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Book ; Online ; E-Book: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions

Higgins, Julian / Thomas, James / Chandler, Jacqueline

(Cochrane book series)

2019

Abstract: The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review. The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and ... ...

Author's details	edited by Julian P.T. Higgins, James Thomas, Jacqueline Chandler, Miranda Cumpston, Tianjing Li, Matthew J. Page and Vivian A. Welch
Series title	Cochrane book series
Abstract	The revised edition of the Handbook offers the only guide on how to conduct, report and maintain a Cochrane Review. The second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions contains essential guidance for preparing and maintaining Cochrane Reviews of the effects of health interventions. Designed to be an accessible resource, the Handbook will also be of interest to anyone undertaking systematic reviews of interventions outside Cochrane, and many of the principles and methods presented are appropriate for systematic reviews addressing research questions other than effects of interventions. This fully updated edition contains extensive new material on systematic review methods addressing a wide-range of topics including network meta-analysis, equity, complex interventions, narrative synthesis, and automation. Also new to this edition, integrated throughout the Handbook, is the set of standards Cochrane expects its reviews to meet. Written for review authors, editors, trainers and others with an interest in Cochrane Reviews, the second edition of The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions continues to offer an invaluable resource for understanding the role of systematic reviews, critically appraising health research studies and conducting reviews. "Systematic reviews summarise primary research. They are central to the evidence- based medicine movement and are widely acknowledged as the best form of evidence on which to base healthcare decisions. The Cochrane Collaboration exists to produce systematic reviews of healthcare treatments. To be reliable, systematic reviews should be conducted to the highest level of scientific rigour. This book enables Cochrane and other systematic review authors to do this and to ensure their review is of the highest quality and avoid methodological pitfalls"-- Starting a review -- Determining the scope of the review and the questions it will address -- Defining the criteria for including studies and how they will be grouped for the synthesis -- Searching for and selecting studies -- Collecting data -- Choosing effect measures and computing estimates of effect -- Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies -- Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial -- Summarizing study characteristics and preparing for synthesis -- Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses -- Undertaking network meta-analyses -- Synthesizing and presenting findings using other methods -- Assessing risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis -- Completing 'Summary of findings' tables and grading the certainty of the evidence -- Interpreting results and drawing conclusions -- Equity and specific populations -- Intervention complexity -- Patient-reported outcomes -- Adverse effects -- Economics evidence -- Qualitative research and Cochrane Reviews -- Prospective approaches to accumulating evidence -- Including variants on randomized trials -- Including non-randomized studies on intervention effects -- Assessing risk of bias in a non-randomized study -- Individual participant data.
Keywords	Outcome assessment (Medical care) ; Evidence-based medicine / Methodology ; Meta-analysis ; Medicine / Research / Evaluation ; Medizin ; Forschung ; Evidenz-basierte Medizin ; Metaanalyse
Subject	Evidence-based medicine ; Gutachtenbasierte Medizin ; Evidenzbasierte Medizin ; Meta-Analyse ; Wissenschaftliche Forschung ; Forschungen ; Humanmedizin ; Heilkunst ; Medicine
Language	English
Size	1 Online-Ressource (xxviii, 694 Seiten), Illustrationen
Edition	Second edition
Publisher	Cochrane Wiley Blackwell
Publishing place	Hoboken, NJ ; Chichester
Publishing country	United States ; Great Britain
Document type	Book ; Online ; E-Book
Note	Lizenzpflichtig ; Literaturangaben
Remark	Zugriff für angemeldete ZB MED-Nutzerinnen und -Nutzer
HBZ-ID	HT020329266
ISBN	978-1-119-53661-1 ; 1-119-53661-8 ; 978-1-119-53660-4 ; 1-119-53660-X ; 978-1-119-53665-9 ; 9781119536628 ; 1-119-53665-0 ; 1119536626
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Book: Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions

Higgins, Julian P. T. / Green, Sally

(Cochrane book series)

2008

Title variant	Handbook for systematic reviews of interventions
Institution	Cochrane Collaboration
Author's details	The Cochrane Collaboration®. Ed. by Julian P. T. Higgins and Sally Green
Series title	Cochrane book series
Keywords	Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) ; Evidence-Based Medicine / methods ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Review Literature as Topic ; Evidence-based medicine/Methodology ; Medicine/Research/Evaluation ; Outcome assessment (Medical care)
Subject code	610.72
Language	English
Size	XXI, 649 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
Publishing place	Oxford u.a.
Publishing country	Great Britain
Document type	Book
Note	Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke
HBZ-ID	HT015747214
ISBN	0-470-69951-5 ; 978-0-470-69951-5 ; 9780470712184 ; 047071218X
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Article ; Online: Heat impacts on human health in the Western Pacific Region: an umbrella review.

Lo, Y T Eunice / Vosper, Emily / Higgins, Julian P T / Howard, Guy

The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific

2023 Volume 42, Page(s) 100952

Abstract: Background: High temperatures and heatwaves are occurring more frequently and lasting longer because of climate change. A synthesis of existing evidence of heat-related health impacts in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) is lacking. This review addresses ...

Abstract	Background: High temperatures and heatwaves are occurring more frequently and lasting longer because of climate change. A synthesis of existing evidence of heat-related health impacts in the Western Pacific Region (WPR) is lacking. This review addresses this gap. Methods: The Scopus and PubMed databases were searched for reviews about heat impacts on mortality, cardiovascular morbidity, respiratory morbidity, dehydration and heat stroke, adverse birth outcomes, and sleep disturbance. The last search was conducted in February 2023 and only publications written in English were included. Primary studies and reviews that did not include specific WPR data were excluded. Data were extracted from 29 reviews. Findings: There is strong evidence of heat-related mortality in the WPR, with the evidence concentrating on high-income countries and China. Associations between heat and cardiovascular or respiratory morbidity are not robust. There is evidence of heat-related dehydration and stroke, and preterm and still births in high-income countries in the WPR. Some evidence of sleep disturbance from heat is found for Australia, Japan and China. Interpretation: Mortality is by far the most studied and robust health outcome of heat. Future research should focus on morbidity, and lower income countries in continental Asia and Pacific Island States, where there is little review-level evidence. Funding: Funded by the World Health Organization WPR Office.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2666-6065
ISSN (online)	2666-6065
DOI	10.1016/j.lanwpc.2023.100952
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Meta-regression of genome-wide association studies to estimate age-varying genetic effects.

Pagoni, Panagiota / Higgins, Julian P T / Lawlor, Deborah A / Stergiakouli, Evie / Warrington, Nicole M / Morris, Tim T / Tilling, Kate

European journal of epidemiology

2024 Volume 39, Issue 3, Page(s) 257–270

Abstract: Fixed-effect meta-analysis has been used to summarize genetic effects on a phenotype across multiple Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) assuming a common underlying genetic effect. Genetic effects may vary with age (or other characteristics), and not ...

Abstract	Fixed-effect meta-analysis has been used to summarize genetic effects on a phenotype across multiple Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) assuming a common underlying genetic effect. Genetic effects may vary with age (or other characteristics), and not allowing for this in a GWAS might lead to bias. Meta-regression models between study heterogeneity and allows effect modification of the genetic effects to be explored. The aim of this study was to explore the use of meta-analysis and meta-regression for estimating age-varying genetic effects on phenotypes. With simulations we compared the performance of meta-regression to fixed-effect and random -effects meta-analyses in estimating (i) main genetic effects and (ii) age-varying genetic effects (SNP by age interactions) from multiple GWAS studies under a range of scenarios. We applied meta-regression on publicly available summary data to estimate the main and age-varying genetic effects of the FTO SNP rs9939609 on Body Mass Index (BMI). Fixed-effect and random-effects meta-analyses accurately estimated genetic effects when these did not change with age. Meta-regression accurately estimated both main genetic effects and age-varying genetic effects. When the number of studies or the age-diversity between studies was low, meta-regression had limited power. In the applied example, each additional minor allele (A) of rs9939609 was inversely associated with BMI at ages 0 to 3, and positively associated at ages 5.5 to 13. Our findings challenge the assumption that genetic effects are consistent across all ages and provide a method for exploring this. GWAS consortia should be encouraged to use meta-regression to explore age-varying genetic effects.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Genome-Wide Association Study/methods ; Body Mass Index ; Phenotype ; Alleles ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO
Chemical Substances	FTO protein, human (EC 1.14.11.33) ; Alpha-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Dioxygenase FTO (EC 1.14.11.33)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632614-6
ISSN	1573-7284 ; 0393-2990
ISSN (online)	1573-7284
ISSN	0393-2990
DOI	10.1007/s10654-023-01086-1
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The influence of climate change on mental health in populations of the western Pacific region: An umbrella scoping review.

Vafeiadou, Aikaterini / Banissy, Michael J / Banissy, Jasmine F M / Higgins, Julian P T / Howard, Guy

Heliyon

2023 Volume 9, Issue 11, Page(s) e21457

Abstract: The Western Pacific Region (WPR) is on the front line of climate change challenges. Understanding how these challenges affect the WPR populations' mental health is essential to design effective prevention and care policies. Thus, the present study ... ...

Abstract	The Western Pacific Region (WPR) is on the front line of climate change challenges. Understanding how these challenges affect the WPR populations' mental health is essential to design effective prevention and care policies. Thus, the present study conducted an umbrella scoping review that examined the influence of climate change on mental health in the WPR, using review articles as a source of information. Ten review articles were selected according to eligibility criteria, and the findings were synthesized according to the socio-economic status of the countries identified: Australia, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Vietnam, the Pacific Islands (broadly), and China. The findings revealed that each country and sub-region has its own unique profile of climate change-related challenges and vulnerable populations, highlighting the need for specific approaches to mental health care. Specifically, the influence of climate-related challenges differed according to populations' region (e.g., rural populations), demographic characteristics (e.g., age and gender), culture (e.g., traditional tights to land), and employment (e.g., farmers and fishers). The most frequently reported mental health outcomes in response to climate change-related challenges such as droughts, floods, storms, tornadoes, typhoons, and climate-related migration were the decline in mental well-being and the increase in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. In addition, using the GRADE framework for assessing the certainty of the findings, we identified that the number of articles discussing associations between a given climate change challenge and a mental health outcome was overall limited. Based on our findings and findings on a global scale, we identified several key research gaps in WPR and provided recommendations for future research and policy strategies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21457
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Triangulating Evidence through the Inclusion of Genetically Informed Designs.

Munafò, Marcus R / Higgins, Julian P T / Smith, George Davey

Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine

2021 Volume 11, Issue 8

Abstract: Much research effort is invested in attempting to determine causal influences on disease onset and progression to inform prevention and treatment efforts. However, this is often dependent on observational data that are prone to well-known limitations, ... ...

Abstract	Much research effort is invested in attempting to determine causal influences on disease onset and progression to inform prevention and treatment efforts. However, this is often dependent on observational data that are prone to well-known limitations, particularly residual confounding and reverse causality. Several statistical methods have been developed to support stronger causal inference. However, a complementary approach is to use design-based methods for causal inference, which acknowledge sources of bias and attempt to mitigate these through the design of the study rather than solely through statistical adjustment. Genetically informed methods provide a novel and potentially powerful extension to this approach, accounting by design for unobserved genetic and environmental confounding. No single approach will be absent from bias. Instead, we should seek and combine evidence from multiple methodologies that each bring different (and ideally uncorrelated) sources of bias. If the results of these different methodologies align-or triangulate-then we can be more confident in our causal inference. To be truly effective, this should ideally be done prospectively, with the sources of evidence specified in advance, to protect against one final source of bias-our own cognitions, expectations, and fondly held beliefs.
MeSH term(s)	Causality ; Disease/etiology ; Genetics ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ISSN	2157-1422
ISSN (online)	2157-1422
DOI	10.1101/cshperspect.a040659
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A new approach to evaluating loop inconsistency in network meta-analysis.

Turner, Rebecca M / Band, Tim / Morris, Tim P / Fisher, David J / Higgins, Julian P T / Carpenter, James R / White, Ian R

Statistics in medicine

2023 Volume 42, Issue 27, Page(s) 4917–4930

Abstract: In network meta-analysis, studies evaluating multiple treatment comparisons are modeled simultaneously, and estimation is informed by a combination of direct and indirect evidence. Network meta-analysis relies on an assumption of consistency, meaning ... ...

Abstract	In network meta-analysis, studies evaluating multiple treatment comparisons are modeled simultaneously, and estimation is informed by a combination of direct and indirect evidence. Network meta-analysis relies on an assumption of consistency, meaning that direct and indirect evidence should agree for each treatment comparison. Here we propose new local and global tests for inconsistency and demonstrate their application to three example networks. Because inconsistency is a property of a loop of treatments in the network meta-analysis, we locate the local test in a loop. We define a model with one inconsistency parameter that can be interpreted as loop inconsistency. The model builds on the existing ideas of node-splitting and side-splitting in network meta-analysis. To provide a global test for inconsistency, we extend the model across multiple independent loops with one degree of freedom per loop. We develop a new algorithm for identifying independent loops within a network meta-analysis. Our proposed models handle treatments symmetrically, locate inconsistency in loops rather than in nodes or treatment comparisons, and are invariant to choice of reference treatment, making the results less dependent on model parameterization. For testing global inconsistency in network meta-analysis, our global model uses fewer degrees of freedom than the existing design-by-treatment interaction approach and has the potential to increase power. To illustrate our methods, we fit the models to three network meta-analyses varying in size and complexity. Local and global tests for inconsistency are performed and we demonstrate that the global model is invariant to choice of independent loops.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Network Meta-Analysis ; Algorithms ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	843037-8
ISSN	1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
ISSN (online)	1097-0258
ISSN	0277-6715
DOI	10.1002/sim.9872
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Article ; Online: Examining how meta-analytic methods perform in the presence of bias: A simulation study.

Bramley, Paul / López-López, José A / Higgins, Julian P T

Research synthesis methods

2021 Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) 816–830

Abstract: Standard meta-analysis methods are vulnerable to bias from incomplete reporting of results (both publication and outcome reporting bias) and poor study quality. Several alternative methods have been proposed as being less vulnerable to such biases. To ... ...

Abstract	Standard meta-analysis methods are vulnerable to bias from incomplete reporting of results (both publication and outcome reporting bias) and poor study quality. Several alternative methods have been proposed as being less vulnerable to such biases. To evaluate these claims independently we simulated study results under a broad range of conditions first with no bias, then introducing simulated publication bias, outcome reporting bias, and bias from poor study quality. We then implemented common and the proposed bias robust meta-analysis methods and compared the mean bias and mean squared error (MSE) for four estimates of effect and the coverage probability of seven confidence intervals. We found that no methods perform well in the presence of any substantial bias. A regression based extension to Egger's test gave an estimate of effect with lower mean bias than standard methods in the presence of publication bias or poor study quality, but had a substantially worse MSE except in very specific conditions. Coverage of all 95% confidence intervals was very poor with increasing numbers of studies in biased conditions, often falling below 50%. The Knapp-Hartung interval performed closest to nominal coverage with fewer than 10 studies in most conditions, and the Henmi-Copas interval generally performed best with more than 10 studies. There was no evidence that a multiplicative term for heterogeneity improved coverage. Multiple forms of bias remain problematic for all meta-analysis methods, with very poor performance under conceivable conditions.
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Computer Simulation ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Probability ; Publication Bias
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2548499-0
ISSN	1759-2887 ; 1759-2879
ISSN (online)	1759-2887
ISSN	1759-2879
DOI	10.1002/jrsm.1516
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Article ; Online: Risk-of-bias VISualization (robvis): An R package and Shiny web app for visualizing risk-of-bias assessments.

McGuinness, Luke A / Higgins, Julian P T

Research synthesis methods

2020 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 55–61

Abstract: Despite a major increase in the range and number of software offerings now available to help researchers produce evidence syntheses, there is currently no generic tool for producing figures to display and explore the risk-of-bias assessments that ... ...

Abstract	Despite a major increase in the range and number of software offerings now available to help researchers produce evidence syntheses, there is currently no generic tool for producing figures to display and explore the risk-of-bias assessments that routinely take place as part of systematic review. However, tools such as the R programming environment and Shiny (an R package for building interactive web apps) have made it straightforward to produce new tools to help in producing evidence syntheses. We present a new tool, robvis (Risk-Of-Bias VISualization), available as an R package and web app, which facilitates rapid production of publication-quality risk-of-bias assessment figures. We present a timeline of the tool's development and its key functionality.
MeSH term(s)	Bias ; Data Visualization ; Humans ; Information Storage and Retrieval ; Internet ; Risk Assessment ; Software ; Systematic Reviews as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2548499-0
ISSN	1759-2887 ; 1759-2879
ISSN (online)	1759-2887
ISSN	1759-2879
DOI	10.1002/jrsm.1411
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Article ; Online: Methodological review of NMA bias concepts provides groundwork for the development of a list of concepts for potential inclusion in a new risk of bias tool for network meta-analysis (RoB NMA Tool).

Lunny, Carole / Veroniki, Areti-Angeliki / Higgins, Julian P T / Dias, Sofia / Hutton, Brian / Wright, James M / White, Ian R / Whiting, Penny / Tricco, Andrea C

Systematic reviews

2024 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 25

Abstract: Introduction: Network meta-analyses (NMAs) have gained popularity and grown in number due to their ability to provide estimates of the comparative effectiveness of multiple treatments for the same condition. The aim of this study is to conduct a ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Network meta-analyses (NMAs) have gained popularity and grown in number due to their ability to provide estimates of the comparative effectiveness of multiple treatments for the same condition. The aim of this study is to conduct a methodological review to compile a preliminary list of concepts related to bias in NMAs. Methods and analysis: We included papers that present items related to bias, reporting or methodological quality, papers assessing the quality of NMAs, or method papers. We searched MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library and unpublished literature (up to July 2020). We extracted items related to bias in NMAs. An item was excluded if it related to general systematic review quality or bias and was included in currently available tools such as ROBIS or AMSTAR 2. We reworded items, typically structured as questions, into concepts (i.e. general notions). Results: One hundred eighty-one articles were assessed in full text and 58 were included. Of these articles, 12 were tools, checklists or journal standards; 13 were guidance documents for NMAs; 27 were studies related to bias or NMA methods; and 6 were papers assessing the quality of NMAs. These studies yielded 99 items of which the majority related to general systematic review quality and biases and were therefore excluded. The 22 items we included were reworded into concepts specific to bias in NMAs. Conclusions: A list of 22 concepts was included. This list is not intended to be used to assess biases in NMAs, but to inform the development of items to be included in our tool.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bias ; Checklist ; Network Meta-Analysis
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2662257-9
ISSN	2046-4053 ; 2046-4053
ISSN (online)	2046-4053
ISSN	2046-4053
DOI	10.1186/s13643-023-02388-x
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