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Article: Effects and Mechanism of Huannao Yicong Decoction Extract on the Ethology of Transgenic APP/PS1 Mice.

Liu, Meixia / Wei, Yun / Yang, Yang / Liu, Longtao / Liang, Lin / Liu, Jiangang / Li, Hao

Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM

2017 Volume 2017, Page(s) 9502067

Abstract: To investigate the mechanism of Huannao Yicong Decoction (HYD) extract on improving of learning ...

Abstract	To investigate the mechanism of Huannao Yicong Decoction (HYD) extract on improving of learning memory of transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) mice, we randomly divided 60 transgenic APP/PS1 mice of 3 months old into 4 groups: the model group, the Donepezil group, the HYD-L group, and the HYD-H group, with 15 C57BL/6J mice of the same genetic background as the control group. These mice were gavaged for 6 months in a row. The results showed that the latency was significantly shortened and the number of passing through the original platform was increased. HYD extract can increase the amount of neurons and improve the morphological structure of Nissl body obviously. The
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2171158-6
ISSN	1741-4288 ; 1741-427X
ISSN (online)	1741-4288
ISSN	1741-427X
DOI	10.1155/2017/9502067
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Article ; Online: Effects and Mechanism of Huannao Yicong Decoction Extract on the Ethology of Transgenic APP/PS1 Mice

Meixia Liu / Yun Wei / Yang Yang / Longtao Liu / Lin Liang / Jiangang Liu / Hao Li

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol

2017 Volume 2017

Abstract: To investigate the mechanism of Huannao Yicong Decoction (HYD) extract on improving of learning ...

Abstract	To investigate the mechanism of Huannao Yicong Decoction (HYD) extract on improving of learning memory of transgenic amyloid precursor protein (APP)/presenilin 1 (PS1) mice, we randomly divided 60 transgenic APP/PS1 mice of 3 months old into 4 groups: the model group, the Donepezil group, the HYD-L group, and the HYD-H group, with 15 C57BL/6J mice of the same genetic background as the control group. These mice were gavaged for 6 months in a row. The results showed that the latency was significantly shortened and the number of passing through the original platform was increased. HYD extract can increase the amount of neurons and improve the morphological structure of Nissl body obviously. The γ-secretase activity and the expression of phosphorylated APP, Aβ1-40, and Aβ1-42 in hippocampal CA1 were significantly decreased. The expressions of protein and mRNA of PEN-2 and CREB in hippocampal were significantly downregulated. These results demonstrated that HYD extract can improve the memory ability of transgenic APP/PS1 mice, which was related to the protection of neurons and structure of Nissl body, reducing cleavage of APP and production of Aβ and inhibiting the activity of γ-secretase by decreasing CREB activity because of downregulated expression of PEN-2.
Keywords	Other systems of medicine ; RZ201-999
Subject code	572
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Huannao Yicong Formula () regulates γ-secretase activity through APH-1 and PEN-2 gene ragulation pathways in hippocampus of APP/PS1 double transgenic mice.

Wang, Zhi-Yong / Liu, Jian-Gang / Wei, Yun / Liu, Mei-Xia / Wang, Qi / Liang, Lin / Yang, Hui-Min / Li, Hao

Chinese journal of integrative medicine

2017 Volume 23, Issue 4, Page(s) 270–278

Abstract: Objective: To observe the effects of Huannao Yicong Formula (, HYF) on learning and memory and ...

Abstract	Objective: To observe the effects of Huannao Yicong Formula (, HYF) on learning and memory and it's regulating effect on γ-secretase related anterior pharynx defective 1 (APH-1), presenilin enhancer-2 (PEN-2) signaling pathway, so as to discuss and further clarify the mechanism of HYF on Alzheimer's disease. Methods: Sixty APP/PS1 transgenic mice, randomly allocated into 4 groups, the model group, the donepezil group (0.65 mg/kg), HYF low-dose group (HYF-L, 5.46 g/kg) and HYF high-dose group (HYF-H, 10.92 g/kg), 15 for each group. Another 15 C57BL/6J mice with the same age and same genetic background were allocated into the control group, proper dosage of drugs or distilled water were given by intragastric administration once daily for 12 weeks. After 12 weeks of administration, the learning and memory abilities of mice in each group was evaluated by the morris water maze test, amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ Results: HYF can ameliorate learning and memory deficits in APP/PS1 transgenic mice by decreasing the escape latency, improving the number of platform crossing and swimming speed (P<0.01, P<0.05). HYF can decrease the levels of APP, Aβ Conclusion: HYF can improve the learning and memory ability by inhibiting the activity of γ-secretase through the CREB/PEN-2 signaling pathway, and this may be one of the therapeutic mechanisms of HYF in Alzheimer's disease.
MeSH term(s)	Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases/metabolism ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism ; Animals ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Endopeptidases/genetics ; Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Learning/drug effects ; Male ; Memory Disorders/drug therapy ; Memory Disorders/genetics ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Presenilin-1/metabolism ; Presenilin-2/genetics ; Presenilin-2/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Hif1a protein, mouse ; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit ; Presenilin-1 ; Presenilin-2 ; RNA, Messenger ; huannao yicong ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases (EC 3.4.-) ; Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.-) ; Aph1a protein, mouse (EC 3.4.99.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2171254-2
ISSN	1993-0402 ; 1672-0415
ISSN (online)	1993-0402
ISSN	1672-0415
DOI	10.1007/s11655-017-2402-3
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Article: Effect of early intervention with extract of Huannao Yicong Decoction (还脑益聪方) on the pathologic picture of hippocampus and neurocyte apoptosis in APP transgenic mice model of dementia.

Li, Hao / Cai, Lin-lin / Liu, Jian-gang / Liu, Long-tao / Guan, Jie / Liu, Ming-fang / Hu, Jia / Wei, Yun

Chinese journal of integrative medicine

2011 Volume 17, Issue 6, Page(s) 430–435

Abstract: Objective: To observe the effect of early intervention using extract of Huannao Yicong Decoction ...

Abstract	Objective: To observe the effect of early intervention using extract of Huannao Yicong Decoction (, HYD) on the pathological picture of hippocampus, neurocyte apoptosis, and associated regulatory genes in β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice model of dementia. Methods: Sixty APP695(V7171) transgenic mice were randomly divided into four groups of 15. The model group was treated with distilled water, the positive control group was treated with donepezil (0.65 mg/kg), and the two HYD groups were treated with high dose (2.8 g/kg) and low dose (1.4 g/kg) HYD, respectively. All testing drugs were administered through gastrogavage by dissolving in equal volume of distilled water, once a day for six successive months. In addition, a normal control group with 15 healthy C57BL/6J mice of the same age and genetic background was set up with distilled water treatment. The pathologic picture of brain tissue was observed by microscopy with HE stain; the amount of apoptosis cells in the hippocampal CA1 area was detected by TUNEL; and expressions of associated genes, Bcl-2, and Bax were determined by immunohistochemical method. Results: Pathologic pictures of hippocampus showed that in the model group, cells messily arranged, neurons markedly decreased, and the surrounding tissue of some cells was loosened with edema, necrosis, and widened gap with glia cells proliferation. Compared with those in the normal group, the amount of apoptosis cells in the CA1 area was increased, Bcl-2 expression decreased, and Bax expression increased significantly, with markedly reduced Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the model group. Compared to the model group, the pathological changes were significantly milder in the HYD-treated groups, showing rather regularly arranged cells, significantly increased neurons, only few denatured necrotic cells with milder edema, less proliferation of glia cells, and obviously reduced cell apoptosis in CA1 area (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Besides, Bcl-2 expression was up-regulated and Bax expression down-regulated, and Bcl-2/Bax ratio significantly increased in the two HYD groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: Early intervention with HYD could improve the abnormal pathologic picture of hippocampus and regulate the expressions of associated genes to suppress cell apoptosis, which might be its mechanism of action in alleviating cognitive functional disorder.
MeSH term(s)	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Dementia/drug therapy ; Dementia/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neurons/drug effects ; Neurons/pathology ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Plant Extracts ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06-10
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2171254-2
ISSN	1993-0402 ; 1672-0415
ISSN (online)	1993-0402
ISSN	1672-0415
DOI	10.1007/s11655-011-0752-9
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Article: [Effects of early intervention with Huannao Yicong formula effective components on behavior and cholinergic system of β-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice].

Cai, Lin-Lin / Li, Hao / Liu, Jian-Gang / Liu, Long-Tao / Guan, Jie / Liu, Ming-Fang / Hu, Jia / Wei, Yun

Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine

2011 Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) 292–298

Abstract: ... herbal formula (Huannao Yicong formula, HNYCF) on behavior and related indicators of cholinergic system ...

Abstract	Objective: To observe the effects of early intervention with effective components from a Chinese herbal formula (Huannao Yicong formula, HNYCF) on behavior and related indicators of cholinergic system in β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Methods: Sixty 3-month-old APP695 V717I transgenic mice were randomly divided into model group, high-dose HNYCF group (2.80 g/(kg·d)), low-dose HNYCF group (1.40 g/(kg·d)) and donepezil group (0.65 mg/(kg·d)), with 15 mice in each group. Fifteen non-transgenic mice of the same genetic background were used as normal group. The model group and normal group were fed with equal volume of distilled water by gavage. After 6-month continuous medication, the Morris water maze and the passive avoidance test were used to detect the visual spatial learning and memory ability of each mouse. Then the mice were decapitated and their cerebral cortex and hippocampus were isolated to homogenate by sonication. Contents of acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the homogenate were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protein contents of cerebral cortex and hippocampus were measured by Coomassie brilliant blue method. Results: Compared with the model group, high- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride all improved spatial learning of APP mice in the Morris water maze. The ratio of swimming distance in the central area in the high-dose HNYCF group was longer than that in the model group (P<0.05). In the passive avoidance test, high- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride improved memory function of APP mice by improving the escape latency and reducing the number of errors (P<0.05, P<0.01). High- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride reduced the content of AChE, increased the activity of ChAT (P<0.01, P<0.05) and improved the content of ACh in hippocampus (P<0.05); high- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride increased the content of ACh in cortex (P<0.05). Donepezil hydrochloride reduced the content of AChE in cortex (P<0.05), however, high- and low-dose HNYCF had no obvious influence (P>0.05). High- and low-dose HNYCF increased the content of ChAT in cortex (P<0.05), whereas donepezil hydrochloride had no obvious influence (P>0.05). Conclusion: Early intervention with HNYCF effective components can improve the learning and memory ability of APP transgenic mice. The mechanism may be related to enhancing the function of cholinergic system.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Alzheimer Disease/physiopathology ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Cholinergic Agents/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Donepezil ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Early Medical Intervention ; Female ; Indans/pharmacology ; Male ; Maze Learning/drug effects ; Memory/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Nootropic Agents/pharmacology ; Piperidines/pharmacology ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Cholinergic Agents ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Indans ; Nootropic Agents ; Piperidines ; Receptors, Neurotransmitter ; Donepezil (8SSC91326P)
Language	Chinese
Publishing date	2011-02-26
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2229154-4
ISSN	1672-1977
ISSN	1672-1977
DOI	10.3736/jcim20110310
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Article: [A randomized, controlled, double-blind trial of Huannao Yicong capsule in senile patients with mild cognitive impairment].

Li, Hao / Yao, Ming-Jiang / Zhao, Wen-Ming / Guan, Jie / Cai, Lin-Lin / Cui, Ling

Zhong xi yi jie he xue bao = Journal of Chinese integrative medicine

2007 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) 25–31

Abstract: Objective: To observe the effect and explore the mechanism of Huannao Yicong capsule in treating ... senile patients were randomly divided into the Huannao Yicong capsule-treated group (45 patients ... administered with three Huannao Yicong capsules and two aniracetam capsule analogues) and aniracetam-treated ...

Abstract	Objective: To observe the effect and explore the mechanism of Huannao Yicong capsule in treating senile patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Methods: The investigational drugs were packed by blind method. A randomized, double-blind and controlled trial was conducted on ninety senile patients with MCI. Other forty-five senile healthy persons were recruited to the healthy control group. The ninety senile patients were randomly divided into the Huannao Yicong capsule-treated group (45 patients administered with three Huannao Yicong capsules and two aniracetam capsule analogues) and aniracetam-treated group (45 patients treated with two aniracetam capsules and three Huannao Yicong capsule analogues). Patients in the two groups were treated three times daily for 16 weeks. Memory, traditional Chinese medicine syndrome, cerebral blood flow, free radicals and inflammatory mediators, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AchE), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined before and after the treatment. Blood lipids, including triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA-1) and apolipoprotein B-100 (ApoB-100), were detected before and after the treatment. The safety indexes, such as routine tests of blood and urine, hepatic and renal function tests and electrocardiogram (ECG) were taken before and after the treatment. Results: Index score of clinical memory scale in senile healthy people was significantly higher than that in MCI patients before treatment (P<0.01), and the content of AchE, IL-1alpha and IL-6 was obviously lower (P<0.01, P<0.05), the activity of SOD was higher (P<0.05). No significant difference was found in direction memory of clinical memory scale between the two treatment groups. Other index scores of clinical memory scale and traditional Chinese medicine syndrome in patients of Huannao Yicong capsule-treated group were significantly improved as compared with those of the aniracetam-treated group (P<0.05, P<0.01). The blood flow parameters of anterior cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery and resistant index in patients of Huannao Yicong capsule-treated group were increased significantly (P<0.01, P<0.05). Huannao Yicong capsule could significantly increase the activity of serum SOD and decrease the content of AchE, IL-1alpha and IL-6 (P<0.01, P<0.05), better than aniracetam. Furthermore, Huannao Yicong capsule could significantly improve the blood lipid, such as the level of TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, ApoA-1 and ApoB-100 (P<0.01, P<0.05), and better than aniracetam (P<0.01, P<0.05). No significant changes were found after treatment in safety indexes, such as routine tests of blood and urine, hepatic and renal function tests and ECG. Conclusion: Huannao Yicong capsule has better therapeutic effect than aniracetam capsule in treating senile mild cognitive impairment.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Capsules ; Cognition Disorders/blood ; Cognition Disorders/diagnostic imaging ; Cognition Disorders/drug therapy ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Double-Blind Method ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Lipids/blood ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Phytotherapy ; Superoxide Dismutase/blood ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial
Chemical Substances	Capsules ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Lipids ; Superoxide Dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1)
Language	Chinese
Publishing date	2007-12-21
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2229154-4
ISSN	1672-1977
ISSN	1672-1977
DOI	10.3736/jcim20080106
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Article: Effect of Huannao Yicong prescription [See Text] extract on β-amyloid precursor protein metabolic signal transduction-related protein in brain tissue of dementia model transgenic mouse.

Li, Hao / Liu, Ming-Fang / Liu, Jian-Gang / Liu, Long-Tao / Guan, Jie / Cai, Lin-Lin / Hu, Jia / Wei, Yun

Chinese journal of integrative medicine

2012 Volume 18, Issue 9, Page(s) 683–689

Abstract: Objective: To observe the effect of Huannao Yicong Prescription (, HNYC, a Chinese medical ...

Abstract	Objective: To observe the effect of Huannao Yicong Prescription (, HNYC, a Chinese medical compound) extract on β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) metabolic signal transduction related protein kinase C (PKC), tyrosine amyloid protein kinase (TrKA), and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in brain tissue of transgenic mouse dementia model induced by APP. Methods: Sixty dementia model transgenic 3-month-old mice induced by APP695V717I were randomly allocated in four groups: the model group (A), the Donepezil (0.65×10(-3) g·kg(-1)·(-1))-treated group (B), and the two HNYC-treated groups (C and D) with high dosage (2.8 g·kg(-1)·(-1)) and low dosage (1.4 g·kg(-1)·(-1)) of HNYC extract, respectively, 15 mice in each group. Besides, a normal control group was set up with 15 C57BL/6J mice with the same age and genetic background as the model mice. The drugs for treatment were administered once a day by dissolving in equal-volume distilled water through gastric infusion, continued for 6 months, to mice in group A and to normal control group equal-volume distilled water was administered instead. Spatial learning and memory capacity of mice were observed by Morris water maze; their one-time escape response memory capacity was tested by diving platform; and changes of PKC, TrkA, and GSK-3 levels in hippocampus and cortex of brain were detected by Western blotting. Results: HNYC extract showed significant effects on increasing the time of model mice for swimming through the flat roof and the swimming time and path in the fourth quadrant P<0.05 or P<0.01). Diving platform test showed that the latent times in Groups B and C were longer than that in Group A significantly (P <0.05 and P<0.01). Compared with the normal control group, PKC and TrkA protein expression levels in hippocampus and cortex of model mice's brain lowered significantly (P<0.01), while GSK-3 protein expression increased significantly (P<0.01); compared with Group A (the model group), hippocampal and cortical levels of PKC protein expression in the intervened groups (B-D) as well as those of TrkA in Group C were higher (P<0.01 or P<0.05), while hippocampal levels of GSK-3 in intervened groups were lower (P<0.01). Conclusion: HNYC extract could obviously increase the protein expressions of PKC and TrkA and decrease the expression of GSK-3 protein in brain tissue of transgenetic mice model of dementia, and regulate APP metabolic signal transduction path, and thus to suppress the production of Aβ, which is one of the dominant mechanisms for improving learning/memory capacity of dementia model animals.
MeSH term(s)	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain/enzymology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Dementia/metabolism ; Dementia/pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Female ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3/metabolism ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Hippocampus/pathology ; Male ; Memory/drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Plant Extracts/pharmacology ; Protein Kinase C/metabolism ; Receptor, trkA/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Plant Extracts ; huannao yicong ; Receptor, trkA (EC 2.7.10.1) ; Protein Kinase C (EC 2.7.11.13) ; Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 (EC 2.7.11.26)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-08-31
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2171254-2
ISSN	1993-0402 ; 1672-0415
ISSN (online)	1993-0402
ISSN	1672-0415
DOI	10.1007/s11655-012-1204-x
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Article ; Online: Effects of early intervention with Huannao Yicong formula effective components on behavior and cholinergic system of β-amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice

Lin-lin Cai / Hao Li

Journal of Integrative Medicine (JIM), Vol 9, Iss 3, Pp 292-

2011 Volume 298

Abstract: ... herbal formula (Huannao Yicong formula, HNYCF) on behavior and related indicators of cholinergic system ...

Abstract	Objective: To observe the effects of early intervention with effective components from a Chinese herbal formula (Huannao Yicong formula, HNYCF) on behavior and related indicators of cholinergic system in β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Methods: Sixty 3-month-old APP695V717I transgenic mice were randomly divided into model group, high-dose HNYCF group (2.80 g/（kg·d）), low-dose HNYCF group (1.40 g/（kg·d）) and donepezil group (0.65 mg/(kg·d）), with 15 mice in each group. Fifteen non-transgenic mice of the same genetic background were used as normal group. The model group and normal group were fed with equal volume of distilled water by gavage. After 6-month continuous medication, the Morris water maze and the passive avoidance test were used to detect the visual spatial learning and memory ability of each mouse. Then the mice were decapitated and their cerebral cortex and hippocampus were isolated to homogenate by sonication. Contents of acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the homogenate were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and protein contents of cerebral cortex and hippocampus were measured by Coomassie brilliant blue method.Results: Compared with the model group, high- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride all improved spatial learning of APP mice in the Morris water maze. The ratio of swimming distance in the central area in the high-dose HNYCF group was longer than that in the model group (P＜0.05). In the passive avoidance test, high- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride improved memory function of APP mice by improving the escape latency and reducing the number of errors (P＜0.05, P＜0.01). High- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride reduced the content of AChE, increased the activity of ChAT (P＜0.01, P＜0.05) and improved the content of ACh in hippocampus (P＜0.05); high- and low-dose HNYCF and donepezil hydrochloride increased the content of ACh in cortex (P＜0.05). Donepezil hydrochloride reduced the content of AChE in cortex (P＜0.05), however, high- and low-dose HNYCF had no obvious influence (P＞0.05). High- and low-dose HNYCF increased the content of ChAT in cortex (P＜0.05), whereas donepezil hydrochloride had no obvious influence (P＞0.05).Conclusion: Early intervention with HNYCF effective components can improve the learning and memory ability of APP transgenic mice. The mechanism may be related to enhancing the function of cholinergic system.
Keywords	Alzheimer disease ; drugs ; Chinese herbal ; amyloid beta-protein precursor ; animals ; genetically modified ; neurobehavioral manifestations ; acetylcholine ; acetylcholinesterase ; choline O-acetyltransferase ; mice ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Medicine ; R ; DOAJ:Medicine (General) ; DOAJ:Health Sciences
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Journal of Chinese Integrative Medicine Press
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: [Tissue specific distribution of terpenoid biosynthesis in

Wu, Di / Zhang, Yanyan / Lin, Nan / Wei, Yicong

Sheng wu gong cheng xue bao = Chinese journal of biotechnology

2024 Volume 40, Issue 2, Page(s) 542–561

Abstract: The leaves and roots ... ...

Abstract	The leaves and roots of
MeSH term(s)	Transcriptome ; Terpenes/metabolism ; Metabolome ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Metabolomics
Chemical Substances	Terpenes
Language	Chinese
Publishing date	2024-02-18
Publishing country	China
Document type	English Abstract ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1042206-7
ISSN	1872-2075 ; 1042-749X
ISSN (online)	1872-2075
ISSN	1042-749X
DOI	10.13345/j.cjb.230371
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Article ; Online: Sieve bootstrap inference for linear time-varying coefficient models

Friedrich, Marina / Lin, Yicong

Journal of Econometrics. 2022 Oct. 21, p.105345-

2022 , Page(s) 105345–

Abstract: We propose a sieve bootstrap framework to conduct pointwise and simultaneous inference for time-varying coefficient regression models based on a local linear estimator. The asymptotic validity of the sieve bootstrap in the presence of autocorrelation is ... ...

Abstract	We propose a sieve bootstrap framework to conduct pointwise and simultaneous inference for time-varying coefficient regression models based on a local linear estimator. The asymptotic validity of the sieve bootstrap in the presence of autocorrelation is established. The bootstrap automatically produces a consistent estimate of nuisance parameters, both at the interior and boundary points. In addition, we develop a bootstrap-based test for parameter constancy and examine its asymptotic properties. An extensive simulation study demonstrates a good finite sample performance of our methods. The proposed methods are applied to assess the price development of CO₂ certificates in the European Emissions Trading System. We find evidence of time variation in the relationship between allowance prices and their fundamental price drivers. The time variation might offer an explanation for previous contradicting findings using linear regression models with constant coefficients.
Keywords	autocorrelation ; carbon dioxide ; econometrics ; prices ; regression analysis ; temporal variation ; C14 ; C22 ; Q48 ; Q56 ; Sieve bootstrap ; Nonparametric estimation ; Simultaneous confidence bands ; Energy economics ; Emission trading
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1021
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	1460617-3
ISSN	0304-4076
ISSN	0304-4076
DOI	10.1016/j.jeconom.2022.09.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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