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Article ; Online: Diminished neural adaptation during implicit learning in autism.

Schipul, Sarah E / Just, Marcel Adam

2016 Volume 125, Page(s) 332–341

Abstract: ... posterior cortical underconnectivity (Schipul et al., 2012). The aim of the current study was to examine ...

Abstract	Neuroimaging studies have shown evidence of disrupted neural adaptation during learning in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in several types of tasks, potentially stemming from frontal-posterior cortical underconnectivity (Schipul et al., 2012). The aim of the current study was to examine neural adaptations in an implicit learning task that entails participation of frontal and posterior regions. Sixteen high-functioning adults with ASD and sixteen neurotypical control participants were trained on and performed an implicit dot pattern prototype learning task in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) session. During the preliminary exposure to the type of implicit prototype learning task later to be used in the scanner, the ASD participants took longer than the neurotypical group to learn the task, demonstrating altered implicit learning in ASD. After equating task structure learning, the two groups' brain activation differed during their learning of a new prototype in the subsequent scanning session. The main findings indicated that neural adaptations in a distributed task network were reduced in the ASD group, relative to the neurotypical group, and were related to ASD symptom severity. Functional connectivity was reduced and did not change as much during learning for the ASD group, and was related to ASD symptom severity. These findings suggest that individuals with ASD show altered neural adaptations during learning, as seen in both activation and functional connectivity measures. This finding suggests why many real-world implicit learning situations may pose special challenges for ASD.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Learning/physiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neural Pathways/physiopathology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1147767-2
ISSN	1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
ISSN (online)	1095-9572
ISSN	1053-8119
DOI	10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.039
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Article ; Online: Auditory event-related potentials and associations with sensory patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay, and typical development.

Donkers, Franc Cl / Carlson, Mike / Schipul, Sarah E / Belger, Aysenil / Baranek, Grace T

Autism : the international journal of research and practice

2019 Volume 24, Issue 5, Page(s) 1093–1110

Abstract: Atypical sensory response patterns are common in children with autism and developmental delay. Expanding on previous work, this observational electroencephalogram study assessed auditory event-related potentials and their associations with clinically ... ...

Abstract	Atypical sensory response patterns are common in children with autism and developmental delay. Expanding on previous work, this observational electroencephalogram study assessed auditory event-related potentials and their associations with clinically evaluated sensory response patterns in children with autism spectrum disorder (
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Attention ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Child ; Electroencephalography ; Evoked Potentials ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1338513-6
ISSN	1461-7005 ; 1362-3613
ISSN (online)	1461-7005
ISSN	1362-3613
DOI	10.1177/1362361319893196
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Article ; Online: Eye Tracking Reveals Impaired Attentional Disengagement Associated with Sensory Response Patterns in Children with Autism.

Sabatos-DeVito, Maura / Schipul, Sarah E / Bulluck, John C / Belger, Aysenil / Baranek, Grace T

Journal of autism and developmental disorders

2016 Volume 46, Issue 4, Page(s) 1319–1333

Abstract: This study used a gap-overlap paradigm to examine the impact of distractor salience and temporal overlap on the ability to disengage and orient attention in 50 children (4-13 years) with ASD, DD and TD, and associations between attention and sensory ... ...

Abstract	This study used a gap-overlap paradigm to examine the impact of distractor salience and temporal overlap on the ability to disengage and orient attention in 50 children (4-13 years) with ASD, DD and TD, and associations between attention and sensory response patterns. Results revealed impaired disengagement and orienting accuracy in ASD. Disengagement was impaired across all groups during temporal overlap for dynamic stimuli compared to static, but only ASD showed slower disengagement from multimodal relative to unimodal dynamic stimuli. Attentional disengagement had differential associations with distinct sensory response patterns in ASD and DD. Atypical sensory processing and temporal binding appear to be intertwined with development of disengagement in ASD, but longitudinal studies are needed to unravel causal pathways.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Attention/physiology ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Developmental Disabilities/physiopathology ; Eye Movements/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Orientation/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-01-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	391999-7
ISSN	1573-3432 ; 0162-3257
ISSN (online)	1573-3432
ISSN	0162-3257
DOI	10.1007/s10803-015-2681-5
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Article ; Online: Inter-regional brain communication and its disturbance in autism.

Schipul, Sarah E / Keller, Timothy A / Just, Marcel Adam

Frontiers in systems neuroscience

2011 Volume 5, Page(s) 10

Abstract: In this review article, we summarize recent progress toward understanding disturbances in functional and anatomical brain connectivity in autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting language, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. ... ...

Abstract	In this review article, we summarize recent progress toward understanding disturbances in functional and anatomical brain connectivity in autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting language, social interaction, and repetitive behaviors. Recent studies have suggested that limitations of frontal-posterior brain connectivity in autism underlie the varied set of deficits associated with this disorder. Specifically, the underconnectivity theory of autism postulates that individuals with autism have a reduced communication bandwidth between frontal and posterior cortical areas, which constrains the psychological processes that rely on the integrated functioning of frontal and posterior brain networks. This review summarizes the recent findings of reduced frontal-posterior functional connectivity (synchronization) in autism in a wide variety of high-level tasks, focusing on data from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. It also summarizes the findings of disordered anatomical connectivity in autism, as measured by a variety of techniques, including distribution of white matter volumes and diffusion tensor imaging. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings for autism and future directions for this line of research.
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2453005-0
ISSN	1662-5137 ; 1662-5137
ISSN (online)	1662-5137
ISSN	1662-5137
DOI	10.3389/fnsys.2011.00010
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Article: Aberrant functioning of the theory-of-mind network in children and adolescents with autism.

Kana, Rajesh K / Maximo, Jose O / Williams, Diane L / Keller, Timothy A / Schipul, Sarah E / Cherkassky, Vladimir L / Minshew, Nancy J / Just, Marcel Adam

Molecular autism

2015 Volume 6, Page(s) 59

Abstract: Background: Theory-of-mind (ToM), the ability to infer people's thoughts and feelings, is a pivotal skill in effective social interactions. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been found to have altered ToM skills, which significantly ... ...

Abstract	Background: Theory-of-mind (ToM), the ability to infer people's thoughts and feelings, is a pivotal skill in effective social interactions. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have been found to have altered ToM skills, which significantly impacts the quality of their social interactions. Neuroimaging studies have reported altered activation of the ToM cortical network, especially in adults with autism, yet little is known about the brain responses underlying ToM in younger individuals with ASD. This functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the neural mechanisms underlying ToM in high-functioning children and adolescents with ASD and matched typically developing (TD) peers. Methods: fMRI data were acquired from 13 participants with ASD and 13 TD control participants while they watched animations involving two "interacting" geometrical shapes. Results: Participants with ASD showed significantly reduced activation, relative to TD controls, in regions considered part of the ToM network, the mirror network, and the cerebellum. Functional connectivity analyses revealed underconnectivity between frontal and posterior regions during task performance in the ASD participants. Conclusions: Overall, the findings of this study reveal disruptions in the brain circuitry underlying ToM in ASD at multiple levels, including decreased activation and decreased functional connectivity.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2540930-X
ISSN	2040-2392
ISSN	2040-2392
DOI	10.1186/s13229-015-0052-x
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Article: Electrophysiological Correlates of Aberrant Motivated Attention and Salience Processing in Unaffected Relatives of Schizophrenia Patients.

Andersen, Elizabeth H / Campbell, Alana M / Schipul, Sarah E / Bellion, Carolyn M / Donkers, Franc C L / Evans, Anna M / Belger, Aysenil

Clinical EEG and neuroscience

2015 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 11–23

Abstract: Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) exhibit debilitating deficits in attention and affective processing, which are often resistant to treatment and associated with poor functional outcomes. Impaired orientation to task-relevant target information has been ... ...

Abstract	Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) exhibit debilitating deficits in attention and affective processing, which are often resistant to treatment and associated with poor functional outcomes. Impaired orientation to task-relevant target information has been indexed by diminished P3b event-related potentials in patients, as well as their unaffected first-degree relatives, suggesting that P3b may be a vulnerability marker for schizophrenia. Despite intact affective valence processing, patients are unable to employ cognitive change strategies to reduce electrophysiological responses to aversive stimuli. Less is known about the attentional processing of emotionally salient task-irrelevant information in patients and unaffected first-degree relatives. The goal of the present study was to examine the neural correlates of salience processing, as indexed by the late positive potential (LPP), during the processing of emotionally salient distractor stimuli in 31 patients with SCZ, 28 first-degree relatives, and 47 control participants using an oddball paradigm. Results indicated that despite intact novelty detection (P3a), both SCZ and first-degree relatives demonstrated deficiencies in attentional processing, reflected in attenuated target-P3b, and aberrant motivated attention, with reduced early-LPP amplitudes for aversive stimuli relative to controls. First-degree relatives revealed a unique enhancement of the late-LPP response, possibly underlying an exaggerated evaluation of salient information and a compensatory engagement of neural circuitry. Furthermore, reduced early-LPP and target-P3b amplitudes were associated with enhanced symptom severity. These findings suggest that, in addition to P3b, LPP may be useful for monitoring clinical state. Future studies will explore the value of P3 and LPP responses as vulnerability markers for early detection and prediction of psychopathology.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Attention ; Brain/physiopathology ; Early Diagnosis ; Electroencephalography/methods ; Family ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics ; Humans ; Male ; Mood Disorders/complications ; Mood Disorders/diagnosis ; Mood Disorders/physiopathology ; Motivation ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schizophrenia/diagnosis ; Schizophrenia/physiopathology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Statistics as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2140201-2
ISSN	1550-0594 ; 0009-9155
ISSN	1550-0594 ; 0009-9155
DOI	10.1177/1550059415598063
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Article ; Online: Distinctive neural processes during learning in autism.

Schipul, Sarah E / Williams, Diane L / Keller, Timothy A / Minshew, Nancy J / Just, Marcel Adam

Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

2011 Volume 22, Issue 4, Page(s) 937–950

Abstract: This functional magnetic resonance imaging study compared the neural activation patterns of 18 high-functioning individuals with autism and 18 IQ-matched neurotypical control participants as they learned to perform a social judgment task. Participants ... ...

Abstract	This functional magnetic resonance imaging study compared the neural activation patterns of 18 high-functioning individuals with autism and 18 IQ-matched neurotypical control participants as they learned to perform a social judgment task. Participants learned to identify liars among pairs of computer-animated avatars uttering the same sentence but with different facial and vocal expressions, namely those that have previously been associated with lying versus truth-telling. Despite showing a behavioral learning effect similar to the control group, the autism group did not show the same pattern of decreased activation in cortical association areas as they learned the task. Furthermore, the autism group showed a significantly smaller increase in interregion synchronization of activation (functional connectivity) with learning than did the control group. Finally, the autism group had decreased structural connectivity as measured by corpus callosum size, and this measure was reliably related to functional connectivity measures. The findings suggest that cortical underconnectivity in autism may constrain the ability of the brain to rapidly adapt during learning.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Association Learning/physiology ; Autistic Disorder/pathology ; Autistic Disorder/physiopathology ; Brain Mapping ; Case-Control Studies ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Corpus Callosum/blood supply ; Corpus Callosum/pathology ; Corpus Callosum/physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Neural Pathways/blood supply ; Neural Pathways/physiopathology ; Oxygen/blood ; Reaction Time ; Social Behavior ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1077450-6
ISSN	1460-2199 ; 1047-3211
ISSN (online)	1460-2199
ISSN	1047-3211
DOI	10.1093/cercor/bhr162
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Article ; Online: The local, global, and neural aspects of visuospatial processing in autism spectrum disorders.

Kana, Rajesh K / Liu, Yanni / Williams, Diane L / Keller, Timothy A / Schipul, Sarah E / Minshew, Nancy J / Just, Marcel Adam

Neuropsychologia

2013 Volume 51, Issue 14, Page(s) 2995–3003

Abstract: Behavioral studies have documented a relative advantage in some aspects of visuospatial cognition in autism although it is not consistently found in higher functioning individuals with autism. The purpose of this functional neuroimaging study was to ... ...

Abstract	Behavioral studies have documented a relative advantage in some aspects of visuospatial cognition in autism although it is not consistently found in higher functioning individuals with autism. The purpose of this functional neuroimaging study was to examine the neural activity in high functioning individuals with autism while they performed a block design task that systematically varied with regard to whether a global pattern was present. Participants were 14 adults with high-functioning autism and 14 age and IQ matched typical controls. The task was to identify a missing block in target figures which had either an obvious global shape or was an arbitrary array of blocks. Behavioral results showed intact, but not superior, performance in our participants with autism. A key group difference was that the participants with autism showed reliably greater activation in occipital and parietal regions in both tasks suggesting an increased reliance of the autism group on posterior brain areas to mediate visuospatial tasks. Thus, increased reliance on relatively posterior brain regions in itself may not guarantee superior performance as seen in the present study.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Brain Mapping ; Cerebral Cortex/blood supply ; Cerebral Cortex/physiopathology ; Child Development Disorders, Pervasive/complications ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Oxygen/blood ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Perceptual Disorders/etiology ; Perceptual Disorders/pathology ; Photic Stimulation ; Space Perception/physiology
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	207151-4
ISSN	1873-3514 ; 0028-3932
ISSN (online)	1873-3514
ISSN	0028-3932
DOI	10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.10.013
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Article ; Online: Attenuated auditory event-related potentials and associations with atypical sensory response patterns in children with autism.

Donkers, Franc C L / Schipul, Sarah E / Baranek, Grace T / Cleary, Katherine M / Willoughby, Michael T / Evans, Anna M / Bulluck, John C / Lovmo, Jeanne E / Belger, Aysenil

Journal of autism and developmental disorders

2013 Volume 45, Issue 2, Page(s) 506–523

Abstract: Neurobiological underpinnings of unusual sensory features in individuals with autism are unknown. Event-related potentials elicited by task-irrelevant sounds were used to elucidate neural correlates of auditory processing and associations with three ... ...

Abstract	Neurobiological underpinnings of unusual sensory features in individuals with autism are unknown. Event-related potentials elicited by task-irrelevant sounds were used to elucidate neural correlates of auditory processing and associations with three common sensory response patterns (hyperresponsiveness; hyporesponsiveness; sensory seeking). Twenty-eight children with autism and 39 typically developing children (4-12 year-olds) completed an auditory oddball paradigm. Results revealed marginally attenuated P1 and N2 to standard tones and attenuated P3a to novel sounds in autism versus controls. Exploratory analyses suggested that within the autism group, attenuated N2 and P3a amplitudes were associated with greater sensory seeking behaviors for specific ranges of P1 responses. Findings suggest that attenuated early sensory as well as later attention-orienting neural responses to stimuli may underlie selective sensory features via complex mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustic Stimulation ; Attention/physiology ; Auditory Perception/physiology ; Autistic Disorder/physiopathology ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory/physiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Psychomotor Performance/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-09-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	391999-7
ISSN	1573-3432 ; 0162-3257
ISSN (online)	1573-3432
ISSN	0162-3257
DOI	10.1007/s10803-013-1948-y
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