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  1. Article: Neutrophil extracellular traps and thrombogenesis in COVID-19 patients.

    Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

    2021  Volume 26, Page(s) 96

    Abstract: COVID-19 has caused significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent reports point toward the "cytokine storm" as core of pathogenesis in SAR-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 has caused significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent reports point toward the "cytokine storm" as core of pathogenesis in SAR-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and multiorgan failure. We have presented clinical data here wherein cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients do not match typical cytokine storm seen in ARDS. Interestingly, COVID-19 patients in early disease present with hypoxemia with no significant respiratory dysfunction. In addition, it is reported that hospitalized COVID-19 patients have a high incidence of thrombotic complications, especially involving the pulmonary vasculature. We hypothesized that core to pathogenesis of COVID-19 is the dysregulation of neutrophils, which culminates in excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recently, an increasing amount of NETs have been seen in sera of severe COVID-19 patients. We have discussed here mechanisms involved which lead to thrombogenesis and vasculitis because of excessive release of NETs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-18
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2513029-8
    ISSN 1735-7136 ; 1735-1995
    ISSN (online) 1735-7136
    ISSN 1735-1995
    DOI 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_750_20
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Cross-immunity between respiratory coronaviruses may limit COVID-19 fatalities.

    Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Medical hypotheses

    2020  Volume 144, Page(s) 110049

    Abstract: Of the seven coronaviruses associated with disease in humans, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause considerable mortality but also share significant sequence homology, and potentially antigenic epitopes capable of inducing an immune response. The ... ...

    Abstract Of the seven coronaviruses associated with disease in humans, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause considerable mortality but also share significant sequence homology, and potentially antigenic epitopes capable of inducing an immune response. The degree of similarity is such that perhaps prior exposure to one virus could confer partial immunity to another. Indeed, data suggests a considerable amount of cross-reactivity and recognition by the hosts immune response between different coronavirus infections. While the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak rapidly overwhelmed medical facilities of particularly Europe and North America, accounting for 78% of global deaths, only 8% of deaths have occurred in Asia where the outbreak originated. Interestingly, Asia and the Middle East have previously experienced multiple rounds of coronavirus infections, perhaps suggesting buildup of acquired immunity to the causative SARS-CoV-2 that underlies COVID-19. This article hypothesizes that a causative factor underlying such low morbidity in these regions is perhaps (at least in part) due to acquired immunity from multiple rounds of coronavirus infections and discusses the mechanisms and recent evidence to support such assertions. Further investigations of such phenomenon would allow us to examine strategies to confer protective immunity, perhaps aiding vaccine development.
    MeSH term(s) Adaptive Immunity ; Antigens/immunology ; Apoptosis ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/mortality ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/mortality ; Cross Protection ; Cross Reactions ; Disease Outbreaks ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry ; Humans ; Immune System ; Immunity ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; SARS Virus ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/immunology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/mortality
    Chemical Substances Antigens ; Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte ; Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 193145-3
    ISSN 1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
    ISSN (online) 1532-2777
    ISSN 0306-9877
    DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110049
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Neutrophil extracellular traps and thrombogenesis in COVID-19 patients

    Ahmed Yaqinuddin

    Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, Vol 26, Iss 1, Pp 96-

    2021  Volume 96

    Abstract: COVID-19 has caused significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent reports point toward the “cytokine storm” as core of pathogenesis in SAR-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and ... ...

    Abstract COVID-19 has caused significant morbidity and mortality around the world. Recent reports point toward the “cytokine storm” as core of pathogenesis in SAR-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy, and multiorgan failure. We have presented clinical data here wherein cytokine levels in COVID-19 patients do not match typical cytokine storm seen in ARDS. Interestingly, COVID-19 patients in early disease present with hypoxemia with no significant respiratory dysfunction. In addition, it is reported that hospitalized COVID-19 patients have a high incidence of thrombotic complications, especially involving the pulmonary vasculature. We hypothesized that core to pathogenesis of COVID-19 is the dysregulation of neutrophils, which culminates in excessive release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recently, an increasing amount of NETs have been seen in sera of severe COVID-19 patients. We have discussed here mechanisms involved which lead to thrombogenesis and vasculitis because of excessive release of NETs.
    Keywords coronavirus ; covid-19 ; neutrophil extracellular traps ; neutrophils ; sars ; thrombosis ; vasculitis ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Cross-immunity between respiratory coronaviruses may limit COVID-19 fatalities

    Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Medical Hypotheses

    2020  Volume 144, Page(s) 110049

    Keywords General Medicine ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 193145-3
    ISSN 1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
    ISSN (online) 1532-2777
    ISSN 0306-9877
    DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110049
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article: Cross-immunity between respiratory coronaviruses may limit COVID-19 fatalities

    Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Med Hypotheses

    Abstract: Of the seven coronaviruses associated with disease in humans, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause considerable mortality but also share significant sequence homology, and potentially antigenic epitopes capable of inducing an immune response. The ... ...

    Abstract Of the seven coronaviruses associated with disease in humans, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 cause considerable mortality but also share significant sequence homology, and potentially antigenic epitopes capable of inducing an immune response. The degree of similarity is such that perhaps prior exposure to one virus could confer partial immunity to another. Indeed, data suggests a considerable amount of cross-reactivity and recognition by the hosts immune response between different coronavirus infections. While the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak rapidly overwhelmed medical facilities of particularly Europe and North America, accounting for 78% of global deaths, only 8% of deaths have occurred in Asia where the outbreak originated. Interestingly, Asia and the Middle East have previously experienced multiple rounds of coronavirus infections, perhaps suggesting buildup of acquired immunity to the causative SARS-CoV-2 that underlies COVID-19. This article hypothesizes that a causative factor underlying such low morbidity in these regions is perhaps (at least in part) due to acquired immunity from multiple rounds of coronavirus infections and discusses the mechanisms and recent evidence to support such assertions. Further investigations of such phenomenon would allow us to examine strategies to confer protective immunity, perhaps aiding vaccine development.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #642368
    Database COVID19

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  6. Article ; Online: Gut-Modulating Agents and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.

    Noor Eddin, Ahmed / Alfuwais, Mohammed / Noor Eddin, Reena / Alkattan, Khaled / Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Nutrients

    2024  Volume 16, Issue 5

    Abstract: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a highly fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscle. Despite extensive research, the etiology of ALS remains elusive, and effective treatment options ... ...

    Abstract Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a highly fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscle. Despite extensive research, the etiology of ALS remains elusive, and effective treatment options are limited. However, recent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and gut-brain axis (GBA) dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis. Alterations to the composition and diversity of microbial communities within the gut flora have been consistently observed in ALS patients. These changes are often correlated with disease progression and patient outcome, suggesting that GBA modulation may have therapeutic potential. Indeed, targeting the gut microbiota has been shown to be neuroprotective in several animal models, alleviating motor symptoms and mitigating disease progression. However, the translation of these findings to human patients is challenging due to the complexity of ALS pathology and the varying diversity of gut microbiota. This review comprehensively summarizes the current literature on ALS-related gut dysbiosis, focusing on the implications of GBA dysfunction. It delineates three main mechanisms by which dysbiosis contributes to ALS pathology: compromised intestinal barrier integrity, metabolic dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. It also examines preclinical evidence on the therapeutic potential of gut-microbiota-modulating agents (categorized as prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics) in ALS.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/pathology ; Dysbiosis/etiology ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Microbiota ; Disease Progression
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2518386-2
    ISSN 2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
    ISSN (online) 2072-6643
    ISSN 2072-6643
    DOI 10.3390/nu16050590
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Corrigendum: Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: exploiting angiogenesis and thrombosis to enhance immunotherapy.

    Shafqat, Areez / Omer, Mohamed H / Ahmed, Eman Nayaz / Mushtaq, Ali / Ijaz, Eman / Ahmed, Zara / Alkattan, Khaled / Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1252998

    Abstract: This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200941.]. ...

    Abstract [This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200941.].
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1252998
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Reprogramming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment: exploiting angiogenesis and thrombosis to enhance immunotherapy.

    Shafqat, Areez / Omer, Mohamed H / Ahmed, Eman Nayaz / Mushtaq, Ali / Ijaz, Eman / Ahmed, Zara / Alkattan, Khaled / Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Frontiers in immunology

    2023  Volume 14, Page(s) 1200941

    Abstract: This review focuses on the immunosuppressive effects of tumor angiogenesis and coagulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We summarize previous research efforts leveraging these observations and targeting these processes to enhance immunotherapy ... ...

    Abstract This review focuses on the immunosuppressive effects of tumor angiogenesis and coagulation on the tumor microenvironment (TME). We summarize previous research efforts leveraging these observations and targeting these processes to enhance immunotherapy outcomes. Clinical trials have documented improved outcomes when combining anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy. However, their overall survival benefit over conventional therapy remains limited and certain tumors exhibit poor response to anti-angiogenic therapy. Additionally, whilst preclinical studies have shown several components of the tumor coagulome to curb effective anti-tumor immune responses, the clinical studies reporting combinations of anticoagulants with immunotherapies have demonstrated variable treatment outcomes. By reviewing the current state of the literature on this topic, we address the key questions and future directions in the field, the answers of which are crucial for developing effective strategies to reprogram the TME in order to further the field of cancer immunotherapy.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Immunotherapy ; Neoplasms/therapy ; Immunomodulation ; Neovascularization, Pathologic/therapy ; Thrombosis ; Tumor Microenvironment
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-03
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200941
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Innate immunity in COVID-19 patients mediated by NKG2A receptors, and potential treatment using Monalizumab, Cholroquine, and antiviral agents.

    Yaqinuddin, Ahmed / Kashir, Junaid

    Medical hypotheses

    2020  Volume 140, Page(s) 109777

    Abstract: Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells are required to generate ...

    Abstract Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system. Cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs) and Natural Killer (NK) cells are required to generate an effective immune response against viruses, functional exhaustion of which enables disease progression. Patients with severe COVID-19 present significantly lower lymphocyte, and higher neutrophil, counts in blood. Specifically, CD8
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 193145-3
    ISSN 1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
    ISSN (online) 1532-2777
    ISSN 0306-9877
    DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109777
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays as a rapid diagnostic for COVID-19.

    Kashir, Junaid / Yaqinuddin, Ahmed

    Medical hypotheses

    2020  Volume 141, Page(s) 109786

    Abstract: Recently, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) has emerged, rapidly spreading and severely straining the capacity of the global health community. Many nations are employing combinations of containment and mitigation ... ...

    Abstract Recently, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2; coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) has emerged, rapidly spreading and severely straining the capacity of the global health community. Many nations are employing combinations of containment and mitigation strategies, where early diagnosis of COVID-19 is vital in controlling illness progression and limiting viral spread within the population. Thus, rapid and accurate methods of early detection are vital to contain COVID-19 and prevent further spread and predicted subsequent infectious waves of viral recurrence in future. Immediately after its initial characterization, Chinese and American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCs) rapidly employed molecular assays for detection of COVID-19, mostly employing real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. However, such methods require specific expensive items of equipment and highly trained analysts, requiring upwards of 4-8 h to process. These requirements coupled with associated financial pressures may prevent effective deployment of such diagnostic tests. Loop mediated isothermal amplification(LAMP) is method of nucleic acid amplification which exhibits increased sensitivity and specificity are significantly rapid, and do not require expensive reagents or instruments, which aids in cost reduction for coronavirus detection. Studies have shown the successful application of LAMP assays in various forms to detect coronavirus RNA in patient samples, demonstrating that 1-10 copies of viral RNA template per reaction are sufficient for successful detection, ~100-fold more sensitive than conventional RT-PCR methods. Importantly, studies have also now demonstrated the effectiveness of LAMP methodology in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA at significantly low levels, particularly following numerous improvements to LAMP assay protocols. We hypothesise that recent advancements in enhanced LAMP protocols assay perhaps represent the best chance for a rapid and robust assay for field diagnosis of COVID-19, without the requirement of specialized equipment and highly trained professionals to interpret results. Herein, we present our arguments with a view to disseminate such findings, to assist the combat of this virus that is proving so devastating. We hope that this strategy could be applied rapidly, and confirmed for viability with clinical samples, before being rolled out for mass-diagnostic testing in these current times.
    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus/genetics ; Betacoronavirus/isolation & purification ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Testing ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/economics ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/economics ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; DNA Primers ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/economics ; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques/methods ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/economics ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods ; Pandemics/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/economics ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; RNA, Viral/analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/economics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Time Factors
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Covid-19 aAPC vaccine ; DNA Primers ; RNA, Viral
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 193145-3
    ISSN 1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
    ISSN (online) 1532-2777
    ISSN 0306-9877
    DOI 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.109786
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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