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Article ; Online: Comparison between Sampling Techniques for Virological Molecular Analyses: Dolphin Morbillivirus and Herpesvirus Detection from FTA

Si, Haiyang / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Cecchinato, Mattia / Legnardi, Matteo / Mazzariol, Sandro / Centelleghe, Cinzia

Viruses

2023 Volume 15, Issue 12

Abstract: Stranded animals offer valuable information on marine mammal physiology and pathology; however, the decomposition state of the carcasses and lack of a rigorous cold chain for sample preservation can sometimes discourage diagnostic analyses based on ... ...

Abstract	Stranded animals offer valuable information on marine mammal physiology and pathology; however, the decomposition state of the carcasses and lack of a rigorous cold chain for sample preservation can sometimes discourage diagnostic analyses based on nucleic acid detection. The present paper aims at evaluating the reliability of FTA
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Morbillivirus Infections/diagnosis ; Morbillivirus Infections/veterinary ; Reproducibility of Results ; Morbillivirus/genetics ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; RNA ; Cetacea
Chemical Substances	RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15122422
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Infectious bursal disease virus in Western Europe: the rise of reassortant strains as the dominant field threat

Legnardi, Matteo / Franzo, Giovanni / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Koutoulis, Konstantinos / Cecchinato, Mattia

Avian Pathology. 2023 Jan. 02, v. 52, no. 1 p.25-35

2023

Abstract: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious birnavirus causing a burdensome immunosuppressive disease in chickens. IBDV features a remarkable antigenic, pathogenic and genetic heterogeneity, with significant implications on disease ... ...

Abstract	Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious birnavirus causing a burdensome immunosuppressive disease in chickens. IBDV features a remarkable antigenic, pathogenic and genetic heterogeneity, with significant implications on disease manifestation, control measures and diagnostic approaches. The recent proposals of comprehensive phylogenetic classification systems offered the ideal platform for large-scale molecular surveys, which are crucial to gather epidemiological data and inform control efforts. In this study, the IBDV scenario was investigated in most of Western Europe by considering the results of diagnostic activities performed internationally throughout 2021. In total, 470 bursal samples from nine different countries were analysed by RT–PCR targeting the VP2. When a field virus was identified, the VP1 was also characterized. Most of the 132 detected field viruses were highly homologous reassortants featuring a very virulent-like VP2 and a classical-like VP1 (genotype A3B1). Despite emerging recently, these reassortants were already signalled in several countries in North-Western Europe and associated with subclinical infections. Here, we report their further spread in the region, where they currently represent the dominant field threat. Two other IBDV types were found, one in Italy, where all the identified viruses clustered in a clade of the A3B1 genotype previously reported only in Russia and the Middle East, and the other in Portugal, where the recently characterized A9B1 genotype was confirmed to circulate. The obtained data suggest the recent occurrence of a major shift in the Western European epidemiological landscape of IBDV, stressing the importance of steady monitoring and sharing of information among different countries and laboratories. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The IBDV scenario in Western Europe seems to have radically changed in recent years. IBDV reassortants were found to be the dominant field type in the region. Local circulation of two other IBDV types was detected in Italy and Portugal.
Keywords	Infectious bursal disease virus ; Russia ; birds ; genetic heterogeneity ; genotype ; immunosuppression ; landscapes ; phylogeny ; viruses ; Italy ; Middle East ; Northern European region ; Portugal ; Western European region ; molecular epidemiology ; phylodynamics ; reassortment ; Europe
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0102
Size	p. 25-35.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2130172
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Global Spread, Epidemiology, and Control Strategies on the Evolution of the GI-19 Lineage of Infectious Bronchitis Virus.

Franzo, Giovanni / Faustini, Giulia / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Poletto, Francesca / Tonellato, Francesca / Cecchinato, Mattia / Legnardi, Matteo

Viruses

2024 Volume 16, Issue 3

Abstract: The GI-19 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has emerged as one of the most impactful, particularly in the "Old World". Originating in China several decades ago, it has consistently spread and evolved, often forming independent clades in ... ...

Abstract	The GI-19 lineage of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has emerged as one of the most impactful, particularly in the "Old World". Originating in China several decades ago, it has consistently spread and evolved, often forming independent clades in various areas and countries, each with distinct production systems and control strategies. This study leverages this scenario to explore how different environments may influence virus evolution. Through the analysis of the complete S1 sequence, four datasets were identified, comprising strains of monophyletic clades circulating in different continents or countries (e.g., Asia vs. Europe and China vs. Thailand), indicative of single introduction events and independent evolution. The population dynamics and evolutionary rate variation over time, as well as the presence and intensity of selective pressures, were estimated and compared across these datasets. Since the lineage origin (approximately in the mid-20th century), a more persistent and stable viral population was estimated in Asia and China, while in Europe and Thailand, a sharp increase following the introduction (i.e., 2005 and 2007, respectively) of GI-19 was observed, succeeded by a rapid decline. Although a greater number of sites on the S1 subunit were under diversifying selection in the Asian and Chinese datasets, more focused and stronger pressures were evident in both the European (positions 2, 52, 54, 222, and 379 and Thai (i.e., positions 10, 12, 32, 56, 62, 64, 65, 78, 95, 96, 119, 128, 140, 182, 292, 304, 320, and 323) strains, likely reflecting a more intense and uniform application of vaccines in these regions. This evidence, along with the analysis of control strategies implemented in different areas, suggests a strong link between effective, systematic vaccine implementation and infection control. However, while the overall evolutionary rate was estimated at approximately 10
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Infectious bronchitis virus/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Poultry Diseases ; Thailand/epidemiology ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v16030481
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Vaccine Interaction and Protection against Virulent Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) Challenge after Combined Administration of Newcastle Disease and aMPV Live Vaccines to Day-Old Turkeys.

Lupini, Caterina / Legnardi, Matteo / Graziosi, Giulia / Cecchinato, Mattia / Listorti, Valeria / Terregino, Calogero / Catelli, Elena

Vaccines

2023 Volume 11, Issue 3

Abstract: Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) are among the most impactful pathogens affecting the turkey industry. Since turkeys are routinely immunized against both diseases, the hatchery administration of the combined respective live ... ...

Abstract	Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) are among the most impactful pathogens affecting the turkey industry. Since turkeys are routinely immunized against both diseases, the hatchery administration of the combined respective live vaccines would offer remarkable practical advantages. However, the compatibility of NDV and aMPV vaccines has not yet been experimentally demonstrated in this species. To address this issue, an aMPV subtype B live vaccine was administered to day-old poults either alone or in combination with one of two different ND vaccines. The birds were then challenged with a virulent aMPV subtype B strain, clinical signs were recorded and aMPV and NDV vaccine replication and humoral immune response were assessed. All results supported the absence of any interference hampering protection against aMPV, with no significant differences in terms of clinical scoring. In addition, the mean aMPV vaccine viral titers and antibody titers measured in the dual vaccinated groups were comparable or even higher than in the group vaccinated solely against aMPV. Lastly, based on the NDV viral and antibody titers, the combined aMPV and NDV vaccination does not seem to interfere with protection against NDV, although further studies involving an actual ND challenge will be necessary to fully demonstrate this hypothesis.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines11030708
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Conflicting Evidence between Clinical Perception and Molecular Epidemiology: The Case of Fowl Adenovirus D.

Franzo, Giovanni / Faustini, Giulia / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Pasotto, Daniela / Legnardi, Matteo / Cecchinato, Mattia

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 13, Issue 24

Abstract: Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs, species FAdV-A/-E) are responsible for several clinical syndromes reported with increasing frequency in poultry farms in the last decades. In the present study, a phylodynamic analysis was performed on a group of FAdV-D Hexon ... ...

Abstract	Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs, species FAdV-A/-E) are responsible for several clinical syndromes reported with increasing frequency in poultry farms in the last decades. In the present study, a phylodynamic analysis was performed on a group of FAdV-D Hexon sequences with adequate available metadata. The obtained results demonstrated the long-term circulation of this species, at least several decades before the first identification of the disease. After a period of progressive increase, the viral population showed a high-level circulation from approximately the 1960s to the beginning of the new millennium, mirroring the expansion of intensive poultry production and animal trade. At the same time, strain migration occurred mainly from Europe to other continents, although other among-continent connections were estimated. Thereafter, the viral population declined progressively, likely due to the improved control measures, potentially including the development and application of FAdV vaccines. An increase in the viral evolutionary rate featured this phase. A role of vaccine-induced immunity in shaping viral evolution could thus be hypothesized. Accordingly, several sites of the Hexon, especially those targeted by the host response were proven under a significant pervasive or episodic diversifying selection. The present study results demonstrate the role of intensive poultry production and market globalization in the rise of FAdV. The applied control strategies, on the other hand, were effective in limiting viral circulation and shaping its evolution.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13243851
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: When Everything Becomes Bigger: Big Data for Big Poultry Production.

Franzo, Giovanni / Legnardi, Matteo / Faustini, Giulia / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Cecchinato, Mattia

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI

2023 Volume 13, Issue 11

Abstract: In future decades, the demand for poultry meat and eggs is predicted to considerably increase in pace with human population growth. Although this expansion clearly represents a remarkable opportunity for the sector, it conceals a multitude of challenges. ...

Abstract	In future decades, the demand for poultry meat and eggs is predicted to considerably increase in pace with human population growth. Although this expansion clearly represents a remarkable opportunity for the sector, it conceals a multitude of challenges. Pollution and land erosion, competition for limited resources between animal and human nutrition, animal welfare concerns, limitations on the use of growth promoters and antimicrobial agents, and increasing risks and effects of animal infectious diseases and zoonoses are several topics that have received attention from authorities and the public. The increase in poultry production must be achieved mainly through optimization and increased efficiency. The increasing ability to generate large amounts of data ("big data") is pervasive in both modern society and the farming industry. Information accessibility-coupled with the availability of tools and computational power to store, share, integrate, and analyze data with automatic and flexible algorithms-offers an unprecedented opportunity to develop tools to maximize farm profitability, reduce socio-environmental impacts, and increase animal and human health and welfare. A detailed description of all topics and applications of big data analysis in poultry farming would be infeasible. Therefore, the present work briefly reviews the application of sensor technologies, such as optical, acoustic, and wearable sensors, as well as infrared thermal imaging and optical flow, to poultry farming. The principles and benefits of advanced statistical techniques, such as machine learning and deep learning, and their use in developing effective and reliable classification and prediction models to benefit the farming system, are also discussed. Finally, recent progress in pathogen genome sequencing and analysis is discussed, highlighting practical applications in epidemiological tracking, and reconstruction of microorganisms' population dynamics, evolution, and spread. The benefits of the objective evaluation of the effectiveness of applied control strategies are also considered. Although human-artificial intelligence collaborations in the livestock sector can be frightening because they require farmers and employees in the sector to adapt to new roles, challenges, and competencies-and because several unknowns, limitations, and open-ended questions are inevitable-their overall benefits appear to be far greater than their drawbacks. As more farms and companies connect to technology, artificial intelligence (AI) and sensing technologies will begin to play a greater role in identifying patterns and solutions to pressing problems in modern animal farming, thus providing remarkable production-based and commercial advantages. Moreover, the combination of diverse sources and types of data will also become fundamental for the development of predictive models able to anticipate, rather than merely detect, disease occurrence. The increasing availability of sensors, infrastructures, and tools for big data collection, storage, sharing, and analysis-together with the use of open standards and integration with pathogen molecular epidemiology-have the potential to address the major challenge of producing higher-quality, more healthful food on a larger scale in a more sustainable manner, thereby protecting ecosystems, preserving natural resources, and improving animal and human welfare and health.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606558-7
ISSN	2076-2615
ISSN	2076-2615
DOI	10.3390/ani13111804
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Article ; Online: Molecular epidemiology of infectious bursal disease virus in the Near East and Persian Gulf regions

Legnardi, Matteo / Poletto, Francesca / Alam, Safaa / Cherfane, Abdallah / Le-Tallec, Bertrand / Franzo, Giovanni / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Lupini, Caterina / Pasotto, Daniela / Cecchinato, Mattia

Avian Pathology. 2024 Jan. 02, v. 53, no. 1 p.56-67

2024

Abstract: Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a ubiquitous immunosuppressive pathogen which is a severe burden to the poultry industry. Due to frequent mutation and reassortment events, its double-stranded, bi-segmented RNA genome displays a considerable ... ...

Abstract	Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a ubiquitous immunosuppressive pathogen which is a severe burden to the poultry industry. Due to frequent mutation and reassortment events, its double-stranded, bi-segmented RNA genome displays a considerable heterogeneity, which in turn produces profound differences in antigenicity and pathogenicity. In recent years, the investigation of IBDV epidemiology has greatly benefited from the proposal of multiple phylogenetic classification systems which prompted the execution of molecular surveys all over the world, producing a wealth of standardized and easily sharable data. The present epidemiological survey was conducted in six Near East and Persian Gulf countries to characterize the field IBDVs circulating in the region. Ninety-three broiler flocks, immunized with different vaccination protocols, were investigated over a one-year period by collecting eight individual bursal samples at a time. Using molecular assays targeting both genome segments, field IBDVs belonging to four genotypes were detected from 42 flocks across all investigated countries. While traditional very virulent IBDVs (genotype A3B2) represented a minority, multiple atypical IBDV genotypes (A3B1, A4B1 and A6B1) were found to circulate in most of the region. Many of the detected strains were related to sequences from other continents, supporting the involvement of the Near and Middle East in complex networks of viral spreading. The obtained results, combined with the available literature, allowed us to update the epidemiological picture, hopefully favouring the identification of epidemiological threats and the planning of effective monitoring and control strategies. Different field IBDVs were found to circulate in the Near and Middle East. Multiple atypical genotypes (A3B1, A4B1, A6B1) were found to circulate extensively. Traditional very virulent IBDVs (A3B2) were a minority of the detected strains. Viral exchanges can be hypothesized between the region and different continents.
Keywords	Infectious bursal disease virus ; RNA ; birds ; epidemiological studies ; genome ; genotype ; immunosuppression ; molecular epidemiology ; mutation ; pathogens ; phylogeny ; poultry industry ; vaccination ; virulence ; Middle East ; Persian Gulf ; Near East
Language	English
Dates of publication	2024-0102
Size	p. 56-67.
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2023.2270531
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Infectious bursal disease virus in Western Europe: the rise of reassortant strains as the dominant field threat.

Legnardi, Matteo / Franzo, Giovanni / Tucciarone, Claudia Maria / Koutoulis, Konstantinos / Cecchinato, Mattia

Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A

2022 , Page(s) 1–11

Abstract: RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSThe IBDV scenario in Western Europe seems to have radically changed in recent years.IBDV reassortants were found to be the dominant field type in the region.Local circulation of two other IBDV types was detected in Italy and Portugal. ...

Abstract	RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSThe IBDV scenario in Western Europe seems to have radically changed in recent years.IBDV reassortants were found to be the dominant field type in the region.Local circulation of two other IBDV types was detected in Italy and Portugal.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1476380-1
ISSN	1465-3338 ; 0307-9457
ISSN (online)	1465-3338
ISSN	0307-9457
DOI	10.1080/03079457.2022.2130172
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Vaccine Interaction and Protection against Virulent Avian Metapneumovirus (aMPV) Challenge after Combined Administration of Newcastle Disease and aMPV Live Vaccines to Day-Old Turkeys

Caterina Lupini / Matteo Legnardi / Giulia Graziosi / Mattia Cecchinato / Valeria Listorti / Calogero Terregino / Elena Catelli

Vaccines, Vol 11, Iss 708, p

2023 Volume 708

Abstract	Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) are among the most impactful pathogens affecting the turkey industry. Since turkeys are routinely immunized against both diseases, the hatchery administration of the combined respective live vaccines would offer remarkable practical advantages. However, the compatibility of NDV and aMPV vaccines has not yet been experimentally demonstrated in this species. To address this issue, an aMPV subtype B live vaccine was administered to day-old poults either alone or in combination with one of two different ND vaccines. The birds were then challenged with a virulent aMPV subtype B strain, clinical signs were recorded and aMPV and NDV vaccine replication and humoral immune response were assessed. All results supported the absence of any interference hampering protection against aMPV, with no significant differences in terms of clinical scoring. In addition, the mean aMPV vaccine viral titers and antibody titers measured in the dual vaccinated groups were comparable or even higher than in the group vaccinated solely against aMPV. Lastly, based on the NDV viral and antibody titers, the combined aMPV and NDV vaccination does not seem to interfere with protection against NDV, although further studies involving an actual ND challenge will be necessary to fully demonstrate this hypothesis.
Keywords	avian metapneumovirus ; Newcastle disease virus ; vaccine interaction ; Turkeys ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Conflicting Evidence between Clinical Perception and Molecular Epidemiology

Giovanni Franzo / Giulia Faustini / Claudia Maria Tucciarone / Daniela Pasotto / Matteo Legnardi / Mattia Cecchinato

Animals, Vol 13, Iss 24, p

The Case of Fowl Adenovirus D

2023 Volume 3851

Abstract	Fowl adenoviruses (FAdVs, species FAdV-A/-E) are responsible for several clinical syndromes reported with increasing frequency in poultry farms in the last decades. In the present study, a phylodynamic analysis was performed on a group of FAdV-D Hexon sequences with adequate available metadata. The obtained results demonstrated the long-term circulation of this species, at least several decades before the first identification of the disease. After a period of progressive increase, the viral population showed a high-level circulation from approximately the 1960s to the beginning of the new millennium, mirroring the expansion of intensive poultry production and animal trade. At the same time, strain migration occurred mainly from Europe to other continents, although other among-continent connections were estimated. Thereafter, the viral population declined progressively, likely due to the improved control measures, potentially including the development and application of FAdV vaccines. An increase in the viral evolutionary rate featured this phase. A role of vaccine-induced immunity in shaping viral evolution could thus be hypothesized. Accordingly, several sites of the Hexon, especially those targeted by the host response were proven under a significant pervasive or episodic diversifying selection. The present study results demonstrate the role of intensive poultry production and market globalization in the rise of FAdV. The applied control strategies, on the other hand, were effective in limiting viral circulation and shaping its evolution.
Keywords	FAdV ; hexon ; evolution ; epidemiology ; phylogenesis ; phylogeography ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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