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  1. Article: Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States.

    Ashby, Matthew P J

    Crime science

    2020  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 6

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded open crime ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded open crime data to understand how the frequency of common types of crime changed in 16 large cities across the United States in the early months of 2020. Seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models of crime in previous years were used to forecast the expected frequency of crime in 2020 in the absence of the pandemic. The forecasts from these models were then compared to the actual frequency of crime during the early months of the pandemic. There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences. In some cities, there were reductions in residential burglary but little change in non-residential burglary. Thefts of motor vehicles decreased in some cities while there were diverging patterns of thefts from motor vehicles. These results are used to make suggestions for future research into the relationships between the coronavirus pandemic and different crimes.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-18
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2806589-X
    ISSN 2193-7680
    ISSN 2193-7680
    DOI 10.1186/s40163-020-00117-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Changes in Police Calls for Service During the Early Months of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic

    Ashby, Matthew P. J.

    Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice

    Abstract: The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from the public ... ...

    Abstract The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from the public during a pandemic, but (to the author’s knowledge) there is no empirical work on police demand during a major public health emergency This study used calls-for-service data from 10 large cities in the USA to analyse how calls for service changed during the early months of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, compared to forecasts of call volume based on data from previous years Contrary to previous warnings, overall the number of calls went down during the early weeks of the pandemic There were substantial reductions in specific call types, such as traffic collisions, and significant increases in others, such as calls to dead bodies Other types of calls, particularly those relating to crime and order maintenance, continued largely as before Changes in the frequency of different call types present challenges to law enforcement agencies, particularly since many will themselves be suffering from reduced staffing due to the pandemic Understanding changes to calls in detail will allow police leaders to put in place evidence-based plans to ensure they can continue to serve the public
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #613713
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article: Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States

    Ashby, Matthew P. J.

    Crime Science

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders This article used police-recorded open crime ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders This article used police-recorded open crime data to understand how the frequency of common types of crime changed in 16 large cities across the United States in the early months of 2020 Seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models of crime in previous years were used to forecast the expected frequency of crime in 2020 in the absence of the pandemic The forecasts from these models were then compared to the actual frequency of crime during the early months of the pandemic There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences In some cities, there were reductions in residential burglary but little change in non-residential burglary Thefts of motor vehicles decreased in some cities while there were diverging patterns of thefts from motor vehicles These results are used to make suggestions for future research into the relationships between the coronavirus pandemic and different crimes
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #822264
    Database COVID19

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  4. Book ; Online: Changes in police calls for service during the early months of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic

    Ashby, Matthew P J

    2020  

    Abstract: The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public. Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from the public ...

    Abstract The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public. Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from the public during a pandemic, but (to the author's knowledge) there is no empirical work on police demand during a major public-health emergency. This study used calls-for-service data from ten large cities in the United States to analyse how calls for service changed during the early months of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, compared to forecasts of call volume based on data from previous years. Contrary to previous warnings, overall the number of calls went down during the early weeks of the pandemic. There were substantial reductions in specific call types, such as traffic collisions, and significant increases others, such as calls to dead bodies. Other types of call, particularly those relating to crime and order maintenance, continued largely as before. Changes in the frequency of different call types present challenges to law enforcement agencies, particularly since many will themselves be suffering from reduced staffing due to the pandemic. Understanding changes to calls in detail will allow police leaders to put in place evidence-based plans to ensure they can continue to serve the public.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher Center for Open Science
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    DOI 10.31235/osf.io/h4mcu
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  5. Book ; Online: Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States

    Ashby, Matthew P J

    2020  

    Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded open crime ... ...

    Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded open crime data to understand how the frequency of common types of crime changed in 16 large cities across the United States in the early months of 2020. Seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models of crime in previous years were used to forecast the expected frequency of crime in 2020 in the absence of the pandemic. The forecasts from these models were then compared to the actual frequency of crime during the early months of the pandemic. There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences. In many cities, there were reductions in residential burglary but little change in non-residential burglary. In most cities, thefts of motor vehicles decreased while there were diverging patterns of thefts from motor vehicles. These results are used to make suggestions for future research into the relationships between the coronavirus pandemic and different crimes.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher Center for Open Science
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    DOI 10.31235/osf.io/ep87s
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  6. Article ; Online: Changes in Police Calls for Service During the Early Months of the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic

    Ashby, Matthew P J

    Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice ; ISSN 1752-4512 1752-4520

    2020  

    Abstract: Abstract The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public. Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The coronavirus pandemic poses multiple challenges for policing, including the need to continue responding to calls from the public. Several contingency plans warned police to expect a large and potentially overwhelming increase in demand from the public during a pandemic, but (to the author’s knowledge) there is no empirical work on police demand during a major public health emergency. This study used calls-for-service data from 10 large cities in the USA to analyse how calls for service changed during the early months of the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, compared to forecasts of call volume based on data from previous years. Contrary to previous warnings, overall the number of calls went down during the early weeks of the pandemic. There were substantial reductions in specific call types, such as traffic collisions, and significant increases in others, such as calls to dead bodies. Other types of calls, particularly those relating to crime and order maintenance, continued largely as before. Changes in the frequency of different call types present challenges to law enforcement agencies, particularly since many will themselves be suffering from reduced staffing due to the pandemic. Understanding changes to calls in detail will allow police leaders to put in place evidence-based plans to ensure they can continue to serve the public.
    Keywords Law ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publishing country uk
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1093/police/paaa037
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  7. Article ; Online: Initial evidence on the relationship between the coronavirus pandemic and crime in the United States

    Matthew P. J. Ashby

    Crime Science, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2020  Volume 16

    Abstract: Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded ... ...

    Abstract Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic led to substantial changes in the daily activities of millions of Americans, with many businesses and schools closed, public events cancelled and states introducing stay-at-home orders. This article used police-recorded open crime data to understand how the frequency of common types of crime changed in 16 large cities across the United States in the early months of 2020. Seasonal auto-regressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models of crime in previous years were used to forecast the expected frequency of crime in 2020 in the absence of the pandemic. The forecasts from these models were then compared to the actual frequency of crime during the early months of the pandemic. There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences. In some cities, there were reductions in residential burglary but little change in non-residential burglary. Thefts of motor vehicles decreased in some cities while there were diverging patterns of thefts from motor vehicles. These results are used to make suggestions for future research into the relationships between the coronavirus pandemic and different crimes.
    Keywords COVID-19 ; Coronavirus ; Crime ; Crime trends ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ; HV1-9960 ; covid19
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

    Full text online

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  8. Article: Concentrations of railway metal theft and the locations of scrap-metal dealers

    Ashby, Matthew P.J / Kate J. Bowers

    Applied geography. 2015 Sept., v. 63

    2015  

    Abstract: Metal theft has become a substantial crime problem in many areas. In response, several countries have introduced legislation to regulate scrap-metal recycling yards. However, at present there is little evidence to support this use of the market reduction ...

    Abstract Metal theft has become a substantial crime problem in many areas. In response, several countries have introduced legislation to regulate scrap-metal recycling yards. However, at present there is little evidence to support this use of the market reduction approach (MRA) in preventing metal theft. The present study sought to test the underlying assumption of the MRA that the presence of a market for stolen property (in this case provided by scrap yards) drives thefts in a local area. This study tested for a spatial association between the locations of scrap yards and those of metal thefts. The density of industry, local burglary rate and road-accessibility of an area were controlled for. Metal thefts from railway lines in England were shown to be significantly more common in areas with more scrap-metal yards, high road accessibility and high population density. The results support the use of the MRA in relation to metal theft.
    Keywords crime ; geography ; industry ; laws and regulations ; markets ; population density ; railroads ; recycling ; England
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2015-09
    Size p. 283-291.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ISSN 0143-6228
    DOI 10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.07.005
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  9. Article ; Online: Health care's response to climate change: a carbon footprint assessment of the NHS in England.

    Tennison, Imogen / Roschnik, Sonia / Ashby, Ben / Boyd, Richard / Hamilton, Ian / Oreszczyn, Tadj / Owen, Anne / Romanello, Marina / Ruyssevelt, Paul / Sherman, Jodi D / Smith, Andrew Z P / Steele, Kristian / Watts, Nicholas / Eckelman, Matthew J

    The Lancet. Planetary health

    2021  Volume 5, Issue 2, Page(s) e84–e92

    Abstract: Background: Climate change threatens to undermine the past 50 years of gains in public health. In response, the National Health Service (NHS) in England has been working since 2008 to quantify and reduce its carbon footprint. This Article presents the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Climate change threatens to undermine the past 50 years of gains in public health. In response, the National Health Service (NHS) in England has been working since 2008 to quantify and reduce its carbon footprint. This Article presents the latest update to its greenhouse gas accounting, identifying interventions for mitigation efforts and describing an approach applicable to other health systems across the world.
    Methods: A hybrid model was used to quantify emissions within Scopes 1, 2, and 3 of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, as well as patient and visitor travel emissions, from 1990 to 2019. This approach complements the broad coverage of top-down economic modelling with the high accuracy of bottom-up data wherever available. Available data were backcasted or forecasted to cover all years. To enable the identification of measures to reduce carbon emissions, results were disaggregated by organisation type.
    Findings: In 2019, the health service's emissions totalled 25 megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, a reduction of 26% since 1990, and a decrease of 64% in the emissions per inpatient finished admission episode. Of the 2019 footprint, 62% came from the supply chain, 24% from the direct delivery of care, 10% from staff commute and patient and visitor travel, and 4% from private health and care services commissioned by the NHS.
    Interpretation: This work represents the longest and most comprehensive accounting of national health-care emissions globally, and underscores the importance of incorporating bottom-up data to improve the accuracy of top-down modelling and enabling detailed monitoring of progress as health systems act to reduce emissions.
    Funding: Wellcome Trust.
    MeSH term(s) Carbon Dioxide/analysis ; Carbon Footprint/statistics & numerical data ; Climate Change ; Delivery of Health Care ; England ; Greenhouse Gases/analysis ; Health Care Sector ; Humans ; State Medicine/statistics & numerical data ; Transportation
    Chemical Substances Greenhouse Gases ; Carbon Dioxide (142M471B3J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-15
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2542-5196
    ISSN (online) 2542-5196
    DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30271-0
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: OpenClinical.net: Artificial intelligence and knowledge engineering at the point of care.

    Fox, John / South, Matthew / Khan, Omar / Kennedy, Catriona / Ashby, Peter / Bechtel, John

    BMJ health & care informatics

    2020  Volume 27, Issue 2

    Abstract: Objective: OpenClinical.net is a way of disseminating clinical guidelines to improve quality of care whose distinctive feature is to combine the benefits of clinical guidelines and other human-readable material with the power of artificial intelligence ... ...

    Abstract Objective: OpenClinical.net is a way of disseminating clinical guidelines to improve quality of care whose distinctive feature is to combine the benefits of clinical guidelines and other human-readable material with the power of artificial intelligence to give patient-specific recommendations. A key objective is to empower healthcare professionals to author, share, critique, trial and revise these 'executable' models of best practice.
    Design: OpenClinical.net
    Results: PRO
    Conclusion: OpenClinical.net is a showcase for a PRO
    MeSH term(s) Artificial Intelligence ; Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Humans ; Knowledge Bases ; Point-of-Care Systems ; Practice Guidelines as Topic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-29
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2632-1009
    ISSN (online) 2632-1009
    DOI 10.1136/bmjhci-2020-100141
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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