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  1. Article ; Online: What Makes a pDC: Recent Advances in Understanding Plasmacytoid DC Development and Heterogeneity.

    Musumeci, Andrea / Lutz, Konstantin / Winheim, Elena / Krug, Anne Barbara

    Frontiers in immunology

    2019  Volume 10, Page(s) 1222

    Abstract: Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that originate in the bone marrow and are continuously replenished from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are distinguished by ... ...

    Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) that originate in the bone marrow and are continuously replenished from hematopoietic progenitor cells. Conventional DCs (cDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are distinguished by morphology and function, and can be easily discriminated by surface marker expression, both in mouse and man. Classification of DCs based on their ontology takes into account their origin as well as their requirements for transcription factor (TF) expression. cDCs and pDCs of myeloid origin differentiate from a common DC progenitor (CDP) through committed pre-DC stages. pDCs have also been shown to originate from a lymphoid progenitor derived IL-7R
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Differentiation/immunology ; Cell Plasticity/immunology ; Computational Biology ; Dendritic Cells/cytology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/metabolism ; Humans ; Lymphoid Progenitor Cells/cytology ; Lymphoid Progenitor Cells/metabolism ; Lymphoid Tissue/cytology ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology ; Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism ; Myeloid Progenitor Cells/cytology ; Myeloid Progenitor Cells/metabolism ; Signal Transduction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-05-29
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01222
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Prior flavivirus immunity skews the yellow fever vaccine response to cross-reactive antibodies with potential to enhance dengue virus infection.

    Santos-Peral, Antonio / Luppa, Fabian / Goresch, Sebastian / Nikolova, Elena / Zaucha, Magdalena / Lehmann, Lisa / Dahlstroem, Frank / Karimzadeh, Hadi / Thorn-Seshold, Julia / Winheim, Elena / Schuster, Ev-Marie / Dobler, Gerhard / Hoelscher, Michael / Kümmerer, Beate M / Endres, Stefan / Schober, Kilian / Krug, Anne B / Pritsch, Michael / Barba-Spaeth, Giovanna /
    Rothenfusser, Simon

    Nature communications

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 1696

    Abstract: The yellow fever 17D vaccine (YF17D) is highly effective but is frequently administered to individuals with pre-existing cross-reactive immunity, potentially impacting their immune responses. Here, we investigate the impact of pre-existing flavivirus ... ...

    Abstract The yellow fever 17D vaccine (YF17D) is highly effective but is frequently administered to individuals with pre-existing cross-reactive immunity, potentially impacting their immune responses. Here, we investigate the impact of pre-existing flavivirus immunity induced by the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) vaccine on the response to YF17D vaccination in 250 individuals up to 28 days post-vaccination (pv) and 22 individuals sampled one-year pv. Our findings indicate that previous TBEV vaccination does not affect the early IgM-driven neutralizing response to YF17D. However, pre-vaccination sera enhance YF17D virus infection in vitro via antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Following YF17D vaccination, TBEV-pre-vaccinated individuals develop high amounts of cross-reactive IgG antibodies with poor neutralizing capacity. In contrast, TBEV-unvaccinated individuals elicit a non-cross-reacting neutralizing response. Using YF17D envelope protein mutants displaying different epitopes, we identify quaternary dimeric epitopes as the primary target of neutralizing antibodies. Additionally, TBEV-pre-vaccination skews the IgG response towards the pan-flavivirus fusion loop epitope (FLE), capable of mediating ADE of dengue and Zika virus infections in vitro. Together, we propose that YF17D vaccination conceals the FLE in individuals without prior flavivirus exposure but favors a cross-reactive IgG response in TBEV-pre-vaccinated recipients directed to the FLE with potential to enhance dengue virus infection.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Yellow Fever Vaccine ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control ; Epitopes ; Immunoglobulin G ; Dengue/prevention & control
    Chemical Substances Yellow Fever Vaccine ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Epitopes ; Immunoglobulin G
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-24
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-024-45806-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Systematic P2Y receptor survey identifies P2Y11 as modulator of immune responses and virus replication in macrophages.

    Andersen, Line Lykke / Huang, Yiqi / Urban, Christian / Oubraham, Lila / Winheim, Elena / Stafford, Che / Nagl, Dennis / O'Duill, Fionan / Ebert, Thomas / Engleitner, Thomas / Paludan, Søren Riis / Krug, Anne / Rad, Roland / Hornung, Veit / Pichlmair, Andreas

    The EMBO journal

    2023  Volume 42, Issue 23, Page(s) e113279

    Abstract: The immune system is in place to assist in ensuring tissue homeostasis, which can be easily perturbed by invading pathogens or nonpathogenic stressors causing tissue damage. Extracellular nucleotides are well known to contribute to innate immune ... ...

    Abstract The immune system is in place to assist in ensuring tissue homeostasis, which can be easily perturbed by invading pathogens or nonpathogenic stressors causing tissue damage. Extracellular nucleotides are well known to contribute to innate immune signaling specificity and strength, but how their signaling is relayed downstream of cell surface receptors and how this translates into antiviral immunity is only partially understood. Here, we systematically investigated the responses of human macrophages to extracellular nucleotides, focusing on the nucleotide-sensing GPRC receptors of the P2Y family. Time-resolved transcriptomic analysis showed that adenine- and uridine-based nucleotides induce a specific, immediate, and transient cytokine response through the MAPK signaling pathway that regulates transcriptional activation by AP-1. Using receptor trans-complementation, we identified a subset of P2Ys (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, and P2Y11) that govern inflammatory responses via cytokine induction, while others (P2Y4, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14) directly induce antiviral responses. Notably, P2Y11 combined both activities, and depletion or inhibition of this receptor in macrophages impaired both inflammatory and antiviral responses. Collectively, these results highlight the underappreciated functions of P2Y receptors in innate immune processes.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cytokines ; Immunity ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Nucleotides/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Virus Replication
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Nucleotides ; P2RY11 protein, human
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 586044-1
    ISSN 1460-2075 ; 0261-4189
    ISSN (online) 1460-2075
    ISSN 0261-4189
    DOI 10.15252/embj.2022113279
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Ly6D

    Lutz, Konstantin / Musumeci, Andrea / Sie, Christopher / Dursun, Ezgi / Winheim, Elena / Bagnoli, Johannes / Ziegenhain, Christoph / Rausch, Lisa / Bergen, Volker / Luecken, Malte D / Oostendorp, Robert A J / Schraml, Barbara U / Theis, Fabian J / Enard, Wolfgang / Korn, Thomas / Krug, Anne B

    Nature communications

    2022  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 3456

    Abstract: Plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells (pDC and cDC) are generated from progenitor cells in the bone marrow and commitment to pDCs or cDC subtypes may occur in earlier and later progenitor stages. Cells within the ... ...

    Abstract Plasmacytoid and conventional dendritic cells (pDC and cDC) are generated from progenitor cells in the bone marrow and commitment to pDCs or cDC subtypes may occur in earlier and later progenitor stages. Cells within the CD11c
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antigens, Ly/genetics ; Antigens, Ly/metabolism ; CD11c Antigen/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Dendritic Cells/metabolism ; GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism ; Mice ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins/genetics ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins/metabolism ; Stem Cells/metabolism ; Transcription Factors
    Chemical Substances Antigens, Ly ; CD11c Antigen ; GPI-Linked Proteins ; Ly6d protein, mouse ; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins ; Transcription Factors ; Zbtb46 protein, mouse
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-022-31054-4
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: CCL17 Promotes Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis Dependent on the Microbiota.

    Metzger, Rebecca / Winter, Lis / Bouznad, Nassim / Garzetti, Debora / von Armansperg, Benedikt / Rokavec, Matjaz / Lutz, Konstantin / Schäfer, Yvonne / Krebs, Sabrina / Winheim, Elena / Friedrich, Verena / Matzek, Dana / Öllinger, Rupert / Rad, Roland / Stecher, Bärbel / Hermeking, Heiko / Brocker, Thomas / Krug, Anne B

    Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)

    2022  Volume 209, Issue 11, Page(s) 2227–2238

    Abstract: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and a major cause of mortality. Proinflammatory and antitumor immune responses play critical roles in colitis-associated colon cancer. CCL17, a chemokine of the C-C family and ligand for CCR4, is ... ...

    Abstract Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and a major cause of mortality. Proinflammatory and antitumor immune responses play critical roles in colitis-associated colon cancer. CCL17, a chemokine of the C-C family and ligand for CCR4, is expressed by intestinal dendritic cells in the steady state and is upregulated during colitis in mouse models and inflammatory bowel disease patients. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern and functional relevance of CCL17 for colitis-associated colon tumor development using CCL17-enhanced GFP-knockin mice. CCL17 was highly expressed by dendritic cells but also upregulated in macrophages and intermediary monocytes in colon tumors induced by exposure to azoxymethane and dextran sodium sulfate. Despite a similar degree of inflammation in the colon, CCL17-deficient mice developed fewer tumors than did CCL17-competent mice. This protective effect was abrogated by cohousing, indicating a dependency on the microbiota. Changes in microbiota diversity and composition were detected in separately housed CCL17-deficient mice, and these mice were more susceptible to azoxymethane-induced early apoptosis in the colon affecting tumor initiation. Immune cell infiltration in colitis-induced colon tumors was not affected by the lack of CCL17. Taken together, our results indicate that CCL17 promotes colitis-associated tumorigenesis by influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiome and reducing apoptosis during tumor initiation.
    MeSH term(s) Mice ; Animals ; Colitis ; Carcinogenesis ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Azoxymethane/toxicity ; Colonic Neoplasms/pathology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Chemokine CCL17
    Chemical Substances Azoxymethane (MO0N1J0SEN) ; Ccl17 protein, mouse ; Chemokine CCL17
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 3056-9
    ISSN 1550-6606 ; 0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
    ISSN (online) 1550-6606
    ISSN 0022-1767 ; 1048-3233 ; 1047-7381
    DOI 10.4049/jimmunol.2100867
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Convalescent COVID-19 Patients Without Comorbidities Display Similar Immunophenotypes Over Time Despite Divergent Disease Severities.

    Chu, Chang-Feng / Sabath, Florian / Fibi-Smetana, Silvia / Sun, Shan / Öllinger, Rupert / Noeßner, Elfriede / Chao, Ying-Yin / Rinke, Linus / Winheim, Elena / Rad, Roland / Krug, Anne B / Taher, Leila / Zielinski, Christina E

    Frontiers in immunology

    2021  Volume 12, Page(s) 601080

    Abstract: COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, can assume a highly variable disease course, ranging from asymptomatic infection, which constitutes the majority of cases, to severe respiratory failure. This implies a diverse host immune response to ...

    Abstract COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, can assume a highly variable disease course, ranging from asymptomatic infection, which constitutes the majority of cases, to severe respiratory failure. This implies a diverse host immune response to SARS-CoV-2. However, the immunological underpinnings underlying these divergent disease courses remain elusive. We therefore set out to longitudinally characterize immune signatures of convalescent COVID-19 patients stratified according to their disease severity. Our unique convalescent COVID-19 cohort consists of 74 patients not confounded by comorbidities. This is the first study of which we are aware that excludes immune abrogations associated with non-SARS-CoV-2 related risk factors of disease severity. Patients were followed up and analyzed longitudinally (2, 4 and 6 weeks after infection) by high-dimensional flow cytometric profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), in-depth serum analytics, and transcriptomics. Immune phenotypes were correlated to disease severity. Convalescence was overall associated with uniform immune signatures, but distinct immune signatures for mildly
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; COVID-19/immunology ; Convalescence ; Female ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Male ; Middle Aged ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Severity of Illness Index ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-19
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2021.601080
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Binding of phosphatidylserine-positive microparticles by PBMCs classifies disease severity in COVID-19 patients.

    Rausch, Lisa / Lutz, Konstantin / Schifferer, Martina / Winheim, Elena / Gruber, Rudi / Oesterhaus, Elina F / Rinke, Linus / Hellmuth, Johannes C / Scherer, Clemens / Muenchhoff, Maximilian / Mandel, Christopher / Bergwelt-Baildon, Michael / Simons, Mikael / Straub, Tobias / Krug, Anne B / Kranich, Jan / Brocker, Thomas

    Journal of extracellular vesicles

    2021  Volume 10, Issue 14, Page(s) e12173

    Abstract: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with thromboinflammation, involving thrombotic and inflammatory responses, in many COVID-19 patients. In addition, immune dysfunction occurs in patients characterised by T cell exhaustion and severe lymphopenia. We ...

    Abstract Infection with SARS-CoV-2 is associated with thromboinflammation, involving thrombotic and inflammatory responses, in many COVID-19 patients. In addition, immune dysfunction occurs in patients characterised by T cell exhaustion and severe lymphopenia. We investigated the distribution of phosphatidylserine (PS), a marker of dying cells, activated platelets and platelet-derived microparticles (PMP), during the clinical course of COVID-19. We found an unexpectedly high amount of blood cells loaded with PS
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Blood Platelets/immunology ; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; Cell-Derived Microparticles/metabolism ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; Phosphatidylserines/blood ; Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb ; Severity of Illness Index ; Transcriptome
    Chemical Substances Phosphatidylserines ; Platelet Membrane Glycoprotein IIb
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2683797-3
    ISSN 2001-3078 ; 2001-3078
    ISSN (online) 2001-3078
    ISSN 2001-3078
    DOI 10.1002/jev2.12173
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Ly6D+Siglec-H+ precursors contribute to conventional dendritic cells via a Zbtb46+Ly6D+ intermediary stage

    Konstantin Lutz / Andrea Musumeci / Christopher Sie / Ezgi Dursun / Elena Winheim / Johannes Bagnoli / Christoph Ziegenhain / Lisa Rausch / Volker Bergen / Malte D. Luecken / Robert A. J. Oostendorp / Barbara U. Schraml / Fabian J. Theis / Wolfgang Enard / Thomas Korn / Anne B. Krug

    Nature Communications, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2022  Volume 15

    Abstract: The ontogeny of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) and how these two cell types are related is not fully known. Here the authors identify a pool of bone marrow precursor cells expressing Ly6D Siglec-H and Zbtb46 that can differentiate ... ...

    Abstract The ontogeny of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DC) and how these two cell types are related is not fully known. Here the authors identify a pool of bone marrow precursor cells expressing Ly6D Siglec-H and Zbtb46 that can differentiate into either cDC or pDC and show that type I IFN can limit cDC and favor pDC output from these precursors.
    Keywords Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Distinct and dynamic activation profiles of circulating dendritic cells and monocytes in mild COVID-19 and after yellow fever vaccination.

    Winheim, Elena / Eser, Tabea / Deák, Flora / Ahmed, Mohamed I M / Baranov, Olga / Rinke, Linus / Eisenächer, Katharina / Santos-Peral, Antonio / Karimzadeh, Hadi / Pritsch, Michael / Scherer, Clemens / Muenchhoff, Maximilian / Hellmuth, Johannes C / von Bergwelt-Baildon, Michael / Olbrich, Laura / Hoelscher, Michael / Wieser, Andreas / Kroidl, Inge / Rothenfusser, Simon /
    Geldmacher, Christof / Krug, Anne B

    European journal of immunology

    2022  Volume 53, Issue 3, Page(s) e2250090

    Abstract: Dysregulation of the myeloid cell compartment is a feature of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Here, we investigated the response of circulating dendritic cell (DC) and monocyte subpopulations in SARS-CoV-2 infected outpatients with mild ...

    Abstract Dysregulation of the myeloid cell compartment is a feature of severe disease in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Here, we investigated the response of circulating dendritic cell (DC) and monocyte subpopulations in SARS-CoV-2 infected outpatients with mild disease and compared it to the response of healthy individuals to yellow fever vaccine virus YF17D as a model of a well-coordinated response to viral infection. In SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients circulating DCs were persistently reduced for several weeks whereas after YF17D vaccination DC numbers were decreased temporarily and rapidly replenished by increased proliferation until 14 days after vaccination. The majority of COVID-19 outpatients showed high expression of CD86 and PD-L1 in monocytes and DCs early on, resembling the dynamic after YF17D vaccination. In a subgroup of patients, low CD86 and high PD-L1 expression were detected in monocytes and DCs coinciding with symptoms, higher age, and lower lymphocyte counts. This phenotype was similar to that observed in severely ill COVID-19 patients, but less pronounced. Thus, prolonged reduction and dysregulated activation of blood DCs and monocytes were seen in a subgroup of symptomatic non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients while a transient coordinated activation was characteristic for the majority of patients with mild COVID-19 and the response to YF17D vaccination.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Monocytes ; B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism ; Yellow Fever ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Yellow fever virus ; Vaccination ; Dendritic Cells
    Chemical Substances B7-H1 Antigen
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-09
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120108-6
    ISSN 1521-4141 ; 0014-2980
    ISSN (online) 1521-4141
    ISSN 0014-2980
    DOI 10.1002/eji.202250090
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Impaired function and delayed regeneration of dendritic cells in COVID-19.

    Winheim, Elena / Rinke, Linus / Lutz, Konstantin / Reischer, Anna / Leutbecher, Alexandra / Wolfram, Lina / Rausch, Lisa / Kranich, Jan / Wratil, Paul R / Huber, Johanna E / Baumjohann, Dirk / Rothenfusser, Simon / Schubert, Benjamin / Hilgendorff, Anne / Hellmuth, Johannes C / Scherer, Clemens / Muenchhoff, Maximilian / von Bergwelt-Baildon, Michael / Stark, Konstantin /
    Straub, Tobias / Brocker, Thomas / Keppler, Oliver T / Subklewe, Marion / Krug, Anne B

    PLoS pathogens

    2021  Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) e1009742

    Abstract: Disease manifestations in COVID-19 range from mild to severe illness associated with a dysregulated innate immune response. Alterations in function and regeneration of dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes may contribute to immunopathology and influence ... ...

    Abstract Disease manifestations in COVID-19 range from mild to severe illness associated with a dysregulated innate immune response. Alterations in function and regeneration of dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes may contribute to immunopathology and influence adaptive immune responses in COVID-19 patients. We analyzed circulating DC and monocyte subsets in 65 hospitalized COVID-19 patients with mild/moderate or severe disease from acute illness to recovery and in healthy controls. Persisting reduction of all DC subpopulations was accompanied by an expansion of proliferating Lineage-HLADR+ cells lacking DC markers. Increased frequency of CD163+ CD14+ cells within the recently discovered DC3 subpopulation in patients with more severe disease was associated with systemic inflammation, activated T follicular helper cells, and antibody-secreting cells. Persistent downregulation of CD86 and upregulation of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in conventional DCs (cDC2 and DC3) and classical monocytes associated with a reduced capacity to stimulate naïve CD4+ T cells correlated with disease severity. Long-lasting depletion and functional impairment of DCs and monocytes may have consequences for susceptibility to secondary infections and therapy of COVID-19 patients.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Antigens, CD/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology ; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/pathology ; Dendritic Cells/immunology ; Dendritic Cells/pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monocytes/immunology ; Monocytes/pathology ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology ; Regeneration/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology
    Chemical Substances Antigens, CD ; PDCD1 protein, human ; Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2205412-1
    ISSN 1553-7374 ; 1553-7366
    ISSN (online) 1553-7374
    ISSN 1553-7366
    DOI 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009742
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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