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Article ; Online: Subchondral bone fatigue injury in the parasagittal condylar grooves of the third metacarpal bone in thoroughbred racehorses elevates site-specific strain concentration.

Irandoust, Soroush / Whitton, R Christopher / Muir, Peter / Henak, Corinne R

Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials

2024 Volume 155, Page(s) 106561

Abstract: Condylar stress fracture of the distal end of the third metacarpal/metatarsal (MC3/MT3) bones is a major cause of Thoroughbred racehorse injury and euthanasia worldwide. Functional adaptation to exercise and fatigue damage lead to structural changes in ... ...

Abstract	Condylar stress fracture of the distal end of the third metacarpal/metatarsal (MC3/MT3) bones is a major cause of Thoroughbred racehorse injury and euthanasia worldwide. Functional adaptation to exercise and fatigue damage lead to structural changes in the subchondral bone that include increased modeling (resulting in sclerotic bone tissue) and targeted remodeling repair (resulting in focal resorption spaces in the parasagittal groove). Whether these focal structural changes, as detectable by standing computed tomography (sCT), lead to elevated strain at the common site of condylar stress fracture has not been demonstrated. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to compare full-field three-dimensional (3D) strain on the distopalmar aspect of MC3 bone specimens with and without focal subchondral bone injury (SBI). Thirteen forelimb specimens were collected from racing Thoroughbreds for mechanical testing ex vivo and underwent sCT. Subsequently, full-field displacement and strain at the joint surface were determined using stereo digital image correlation. Strain concentration was observed in the parasagittal groove (PSG) of the loaded condyles, and those with SBI in the PSG showed higher strain rates in this region than control bones. PSG strain rate in condyles with PSG SBI was more sensitive to CT density distribution in comparison with condyles with no sCT-detectable injury. Findings from this study help to interpret structural changes in the subchondral bone due to fatigue damage and to assess risk of incipient stress fracture in a patient-specific manner.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-24
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2378381-3
ISSN	1878-0180 ; 1751-6161
ISSN (online)	1878-0180
ISSN	1751-6161
DOI	10.1016/j.jmbbm.2024.106561
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A method for fatigue testing of equine McIII subchondral bone under a simulated fast workout training programme.

Shaktivesh / Malekipour, F / Whitton, C / Lee, P V S

Equine veterinary journal

2019 Volume 52, Issue 2, Page(s) 332–335

Abstract: ... for all specimens for total time-to-failure was 76,393 ± 64,243 s (equivalent to 18.3 ± 15.7 fast workouts). Ten ...

Abstract	Background: Standard fatigue testing of bone uses a single load and frequency applied until failure. However, in situ, the subchondral bone of Thoroughbred racehorses is subjected to a combination (or a spectrum) of loads and frequencies during training and racing. Objective: To investigate the use of a fatigue testing method for equine third metacarpal (McIII) subchondral bone under a spectrum of loading conditions which a racehorse is likely to experience during a fast workout. Study design: In vitro biomechanical experimental study. Methods: McIII subchondral bone specimens (n = 12) of racehorses were harvested from left and right medial condyles. A novel fatigue loading protocol was developed based upon a standard sequence of gaits during a typical fast workout protocol. This loading pattern, or loading loop, was repeated until the failure of the specimen. Results: The mean ± standard deviation for all specimens for total time-to-failure was 76,393 ± 64,243 s (equivalent to 18.3 ± 15.7 fast workouts). Ten of twelve specimens withstood at least one complete loop equivalent to a fast workout. All specimens failed during simulated gallop loading. Main limitations: The resting time between loops was much shorter than in vivo resting time and specimens were unconfined during compressive testing. Conclusions: This novel fatigue loading protocol more closely mimics in vivo fatigue loading of McIII subchondral bone and demonstrates the importance of the highest speeds in the development of subchondral bone injury.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Horses ; Materials Testing/veterinary ; Metacarpal Bones ; Pressure
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13163
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Article ; Online: Humate application alters microbiota-mineral interactions and assists in pasture dieback recovery

Whitton, Maria M. / Ren, Xipeng / Yu, Sung J. / Irving, Andrew D. / Trotter, Tieneke / Bajagai, Yadav S. / Stanley, Dragana

Heliyon. 2023 Feb., v. 9, no. 2 p.e13327-

2023

Abstract: Pasture dieback is a rapidly expanding decaying pasture syndrome that affects millions of hectares of agricultural land in Queensland, Australia, making it useless for the cattle industry and decimating farmers' income and welfare. Since the syndrome was ...

Abstract	Pasture dieback is a rapidly expanding decaying pasture syndrome that affects millions of hectares of agricultural land in Queensland, Australia, making it useless for the cattle industry and decimating farmers' income and welfare. Since the syndrome was first identified in the early 1990s, farmers and agronomists have tried various methods for pasture recovery, including slashing, burning, ploughing and resowing grass, fertilising, destocking, and overstocking. In most cases, after a minimal initial improvement, the grass reverts to dieback within a few weeks. Here, we present an application of potassium humate, a well-known plant growth stimulator, as a possible long-term recovery option. Humate was applied once at the rate of 12 ml per m². Humate application did not alter the alpha or beta diversity of soil bacterial communities, nor did it change the mineral profile in the soil. However, humate application altered soil microbiota-mineral temporal interactions and introduced subtle changes in the microbial community that could assist pasture recovery. A single humate application increased paddock plant biomass significantly up to 20 weeks post-application. Eleven months after the single application, the paddock was grazed to the ground by the cattle just before the rainfall season. After pasture regrowth, the humate-treated plots significantly improved root morphometric indicators for both grass and dicots and increased the ratio of grass/weeds by 27.6% compared to the water-treated control. While this treatment will not resolve the dieback syndrome, our results invite more research to optimise the use of humate for maximum economic benefit in paddock use under pasture dieback syndrome conditions.
Keywords	Magnoliopsida ; cattle ; cattle industry ; dieback ; financial economics ; grasses ; income ; microbial communities ; morphometry ; pastures ; phytomass ; plant growth ; potassium ; rain ; regrowth ; soil ; soil bacteria ; species diversity ; Queensland ; Desertification ; Pasture ; Soil microbiota ; Humate ; Humic
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13327
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Article ; Online: Changes in Thoroughbred speed and stride characteristics over successive race starts and their association with musculoskeletal injury.

Wong, Adelene S M / Morrice-West, Ashleigh V / Whitton, R Chris / Hitchens, Peta L

Equine veterinary journal

2022 Volume 55, Issue 2, Page(s) 194–204

Abstract: ... 09, 1.28; P < 0.001) for each 0.1 m/s decrease in speed and by 1.11 (95% CI 1.02, 1.21; P = 0.01 ...

Abstract	Background: Certain stride characteristics have been shown to affect changes in biomechanical factors that are associated with injuries in human athletes. Determining the relationship between stride characteristics and musculoskeletal injury (MSI) may be key in limiting injury occurrence in the racehorse. Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether changes in race day speed and stride characteristics over career race starts are associated with an increased risk of MSI in racehorses. Study design: Case-control study. Methods: Speed, stride length, and stride frequency data were obtained from the final 200 m sectional of n = 5660 race starts by n = 584 horses (case n = 146, control n = 438). Multivariable joint models, combining longitudinal and survival (time to injury) analysis, were generated. Hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. Results: The risk of MSI increased by 1.18 (95% CI 1.09, 1.28; P < 0.001) for each 0.1 m/s decrease in speed and by 1.11 (95% CI 1.02, 1.21; P = 0.01) for each 10 cm decrease in stride length over time (career race starts). A more marked rate of decline in speed and stride length was observed approximately 6 races prior to injury. Risk of MSI was highest early in the horse's racing career. Main limitations: Only final sectional stride characteristics were assessed in the model. The model did not account for time between race starts. Conclusions: Decreasing speed and stride length over multiple races is associated with MSI in racehorses. Monitoring stride characteristics over time may be beneficial for the early detection of MSI.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Case-Control Studies ; Horses ; Risk Factors ; Running/injuries ; Musculoskeletal System/injuries ; Wounds and Injuries/diagnosis ; Wounds and Injuries/veterinary ; Walking Speed
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13581
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Article ; Online: Implementing supportive supervision in acute humanitarian emergencies: Lessons learned from Afghanistan and Ukraine.

Abujaber, Nadeen / Ryan, Meg / McBride, Kelly A / Tingsted Blum, Pia / Engels, Michelle / Didenko, Anna / Green, Hannah / Peres de Matos, Catia Sofia / Whitton, Shona / Vallières, Frédérique

PLOS global public health

2024 Volume 4, Issue 4, Page(s) e0002416

Abstract: Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) practitioners working in humanitarian contexts are at significant risk of mental health conditions, ultimately hindering the quality and sustainability of their work. Supportive supervision has shown to be ... ...

Abstract	Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) practitioners working in humanitarian contexts are at significant risk of mental health conditions, ultimately hindering the quality and sustainability of their work. Supportive supervision has shown to be effective in improving the wellbeing of MHPSS staff and volunteers and enhancing the effectiveness of MHPSS service delivery. Despite these proven benefits, there is a lack of standardised guidelines to inform supportive supervision within humanitarian contexts. To address this gap, the Trinity Centre for Global Health and the International Federation of the Red Cross Red Crescent Societies' Reference Centre for Psychocosial Support co-developed the 'Integrated Model for Supervision' (IMS) Handbook and supporting tools and led IMS trainings with four humanitarian organisations in Ukraine, Afghanistan, Jordan, and Nigeria from June-August 2021. The subsequent acute humanitarian emergencies that occurred in Afghanistan and Ukraine provided the opportunity to (i) examine the implementation of the IMS in the acute stages of two humanitarian crises and (ii) identify the challenges and lessons learned from this process. This study employed a case study design using semi-structured qualitative interviews with five MHPSS personnel (female: 4; male: 1) who had received training in the IMS and were directly involved in the implementation of supportive supervision using IMS guidelines in either Ukraine or Afghanistan. Results showed that participants identified the key steps needed for the implementation of supportive supervision and reported two significant barriers to implementation including the stress of a humanitarian crisis leading to competing responsibilities and priorities, staff shortages and time constraints as well as the challenge of creating a new supervision structure when none had existed previously. Overall, participants felt that the IMS resulted in improved knowledge, confidence, perceived support, team cohesion, staff wellbeing and was a helpful blueprint to guide the implementation of supportive supervision in humanitarian contexts.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2767-3375
ISSN (online)	2767-3375
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgph.0002416
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Article ; Online: Differences in bone turnover markers and injury risks between local and international horses: A Victorian Spring Racing Carnival study.

Ayodele, Babatunde A / Pagel, Charles N / Mackie, Eleanor J / Armour, Fiona / Yamada, Sean / Zahra, Paul / Courtman, Natalie / Whitton, R Chris / Hitchens, Peta L

Equine veterinary journal

2024

Abstract: ... horses (main effect, Coef. 0.39; 95% CI 0.24, 0.54; p < 0.001) but they decreased and were not different ... to those of local horses at the second timepoint (interaction effect, Coef. -0.27; 95% CI -0.46, -0.07; p = 0.007 ... 0.16; 95% CI -0.31, -0.01; p = 0.043). The prevalence of MSI was higher in the international (26 ...

Abstract	Background: Musculoskeletal injuries (MSI) are common in racehorses and have been of increasing concern in horses travelling internationally to compete. Understanding the differences in bone turnover between local horses and international horses following long-distance air transportation may inform MSI prevention strategies. Objectives: To understand the differences in bone turnover markers and risk of MSI between local horses and international horses following long-distance air transportation. Study design: Prospective cohort. Methods: The concentrations of bone turnover markers (OCN and CTXI), markers of stress (cortisol), inflammation (serum amyloid A) and circadian rhythm (melatonin), and bisphosphonates were determined in blood samples collected twice (14-17 days apart), from horses following international travel (n = 69), and from local horses (n = 79). The associations between markers, long-distance travel and MSI were determined using multivariable generalised linear regression models. Results: Within 3-5 days post-transport, concentrations of cortisol in international horses were higher than those of local horses (main effect, Coef. 0.39; 95% CI 0.24, 0.54; p < 0.001) but they decreased and were not different to those of local horses at the second timepoint (interaction effect, Coef. -0.27; 95% CI -0.46, -0.07; p = 0.007). After adjusting for age and sex, OCN and CTXI were not significantly different between international and local horses; however, OCN was lower in international horses at timepoint 2 (interaction effect, Coef. -0.16; 95% CI -0.31, -0.01; p = 0.043). The prevalence of MSI was higher in the international (26%; 95% CI 16, 38%) compared with local horses (8%; 95% CI 3, 16%; p < 0.001), with all severe MSI sustained by the international horses. At the second timepoint compared with the first timepoint post-transport, cortisol remained high or increased (interaction effect, Coef. 0.43; 95% CI 0.24, 0.61; p < 0.001) and OCN increased (interaction effect, Coef. 0.26; 95% CI 0.08, 0.44; p = 0.006) in the horses that sustained severe MSI. Main limitations: Horse population and racing career parameters differed between groups. Bone turnover markers have low sensitivity to detect local bone changes. Conclusions: Most horses showed minimal effects of long-distance air transport within 2 weeks relative to local horses as assessed by stress and bone turnover markers. Screening for persistent high cortisol and evidence of net bone formation after long-distance air transportation may help to identify racehorses at high risk of catastrophic MSI.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	2042-3306 ; 0425-1644
ISSN (online)	2042-3306
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.14098
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Article: A method for fatigue testing of equine McIII subchondral bone under a simulated fast workout training programme

Shaktivesh / Malekipour, F / Whitton, C / Lee, P. V. S

Equine veterinary journal. 2020 Mar., v. 52, no. 2

2020

Abstract: ... to‐failure was 76,393 ± 64,243 s (equivalent to 18.3 ± 15.7 fast workouts). Ten of twelve specimens withstood ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Standard fatigue testing of bone uses a single load and frequency applied until failure. However, in situ, the subchondral bone of Thoroughbred racehorses is subjected to a combination (or a spectrum) of loads and frequencies during training and racing. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of a fatigue testing method for equine third metacarpal (McIII) subchondral bone under a spectrum of loading conditions which a racehorse is likely to experience during a fast workout. STUDY DESIGN: In vitro biomechanical experimental study. METHODS: McIII subchondral bone specimens (n = 12) of racehorses were harvested from left and right medial condyles. A novel fatigue loading protocol was developed based upon a standard sequence of gaits during a typical fast workout protocol. This loading pattern, or loading loop, was repeated until the failure of the specimen. RESULTS: The mean ± standard deviation for all specimens for total time‐to‐failure was 76,393 ± 64,243 s (equivalent to 18.3 ± 15.7 fast workouts). Ten of twelve specimens withstood at least one complete loop equivalent to a fast workout. All specimens failed during simulated gallop loading. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The resting time between loops was much shorter than in vivo resting time and specimens were unconfined during compressive testing. CONCLUSIONS: This novel fatigue loading protocol more closely mimics in vivo fatigue loading of McIII subchondral bone and demonstrates the importance of the highest speeds in the development of subchondral bone injury.
Keywords	Thoroughbred ; biomechanics ; education programs ; gait ; metacarpus ; racehorses ; standard deviation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-03
Size	p. 332-335.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	0425-1644
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13163
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Oral health-care needs among clients receiving alcohol and other drugs treatment-A scoping review.

Poudel, Prakash / Kong, Ariana / Hocking, Stephanie / Whitton, Gilbert / Srinivas, Ravi / Borgnakke, Wenche S / George, Ajesh

Drug and alcohol review

2022 Volume 42, Issue 2, Page(s) 346–366

Abstract: Issues: Poor oral health is a significant problem among people who access alcohol and other drugs (AOD) health services, yet little is known about their oral health-care needs and whether any interventions and guidelines are implemented within AOD ... ...

Abstract	Issues: Poor oral health is a significant problem among people who access alcohol and other drugs (AOD) health services, yet little is known about their oral health-care needs and whether any interventions and guidelines are implemented within AOD treatment services. Approach: A scoping review was conducted to identify scientific literature in three focus areas: oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices of clients and clinicians at AOD-related services; oral health guidelines for AOD clinicians; and interventions that describe clinicians promoting oral health among clients. Key findings: Thirty-two reports were identified. Twenty-three studies focused on the oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices of AOD clients, but none of the studies explored perspectives of clinicians. Seven clinical practice guidelines were identified but recommendations varied. Only two interventions in which an AOD clinician promoted oral health were identified. Implications: Most reports provided insight into the perspectives of clients accessing AOD treatment services. Little evidence demonstrated that clinical practice guidelines were being implemented into practice, or that oral health promotion was part of the tasks of AOD clinicians. Conclusion: This review identified oral health knowledge gaps and perceived poor attitudes that appeared to be reflected in certain oral health practices among clients. This finding indicates a need to educate clients about oral health while receiving AOD treatment. There was an absence of research about the needs for AOD clinicians to advocate for good oral health, and little evidence exists about effective interventions that could enhance integrating oral health care into AOD treatment services.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Substance-Related Disorders/therapy ; Oral Health ; Health Services
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-18
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1080442-0
ISSN	1465-3362 ; 0959-5236
ISSN (online)	1465-3362
ISSN	0959-5236
DOI	10.1111/dar.13583
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Article ; Online: Changes in Thoroughbred speed and stride characteristics over successive race starts and their association with musculoskeletal injury

Wong, Adelene S. M. / Morrice‐West, Ashleigh V. / Whitton, R. Chris / Hitchens, Peta L.

Equine Veterinary Journal. 2023 Mar., v. 55, no. 2 p.194-204

2023

Abstract: ... 1.28; P < 0.001) for each 0.1 m/s decrease in speed and by 1.11 (95% CI 1.02, 1.21; P = 0.01 ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Certain stride characteristics have been shown to affect changes in biomechanical factors that are associated with injuries in human athletes. Determining the relationship between stride characteristics and musculoskeletal injury (MSI) may be key in limiting injury occurrence in the racehorse. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine whether changes in race day speed and stride characteristics over career race starts are associated with an increased risk of MSI in racehorses. STUDY DESIGN: Case–control study. METHODS: Speed, stride length, and stride frequency data were obtained from the final 200 m sectional of n = 5660 race starts by n = 584 horses (case n = 146, control n = 438). Multivariable joint models, combining longitudinal and survival (time to injury) analysis, were generated. Hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. RESULTS: The risk of MSI increased by 1.18 (95% CI 1.09, 1.28; P < 0.001) for each 0.1 m/s decrease in speed and by 1.11 (95% CI 1.02, 1.21; P = 0.01) for each 10 cm decrease in stride length over time (career race starts). A more marked rate of decline in speed and stride length was observed approximately 6 races prior to injury. Risk of MSI was highest early in the horse's racing career. MAIN LIMITATIONS: Only final sectional stride characteristics were assessed in the model. The model did not account for time between race starts. CONCLUSIONS: Decreasing speed and stride length over multiple races is associated with MSI in racehorses. Monitoring stride characteristics over time may be beneficial for the early detection of MSI.
Keywords	Thoroughbred ; biomechanics ; case-control studies ; humans ; models ; musculoskeletal system ; racehorses ; risk
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Size	p. 194-204.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	41606-x
ISSN	0425-1644
ISSN	0425-1644
DOI	10.1111/evj.13581
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease.

Whitton, P S

British journal of pharmacology

2007 Volume 150, Issue 8, Page(s) 963–976

Abstract: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the elderly, although a small proportion of PD patients develop the illness at a much younger age. In the former group, idiopathic PD patients, the causes of the ... ...

Abstract	Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting mainly the elderly, although a small proportion of PD patients develop the illness at a much younger age. In the former group, idiopathic PD patients, the causes of the illness have been the subject of longstanding debate with environmental toxins, mitochondrial dysfunction, abnormal protein handling and oxidative stress being suggested. One problem has been that the epidemiology of PD has offered few clues to provide evidence for a single major causative factor. Comparatively recently it has been found that in both patients and experimental models of PD in animals neuroinflammation appears to be a ubiquitous finding. These cases present with all of the classical features of inflammation including phagocyte activation, increased synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines and complement activation. Although this process is vital for normal function and protection in both the CNS, as in the periphery, it is postulated that in the aetiology of PD this process may spiral out of control with over activation of microglia, over production of cytokines and other proinflammatory mediators as well as the release of destructive molecules such as reactive oxygen species. Given that dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are relatively vulnerable to 'stress' and the region has a large population of microglia in comparison to other CNS structures, these events may easily trigger neurodegeneration. These factors are examined in this review along with a consideration of the possible use of anti-inflammatory drugs in PD.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Antiparkinson Agents/therapeutic use ; Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism ; Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology ; Complement Activation ; Cytokines/biosynthesis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Granulocytes/metabolism ; Granulocytes/pathology ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism ; Microglia/metabolism ; Neuritis/complications ; Neuritis/drug therapy ; Neuritis/metabolism ; Neuritis/pathology ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neurons/pathology ; Nitric Oxide/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy ; Parkinson Disease/etiology ; Parkinson Disease/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/pathology ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Substantia Nigra/metabolism ; Substantia Nigra/pathology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents ; Antiparkinson Agents ; Cytokines ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Nitric Oxide (31C4KY9ESH) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	80081-8
ISSN	1476-5381 ; 0007-1188
ISSN (online)	1476-5381
ISSN	0007-1188
DOI	10.1038/sj.bjp.0707167
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