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Article ; Online: Assessment of the reliability (repeatability) of corneal thickness measurements in soft contact lens wearers using a non-contact specular microscope.

Doughty, Michael J

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2021 Volume 45, Issue 4, Page(s) 101491

Abstract: Purpose: To assess variability across 3 measures of central corneal thickness (CCT) obtained with a non-contact specular microscope and taken over a few minutes from habitual soft contact lens wearers.: Methods: One eye from 200 healthy adults (with ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To assess variability across 3 measures of central corneal thickness (CCT) obtained with a non-contact specular microscope and taken over a few minutes from habitual soft contact lens wearers. Methods: One eye from 200 healthy adults (with an average age of 21 y, half of whom had a 3.5 ± 2.1 year history of successful daily wear of soft contact lenses while the control group had nominally normal eyes) were assessed using the auto-focus Topcon 2000P instrument to obtain an image of the endothelium and CCT. Results: The individual CCT values encountered in the 200 subjects ranged from 0.449 mm to 0.591 mm, with the average of 3 measures ranging from 0.459 to 0.591 mm in the control group and between 0.449 and 0.585 mm for the SCL wearers. The group mean CCT values were the same for both groups (at 0.524 mm), but the group mean SD value was marginally higher (at 0.028 mm) for the SCL group as compared to controls (SD = 0.026 mm). The normalized intra-subject variability (as the group-mean coefficient of variation, COV value) was 0.843 ± 0.401 for the control group and higher at 1.08 ± 0.546 for the SCL group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Repeat measures of central corneal thickness, using a non-contact specular microscope, is very similar to those taken on age-matched non-contact lens wearers. These results may not equally apply to similar pachymetry measures in patients wearing RGP lenses or for older patients wearing soft contact lenses.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic ; Cornea ; Corneal Pachymetry ; Endothelium, Corneal ; Humans ; Microscopy ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2021.101491
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Article ; Online: Superficial digital flexor tendonectomy for the treatment of corns in sighthounds.

Guilliard, Michael J / Doughty, Richard W

Veterinary dermatology

2022 Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) 581–586

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Callosities/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2011122-8
ISSN	1365-3164 ; 0959-4493
ISSN (online)	1365-3164
ISSN	0959-4493
DOI	10.1111/vde.13117
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Article ; Online: Spontaneous eye blink activity during slitlamp-based assessments.

Doughty, Michael J

Clinical & experimental optometry

2020 Volume 104, Issue 2, Page(s) 167–171

Abstract: Clinical relevance: Slitlamp-type assessments of eye blink activity with head and chin support need to consider time-related differences that can occur.: Background: Previous studies have not assessed the predictability of changes in spontaneous eye ... ...

Abstract	Clinical relevance: Slitlamp-type assessments of eye blink activity with head and chin support need to consider time-related differences that can occur. Background: Previous studies have not assessed the predictability of changes in spontaneous eye blink rate occurring during slitlamp observations. Methods: Video recordings were made of eye blink activity of 85 young adults who were either emmetropic or spectacle wearers for refractive errors between -8.25 D and +8.25 D. After an initial adjustment period of one to two minutes positioned at the slitlamp (including the time after removing spectacles), participants had a five minutes recording made in silence while seated with forehead and chin support and directing their gaze to a high-contrast target on a distant whiteboard under ambient luminance of 35 cd per square metre. Results: The mean spontaneous eye blink rate values over five minutes were 13.4 ± 3.1 blinks/minute (± SD), ranging from 7.4 to 20.8 blinks/minute. Overall, incomplete eye blink events were noted 39 times in the total of 5,704 recorded (that is, 0.68 per cent of all eye blinks). There was a progressive decline in averaged spontaneous eye blink rate values (r = 0.897, p < 0.05), with 70.6 per cent of the participants exhibiting a higher spontaneous eye blink rate value in the first minute compared to the fifth minute. The inter-participant variability in spontaneous eye blink rate also progressively declined over time, but there was no detectable difference in either averaged values or the variability in spontaneous eye blink rate in relation to refractive error. Conclusions: In slitlamp-based assessments of eye blink activity, a small progressive time-related reduction appears likely but is not obviously related to visual blur in ametropic individuals.
MeSH term(s)	Blinking ; Emmetropia ; Humans ; Refractive Errors ; Slit Lamp Microscopy ; Vision, Ocular ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639275-1
ISSN	1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
ISSN	0816-4622
DOI	10.1111/cxo.13130
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Article ; Online: Assessment of goblet cell size and density in relation to epithelial cell (multi)layering on conjunctival impression cytology samples.

Doughty, Michael J

Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie

2020 Volume 258, Issue 8, Page(s) 1727–1734

Abstract: Purpose: To assess goblet cell size and numbers in relation to the extent of multilayering of conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) samples as a basis for reducing variability in image selection for goblet cell density (GCD) estimates.: Methods: CIC ...

Abstract	Purpose: To assess goblet cell size and numbers in relation to the extent of multilayering of conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) samples as a basis for reducing variability in image selection for goblet cell density (GCD) estimates. Methods: CIC was undertaken immediately postmortem off the superior bulbar conjunctiva of healthy young adult rabbits onto Millicell-CM Biopore filter units. After fixation with buffered glutaraldehyde and Giemsa staining, two × 200 images were selected from each sample representative of either slight multilayering or substantial multilayering, projected at × 1000, an overlay of the outlines of the goblet cells was made, and their dimensions and areas were measured. Results: From measures of 4918 goblet cells, the average value (+/- SD) for the longest dimension was 17.7 ± 6.4 μm and 14.6 ± 5.3 μm for the shortest dimension. The GCD values ranged from 210 to 2069/mm Conclusions: Larger goblet cells but in fewer numbers were predictably found across the filter surface where there were fewer layers of cells and vice versa. This difference could be considered in selection of images for counts of goblet cells from CIC specimens.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cell Count/methods ; Cell Size ; Conjunctiva/cytology ; Cytological Techniques/methods ; Goblet Cells/cytology ; Models, Animal ; Rabbits
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-21
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	8435-9
ISSN	1435-702X ; 0721-832X
ISSN (online)	1435-702X
ISSN	0721-832X
DOI	10.1007/s00417-020-04725-5
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Article ; Online: On the in vivo assessment of goblet cells of the human bulbar conjunctiva by confocal microscopy - A review.

Doughty, Michael J

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2020 Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 315–321

Abstract: Background: In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) has been used for over 10 years to assess the goblet cell density (GCD) within the human conjunctiva, but the reported values have been variable with no obvious indications as to why.: Methods: From ... ...

Abstract	Background: In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) has been used for over 10 years to assess the goblet cell density (GCD) within the human conjunctiva, but the reported values have been variable with no obvious indications as to why. Methods: From publications between 2008 and 2019, representative GCD values were extracted, as well as on the image sampling strategy used. Results: Average GCD values for any particular group of individuals ranged from 7 to 979 goblet cells / sq. mm, and with one notable outlier removed, an overall group-mean value for GCD (+/- SD) from single site locations was 207 +/- 143 goblet cells / sq. mm from 15 data sets for those usually designated as control subjects, with a value of 190 +/- 161 goblet cells / sq. mm calculated from 20 single site data sets from other (patient) groups. An overall analysis indicated that the reported average values for GCD from different groups of individuals increased according to the number of images assessed / individual (Spearman rho = 0.304), on the number of individuals evaluated to generate an averaged value for each group (rho = 0.367), and the total number of images assessed (rho = 0.346, multivariate analysis partial r = greater or = to 0.522). Conclusions: In the use of confocal microscopy to assess the number of goblet cells in the human bulbar conjunctiva, the substantial differences reported appear to be linked to the protocols used for image selection, and some type of standardization needs to be developed.
MeSH term(s)	Cell Count ; Conjunctiva ; Goblet Cells ; Humans ; Intravital Microscopy ; Microscopy, Confocal
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2020.01.004
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Article ; Online: Importance of standardizing the number of cells measured for coefficient of variation (COV) estimates of corneal endothelial cell area values as relevant to contact lens wear.

Doughty, Michael J

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2020 Volume 44, Issue 3, Page(s) 101336

Abstract: Purpose: To assess the impact of using different numbers of cells in calculations of the coefficient of variation (COV) value for normal and polymegethous endothelia METHODS: Four sets of 20 non-contact specular microscope images obtained from Caucasian ...

Abstract	Purpose: To assess the impact of using different numbers of cells in calculations of the coefficient of variation (COV) value for normal and polymegethous endothelia METHODS: Four sets of 20 non-contact specular microscope images obtained from Caucasian individuals were assessed, and categorized according to the extent of polymegethism, i.e. grade 0 (none), grade 1 (mild), grade 2 (moderate) and grade 3 (substantial). Cell areas were measured manually and then values for between 2 and 100 cells were progressively added and averaged to generate COV estimates. These were then assessed in terms of their relative values (as percentages +/- SD) in relation to the value obtained on over 100 cells. Results: For the 4 sets of endothelia with group-mean COV values of 25.8, 33.1, 45.1 and 56.8%, the reliability of the COV estimates realized asymptotic values of close to ±1.0, ±2.7, ±3.6 and ±5.0% with 90 cells, but with greater uncertainty with few numbers of cells, e.g. only to within ±3.4, ±5.3, ±6.1 and ±7.9% with 75 cells. Conclusions: COV estimates for the corneal endothelium are dependent on the number of cells used in the calculations. It is recommended that every effort should be made to not only assess 75-100 cells per endothelial image, but that this number should be the same or very similar for all endothelial images in a particular data set so that the uncertainly (or estimated proportional error) in the estimates is balanced.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Cell Count ; Cell Size ; Contact Lenses ; Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological/standards ; Endothelium, Corneal/cytology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Observer Variation ; Photography ; Reference Standards ; Reproducibility of Results ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2020.05.005
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Article ; Online: Multiple count sampling of goblet cells in microscope high-power fields using conjunctival impression cytology.

Doughty, Michael J

Clinical & experimental optometry

2019 Volume 103, Issue 6, Page(s) 772–777

Abstract: Background: Published studies indicate that assessments of goblet cell density using conjunctival impression cytology has provided very variable results, but the reasons for this are unclear. Systematic analyses of the sources of variability are ... ...

Abstract	Background: Published studies indicate that assessments of goblet cell density using conjunctival impression cytology has provided very variable results, but the reasons for this are unclear. Systematic analyses of the sources of variability are required. Methods: From 20 healthy young adults, conjunctival impression cytology specimens were obtained using a supported filter unit applied to the superior bulbar conjunctiva. The filters were stained with Giemsa and 10 non-overlapping, randomly selected high-power field images were obtained from each specimen and the numbers of goblet cells per high-power field counted. Results: From all 200 high-power fields assessed, the numbers of goblet cells ranged from zero to 74, with an overall mean value of 11.6 ± 14.8 per high-power field. From each successive set of 10 microscope field images from all individuals, the average number of goblet cells ranged from 23.2 in the first high-power field that obviously included numerous goblet cells down to 6.2 per high-power field. As the outcome from multiple counts/individual was systematically increased, these averages progressively decreased from 23.2 to 11.6 per high-power field, and while the standard deviation values also progressively declined (from 7.9 to 5.5 per high-power field), the relative variability (as the co-efficient of variation) did not, and increased to averaged values of over 100 per cent. Conclusions: These analyses indicate that there is a benefit of making multiple counts of goblet cells from different high-power fields, but that there is no obvious benefit of using more than five to seven high-power fields for any particular specimen.
MeSH term(s)	Cell Count ; Conjunctiva ; Cytological Techniques ; Goblet Cells ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639275-1
ISSN	1444-0938 ; 0816-4622
ISSN (online)	1444-0938
ISSN	0816-4622
DOI	10.1111/cxo.13007
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Article ; Online: Short term effects of continuous lighting on the cornea of cage-reared laboratory rabbits.

Doughty, Michael J

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2019 Volume 204, Page(s) 111764

Abstract: This study was to assess the impact on the cornea and eye blink activity of adapting rabbits to continuous lighting (CL) compared to a 14:10 light:dark cycle. Female New Zealand White rabbits (2 to 2.5 kg) were maintained under a light: dark (L:D) cycle ... ...

Abstract	This study was to assess the impact on the cornea and eye blink activity of adapting rabbits to continuous lighting (CL) compared to a 14:10 light:dark cycle. Female New Zealand White rabbits (2 to 2.5 kg) were maintained under a light: dark (L:D) cycle or switched to continuous fluorescent lighting (CL) for an average of 17 +/- 2 days. Animal behaviour in their cages was manually recorded using an event marker and in vivo slitlamp biomicroscopy at 40× undertaken in mid-afternoon. Animals were then euthanized and the corneas prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From images taken at 500× from the central region of the corneas, the number of exfoliating (desquamating) cells and the relative number of different cells with light, medium or dark reflexes were assessed for the corneal epithelial surface, while the number of cells/unit area were assessed for both corneal epithelium and endothelium. Exposure to continuous lighting was associated with higher number of eye blink events (15.7 vs 8.2/15 min) and mild corneal surface alterations evident by biomicroscopy with higher numbers of intra-epithelial 'granules' (32 +/- 14 vs. 4 +/- 3/sq. mm). SEM revealed low numbers of exfoliating cells on the corneal epithelial surface in all CL-adapted animals, but not in L:D controls. Trends were observed for there to be slightly higher numbers of epithelial cells/unit area, higher numbers of small light reflex cells and lower numbers of larger dark reflex cells in CL animals. The corneal endothelium showed no obvious adverse effects in CL-adapted animals but the percentage of 'hexagonal' cells was slightly higher compared to L:D controls. The results indicate that even a short period of exposure of laboratory-raised rabbits to constant lighting can be associated with mild adverse effects on the corneal epithelial surface.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blinking/radiation effects ; Cell Count ; Endothelium/cytology ; Endothelium/pathology ; Endothelium/radiation effects ; Epithelium, Corneal/cytology ; Epithelium, Corneal/pathology ; Epithelium, Corneal/radiation effects ; Female ; Lighting ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Rabbits
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111764
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Article ; Online: Methods of Assessment of the Corneas of the Eyes Laboratory Rabbits Exposed to Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation.

Doughty, Michael J

Photochemistry and photobiology

2018 Volume 95, Issue 2, Page(s) 467–479

Abstract: The goal of this review was to identify and discuss the specialized methods that have been used to assess the corneas of the eyes of living rabbits exposed to the damaging effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B). From publications reviewed between 1916 and 2018, ...

Abstract	The goal of this review was to identify and discuss the specialized methods that have been used to assess the corneas of the eyes of living rabbits exposed to the damaging effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B). From publications reviewed between 1916 and 2018, both albino and pigmented rabbits were used, usually being young adults weighing between 2 and 2.5 kg, and with many recent studies carried out under sedation. Older assessments were generally based on the use of in vivo slitlamp examinations, sometimes with the use of fluorescein or rose bengal to identify damaged cells, supported by light microscopy (histology) of excised corneas. In later years (after 1960), these structural studies have included in vivo and ex vivo specular microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy as well as impression cytology. Early studies included measurements of the thickness of excised corneal specimens but in vivo pachymetry methods were widely used from the 1980s. Other assessments have included measurement of light transmission spectra of excised corneas, measures of metabolites in isolated corneas or staining corneal specimens for enzyme activities. While a wide range of specialized methods have been used, most of them have provided only descriptions of the effects of UV-B.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cornea/radiation effects ; Rabbits ; Ultraviolet Rays
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-11-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	123540-0
ISSN	1751-1097 ; 0031-8655
ISSN (online)	1751-1097
ISSN	0031-8655
DOI	10.1111/php.13031
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Article ; Online: Tear Film Stability and Tear Break Up Time (TBUT) in Laboratory Rabbits-A Systematic Review.

Doughty, Michael J

Current eye research

2018 Volume 43, Issue 8, Page(s) 961–964

Abstract: Several older studies on rabbits indicated that the pre-corneal tear film was unusually stable and this perspective was revisited recently. However, the methods used for these studies were very different from those generally used in human studies. A ... ...

Abstract	Several older studies on rabbits indicated that the pre-corneal tear film was unusually stable and this perspective was revisited recently. However, the methods used for these studies were very different from those generally used in human studies. A literature search was undertaken for the time period of 1965 through 2017, mainly using PubMed, to identify studies where values for the tear break up time (TBUT) were reported for the eyes of nominally normal (healthy) laboratory rabbits regardless of breed or age and where the methods were more similar to those routinely used in human clinical studies. For 20 reports identified where sodium fluorescein was used, the average TBUT values in any particular study ranged from 1.9 to 51 s, with a group mean of 21.8 ± 11.9 s (SD), with the inter-study variability in TBUT (as the coefficient of variation) being 19.4%. For four studies not using fluorescein, the mean break up time reported was 32.7 ± 16.2 s, while a separate study (also not using fluorescein) reported an average break up time of 1788 s. Most reports of the pre-corneal tear film stability in laboratory rabbits, especially as reported over the last 10 years, indicate break up times of less than 60 s have been observed, although has been little consistency in the methods used. Overall, this outcome is not consistent with a perspective that the rabbit (as routinely used in experimental studies) has an extraordinarily stable tear film.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cornea/metabolism ; Dry Eye Syndromes/diagnosis ; Dry Eye Syndromes/metabolism ; Rabbits ; Tears/chemistry
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-04-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	82079-9
ISSN	1460-2202 ; 0271-3683
ISSN (online)	1460-2202
ISSN	0271-3683
DOI	10.1080/02713683.2018.1457164
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