of the same option on consecutive choices). Study 1 employed a static decisions-from-feedback task and found that the ... ...

Abstract	In two studies we provide a novel investigation into the effects of monetary switching costs on choice-inertia (i.e., selection of the same option on consecutive choices). Study 1 employed a static decisions-from-feedback task and found that the introduction of, as well as larger, monetary switching costs led to increases in choice-inertia. While experience and decreases in the similarity of options average payouts (expected value: EV) increased choice-inertia for the option with a higher EV (the EV maximizing option), switching costs increased choice-inertia for the inferior option (the lower EV option): The proportion of total participants showing choice-inertia for the EV maximizing option also increased with switching costs. Study 2 employed a dynamic decisions-from-feedback task where halfway through the task the EV maximizing option became the inferior option. The effect of switching costs increasing choice-inertia for both the EV maximizing and the inferior option was replicated with little impact of the change in options values being detected. In sum, decision makers appear to be sensitive to switching costs, and this sensitivity can bias them towards inferior or superior options, revealing the good and the bad of choice-inertia.
MeSH term(s)	Choice Behavior/physiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0214098
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Article ; Online: Cutibacterium (Formerly Propionibacterium ) acnes Keratitis: A Review.

Ashby, Nathaniel S / Johnson, Taylor J / Castillo-Ronquillo, Yasmyne / Payne, Carter J / Davenport, Connor / Hoopes, Phillip C / Moshirfar, Majid

Eye & contact lens

2023 Volume 49, Issue 5, Page(s) 212–218

Abstract: Abstract: Infectious keratitis is a devastating cause of vision loss worldwide. Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ), a commensal bacterium of the skin and ocular surface, is an underrecognized but important cause of bacterial keratitis. This review ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: Infectious keratitis is a devastating cause of vision loss worldwide. Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes ), a commensal bacterium of the skin and ocular surface, is an underrecognized but important cause of bacterial keratitis. This review presents the most comprehensive and up-to-date information for clinicians regarding the risk factors, incidence, diagnosis, management, and prognosis of C. acnes keratitis (CAK). Risk factors are similar to those of general bacterial keratitis and include contact lens use, past ocular surgery, and trauma. The incidence of CAK may be approximately 10%, ranging from 5% to 25% in growth-positive cultures. Accurate diagnosis requires anaerobic blood agar and a long incubation period (≥7 days). Typical clinical presentation includes small (<2 mm) ulcerations with deep stromal infiltrate causing an anterior chamber cell reaction. Small, peripheral lesions are usually resolved, and patients recover a high visual acuity. Severe infections causing VA of 20/200 or worse are common and often do not significantly improve even after treatment. Vancomycin is considered the most potent antibiotic against CAK, although other antibiotics such as moxifloxacin and ceftazidime are more commonly used as first-line treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Propionibacterium acnes ; Keratitis/diagnosis ; Keratitis/drug therapy ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/diagnosis ; Eye Infections, Bacterial/drug therapy ; Ceftazidime/therapeutic use ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/diagnosis ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/drug therapy ; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Ceftazidime (9M416Z9QNR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2103049-2
ISSN	1542-233X ; 1542-2321
ISSN (online)	1542-233X
ISSN	1542-2321
DOI	10.1097/ICL.0000000000000975
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Article ; Online: Choice rates are independent from perceived patterns (when patterns are not obvious): A reply to Plonsky and Teodorescu.

Yechiam, Eldad / Ashby, Nathaniel J S / Konstantinidis, Emmanouil

Acta psychologica

2020 Volume 205, Page(s) 103057

Abstract: In Ashby, Konstantinidis, and Yechiam (2017) we argued that the variance in people's choices ...

Abstract	In Ashby, Konstantinidis, and Yechiam (2017) we argued that the variance in people's choices in decisions from experience stems from uncertainty about preferences. This was confirmed by high correlations between the variance in experiential choices and subsequent one-shot policy decisions: both showing considerable diversification. In the present paper we address a comment regarding our paper by Plonsky and Teodorescu (2020). These authors suggested that variance in experiential choices is driven by responses to perceived patterns in prior outcomes (rather than individuals' preferences), and that these responses can also drive subsequent policy decisions. This was supported by an apparent "wavy recency" effect in our data indicatory of responses to patterns, and by an experiment showing that outcome patterns affected subsequent policy decisions. We demonstrate that our study results do not in fact show a significant wavy recency. We do find positive recency but it is very poorly correlated with the overall choice rates. Hence, we contend that the variance in choice rates mostly reflects one's preferences when there are no obvious patterns. Moreover, we argue that because Plonsky and Teodorescu's experimental manipulation was confounded with the frequency of relatively positive/negative outcomes, their results do not conclusively show an effect of response to patterns on subsequent policies.
MeSH term(s)	Choice Behavior ; Humans ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1480049-4
ISSN	1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
ISSN (online)	1873-6297
ISSN	0001-6918
DOI	10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103057
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Article ; Online: Numeracy predicts preference consistency

Nathaniel J. S. Ashby

Judgment and Decision Making, Vol 12, Iss 2, Pp 128-

Deliberative search heuristics increase choice consistency for choices from description and experience

2017 Volume 139

Abstract: Many people exhibit inconsistent preferences when they make choices based on descriptive summaries as compared to choices based on prior experiences. Theoretically, factors that promote more deliberative and skilled decision making (e.g., statistical ... ...

Abstract	Many people exhibit inconsistent preferences when they make choices based on descriptive summaries as compared to choices based on prior experiences. Theoretically, factors that promote more deliberative and skilled decision making (e.g., statistical numeracy) should also tend to promote more consistent choices and preferences regardless of information presentation formats. To test this hypothesis, in two studies I investigated individual differences in information search strategies (e.g., the amount and direction of information search) while estimating the degree to which numeracy predicted risky choice consistency across (a) decisions-from-description and (b) the decisions-from-samples. Results from Study 1 revealed that numeracy was generally associated with more extensive sampling and greater choice consistency across paradigms. Instead of reflecting differences in logical maximizing strategies (e.g., calculating expected values), analyses indicated that highly-numerate participants largely generated consistent choices by relying on heuristic-type processes (e.g., alternated between options less and exploring options with higher outcome variability more). In Study 2, the relationship between numeracy and choice consistency was eliminated when all participants were forced to make choices after experiencing the same fixed amount of sampling (i.e., provided the same amount of information). Taken together, the results of both studies converge with and extend previous findings (e.g., Skilled Decision Theory), indicating that numerate participants may generally exhibit more consistent preferences and choices via deliberatative heuristic search during decision making.
Keywords	numeracy ; decisions-from-experience ; decisions-from-description ; preference consistency ; risky choiceNAKeywords ; Social Sciences ; H ; Psychology ; BF1-990
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Society for Judgment and Decision Making
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The effect of switching costs on choice-inertia and its consequences.

Nathaniel J S Ashby / Kinneret Teodorescu

PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 3, p e

2019 Volume 0214098

Abstract	In two studies we provide a novel investigation into the effects of monetary switching costs on choice-inertia (i.e., selection of the same option on consecutive choices). Study 1 employed a static decisions-from-feedback task and found that the introduction of, as well as larger, monetary switching costs led to increases in choice-inertia. While experience and decreases in the similarity of options average payouts (expected value: EV) increased choice-inertia for the option with a higher EV (the EV maximizing option), switching costs increased choice-inertia for the inferior option (the lower EV option): The proportion of total participants showing choice-inertia for the EV maximizing option also increased with switching costs. Study 2 employed a dynamic decisions-from-feedback task where halfway through the task the EV maximizing option became the inferior option. The effect of switching costs increasing choice-inertia for both the EV maximizing and the inferior option was replicated with little impact of the change in options values being detected. In sum, decision makers appear to be sensitive to switching costs, and this sensitivity can bias them towards inferior or superior options, revealing the good and the bad of choice-inertia.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	332
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The consistency of visual attention to losses and loss sensitivity across valuation and choice.

Ashby, Nathaniel J S / Yechiam, Eldad / Ben-Eliezer, Daniel

Journal of experimental psychology. General

2018 Volume 147, Issue 12, Page(s) 1791–1809

Abstract: Sensitivity to losses has been found to vary greatly across individuals. One explanation for this variability is that for some losses garner more visual attention and are subsequently given more weight in decision-making processes. In three studies we ... ...

Abstract	Sensitivity to losses has been found to vary greatly across individuals. One explanation for this variability is that for some losses garner more visual attention and are subsequently given more weight in decision-making processes. In three studies we examined whether biases in visual attention toward potential losses during valuation and choice were related to loss sensitivity, as well as the valuations provided and the choices made. In all studies, we find a positive relationship between estimated loss sensitivity and attention to losses for valuation, with increased attention to losses predicting decreased valuations. For choices, however, there was no robust relationship between attention and loss sensitivity or the choices made. In addition, preferences were not strongly consistent across tasks (i.e., valuations and choices did not robustly align), nor was the distribution of attention robustly related across tasks. Study 3 involved testing across separate sessions and found significant consistency in loss sensitivity and attention to losses across sessions for both choice and valuation. In sum, it appears that loss sensitivity varies across individuals, is differentially related to attention across tasks, and shows some consistency across time. Attention to losses also shows consistency across time, and its relationship with valuations appears much more robust than with choices; patterns of results that add to research suggesting that different cognitive processes underlie valuations and choices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Choice Behavior/physiology ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-12-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	189732-9
ISSN	1939-2222 ; 0096-3445
ISSN (online)	1939-2222
ISSN	0096-3445
DOI	10.1037/xge0000524
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Article ; Online: Are we attracted by losses? Boundary conditions for the approach and avoidance effects of losses.

Yechiam, Eldad / Ashby, Nathaniel J S / Hochman, Guy

Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition

2018 Volume 45, Issue 4, Page(s) 591–605

Abstract: The majority of the literature on the psychology of gains and losses suggests that losses lead to an avoidance response. Several studies, however, have shown that losses can also lead to an approach response, whereby an option is selected more often when ...

Abstract	The majority of the literature on the psychology of gains and losses suggests that losses lead to an avoidance response. Several studies, however, have shown that losses can also lead to an approach response, whereby an option is selected more often when it produces losses. In five studies we examine the boundary conditions for these contradictory approach and avoidance effects. The results show that an approach response emerges only when losses are produced by a highly advantageous choice alternative and when participants have ample unbiased direct or vicarious experience with this alternative. Additionally, the avoidance response to losses is also not ubiquitous and emerges when alternatives producing losses are experienced as disadvantageous. Thus, the findings suggest that both the approach and avoidance effects of losses exist and can be accounted for by increased investment of cognitive resources with losses (i.e., loss attention). Additionally, the findings clarify the loss attention account in indicating that losses increase exploitative behavior based on experienced outcomes, a process which can be locally optimal. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention/physiology ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Problem Solving/physiology ; Reward ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	627313-0
ISSN	1939-1285 ; 0278-7393
ISSN (online)	1939-1285
ISSN	0278-7393
DOI	10.1037/xlm0000607
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