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  1. Book: Preliminary report on the geology and marine environments of Onotoa Atoll, Gilbert Islands

    Cloud, Preston

    (Scientific investigations in Micronesia ; no. 12)

    1952  

    Series title Scientific investigations in Micronesia ; no. 12
    Keywords oceanography
    Language English
    Size 73 p.
    Publishing place Washington
    Document type Book
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: Health Care Disparities in the Post-Affordable Care Act Era.

    Adepoju, Omolola E / Preston, Michael A / Gonzales, Gilbert

    American journal of public health

    2015  Volume 105 Suppl 5, Page(s) S665–7

    Abstract: Disparities in health care have been targeted for elimination by federal agencies and professional organizations, including the American Public Health Association. Although the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides a valuable first step in reducing the ... ...

    Abstract Disparities in health care have been targeted for elimination by federal agencies and professional organizations, including the American Public Health Association. Although the Affordable Care Act (ACA) provides a valuable first step in reducing the disparities gap, progress is contingent upon whether opportunities in the ACA help or hinder populations at risk for impaired health and limited access to medical care.
    MeSH term(s) Accountable Care Organizations/organization & administration ; Cultural Competency ; Health Services Accessibility/organization & administration ; Healthcare Disparities/organization & administration ; Humans ; Medicaid/organization & administration ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act/legislation & jurisprudence ; Preventive Health Services/organization & administration ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121100-6
    ISSN 1541-0048 ; 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
    ISSN (online) 1541-0048
    ISSN 0090-0036 ; 0002-9572
    DOI 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302611
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  3. Book ; Online: Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering in warm-dense Fe compounds beyond the SASE FEL resolution limit

    Forte, Alessandro / Gawne, Thomas / El-Din, Karim K. Alaa / Humphries, Oliver S. / Preston, Thomas R. / Crépisson, Céline / Campbell, Thomas / Svensson, Pontus / Azadi, Sam / Heighway, Patrick / Shi, Yuanfeng / Chin, David A. / Smith, Ethan / Baehtz, Carsten / Bouffetier, Victorien / Höppner, Hauke / McGonegle, David / Harmand, Marion / Collins, Gilbert W. /
    Wark, Justin S. / Polsin, Danae N. / Vinko, Sam M.

    2024  

    Abstract: Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a widely used spectroscopic technique, providing access to the electronic structure and dynamics of atoms, molecules, and solids. However, RIXS requires a narrow bandwidth x-ray probe to achieve high spectral ...

    Abstract Resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) is a widely used spectroscopic technique, providing access to the electronic structure and dynamics of atoms, molecules, and solids. However, RIXS requires a narrow bandwidth x-ray probe to achieve high spectral resolution. The challenges in delivering an energetic monochromated beam from an x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) thus limit its use in few-shot experiments, including for the study of high energy density systems. Here we demonstrate that by correlating the measurements of the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) spectrum of an XFEL with the RIXS signal, using a dynamic kernel deconvolution with a neural surrogate, we can achieve electronic structure resolutions substantially higher than those normally afforded by the bandwidth of the incoming x-ray beam. We further show how this technique allows us to discriminate between the valence structures of Fe and Fe$_2$O$_3$, and provides access to temperature measurements as well as M-shell binding energies estimates in warm-dense Fe compounds.
    Keywords Condensed Matter - Materials Science ; Physics - Plasma Physics
    Publishing date 2024-01-11
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Epidemiological Studies of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation and Cancer: Rationale and Framework for the Monograph and Overview of Eligible Studies.

    Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy / Daniels, Robert D / Cardis, Elisabeth / Cullings, Harry M / Gilbert, Ethel / Hauptmann, Michael / Kendall, Gerald / Laurier, Dominique / Linet, Martha S / Little, Mark P / Lubin, Jay H / Preston, Dale L / Richardson, David B / Stram, Daniel / Thierry-Chef, Isabelle / Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K

    Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs

    2020  Volume 2020, Issue 56, Page(s) 97–113

    Abstract: Whether low-dose ionizing radiation can cause cancer is a critical and long-debated question in radiation protection. Since the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation report by the National Academies in 2006, new publications from large, well-powered ... ...

    Abstract Whether low-dose ionizing radiation can cause cancer is a critical and long-debated question in radiation protection. Since the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation report by the National Academies in 2006, new publications from large, well-powered epidemiological studies of low doses have reported positive dose-response relationships. It has been suggested, however, that biases could explain these findings. We conducted a systematic review of epidemiological studies with mean doses less than 100 mGy published 2006-2017. We required individualized doses and dose-response estimates with confidence intervals. We identified 26 eligible studies (eight environmental, four medical, and 14 occupational), including 91 000 solid cancers and 13 000 leukemias. Mean doses ranged from 0.1 to 82 mGy. The excess relative risk at 100 mGy was positive for 16 of 22 solid cancer studies and 17 of 20 leukemia studies. The aim of this monograph was to systematically review the potential biases in these studies (including dose uncertainty, confounding, and outcome misclassification) and to assess whether the subset of minimally biased studies provides evidence for cancer risks from low-dose radiation. Here, we describe the framework for the systematic bias review and provide an overview of the eligible studies.
    MeSH term(s) Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Radiation Protection ; Radiation, Ionizing ; Risk
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 1745-6614
    ISSN (online) 1745-6614
    DOI 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa009
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  5. Article ; Online: How do fatalistic beliefs affect the attitudes and pedestrian behaviours of road users in different countries? A cross-cultural study.

    McIlroy, Rich C / Kokwaro, Gilbert O / Wu, Jianping / Jikyong, Usanisa / Nam, Vũ Hoài / Hoque, Md Shamsul / Preston, John M / Plant, Katherine L / Stanton, Neville A

    Accident; analysis and prevention

    2020  Volume 139, Page(s) 105491

    Abstract: This paper reports on an exploratory investigation of the influence of five different fatalistic belief constructs (divine control, luck, helplessness, internality, and general fatalism) on three classes of self-reported pedestrian behaviours (memory and ...

    Abstract This paper reports on an exploratory investigation of the influence of five different fatalistic belief constructs (divine control, luck, helplessness, internality, and general fatalism) on three classes of self-reported pedestrian behaviours (memory and attention errors, rule violations, and aggressive behaviours) and on respondents' general attitudes to road safety, and how relationships between constructs differ across countries. A survey of over 3400 respondents across Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Thailand, the UK, and Vietnam revealed a similar pattern for most of the relationships assessed, in most countries; those who reported higher fatalistic beliefs or more external attributions of causality also reported performing riskier pedestrian behaviours and holding more dangerous attitudes to road safety. The strengths of relationships between constructs did, however, differ by country, behaviour type, and aspect of fatalism. One particularly notable country difference was that in Bangladesh and, to a lesser extent, in Kenya, a stronger belief in divine influence over one's life was associated with safer attitudes and behaviours, whereas where significant relationships existed in the other countries the opposite was true. In some cases, the effect of fatalistic beliefs on self-reported behaviours was mediated through attitudes, in other cases the effect was direct. Results are discussed in terms of the need to consider the effect of locus of control and attributions of causality on attitudes and behaviours, and the need to understand the differences between countries therein.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Traffic/mortality ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Attitude ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pedestrians/psychology ; Pedestrians/statistics & numerical data ; Risk-Taking ; Spirituality ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 210223-7
    ISSN 1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
    ISSN (online) 1879-2057
    ISSN 0001-4575
    DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105491
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  6. Article ; Online: Epidemiological Studies of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation and Cancer: Summary Bias Assessment and Meta-Analysis.

    Hauptmann, Michael / Daniels, Robert D / Cardis, Elisabeth / Cullings, Harry M / Kendall, Gerald / Laurier, Dominique / Linet, Martha S / Little, Mark P / Lubin, Jay H / Preston, Dale L / Richardson, David B / Stram, Daniel O / Thierry-Chef, Isabelle / Schubauer-Berigan, Mary K / Gilbert, Ethel S / Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy

    Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs

    2019  Volume 2020, Issue 56, Page(s) 188–200

    Abstract: Background: Ionizing radiation is an established carcinogen, but risks from low-dose exposures are controversial. Since the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII review of the epidemiological data in 2006, many subsequent publications have ... ...

    Abstract Background: Ionizing radiation is an established carcinogen, but risks from low-dose exposures are controversial. Since the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII review of the epidemiological data in 2006, many subsequent publications have reported excess cancer risks from low-dose exposures. Our aim was to systematically review these studies to assess the magnitude of the risk and whether the positive findings could be explained by biases.
    Methods: Eligible studies had mean cumulative doses of less than 100 mGy, individualized dose estimates, risk estimates, and confidence intervals (CI) for the dose-response and were published in 2006-2017. We summarized the evidence for bias (dose error, confounding, outcome ascertainment) and its likely direction for each study. We tested whether the median excess relative risk (ERR) per unit dose equals zero and assessed the impact of excluding positive studies with potential bias away from the null. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the ERR and assess consistency across studies for all solid cancers and leukemia.
    Results: Of the 26 eligible studies, 8 concerned environmental, 4 medical, and 14 occupational exposure. For solid cancers, 16 of 22 studies reported positive ERRs per unit dose, and we rejected the hypothesis that the median ERR equals zero (P = .03). After exclusion of 4 positive studies with potential positive bias, 12 of 18 studies reported positive ERRs per unit dose (P  = .12). For leukemia, 17 of 20 studies were positive, and we rejected the hypothesis that the median ERR per unit dose equals zero (P  = .001), also after exclusion of 5 positive studies with potential positive bias (P  = .02). For adulthood exposure, the meta-ERR at 100 mGy was 0.029 (95% CI = 0.011 to 0.047) for solid cancers and 0.16 (95% CI = 0.07 to 0.25) for leukemia. For childhood exposure, the meta-ERR at 100 mGy for leukemia was 2.84 (95% CI = 0.37 to 5.32); there were only two eligible studies of all solid cancers.
    Conclusions: Our systematic assessments in this monograph showed that these new epidemiological studies are characterized by several limitations, but only a few positive studies were potentially biased away from the null. After exclusion of these studies, the majority of studies still reported positive risk estimates. We therefore conclude that these new epidemiological studies directly support excess cancer risks from low-dose ionizing radiation. Furthermore, the magnitude of the cancer risks from these low-dose radiation exposures was statistically compatible with the radiation dose-related cancer risks of the atomic bomb survivors.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Bias ; Child ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Radiation Dosage ; Radiation, Ionizing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 1745-6614
    ISSN (online) 1745-6614
    DOI 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa010
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  7. Article ; Online: Vulnerable road users in low-, middle-, and high-income countries: Validation of a Pedestrian Behaviour Questionnaire.

    McIlroy, Rich C / Plant, Katherine L / Jikyong, Usanisa / Nam, Vũ Hoài / Bunyasi, Brenda / Kokwaro, Gilbert O / Wu, Jianping / Hoque, Md Shamsul / Preston, John M / Stanton, Neville A

    Accident; analysis and prevention

    2019  Volume 131, Page(s) 80–94

    Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to validate the short version of a Pedestrian Behaviour Questionnaire across six culturally and economically distinct countries; Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Thailand, the UK, and Vietnam. The questionnaire comprised 20 ... ...

    Abstract The primary aim of this study was to validate the short version of a Pedestrian Behaviour Questionnaire across six culturally and economically distinct countries; Bangladesh, China, Kenya, Thailand, the UK, and Vietnam. The questionnaire comprised 20 items that asked respondents to rate the extent to which they perform certain types of pedestrian behaviours, with each behaviour belonging to one of five categories identified in previous literature; violations, errors, lapses, aggressive behaviours, and positive behaviours. The sample consisted of 3423 respondents across the six countries. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the fit of the data to the five-factor structure, and a four-factor structure in which violations and errors were combined into one factor (seen elsewhere in the literature). For some items, factor loadings were unacceptably low, internal reliability was low for two of the sub-scales, and model fit indices were generally unacceptable for both models. As such, only the violations, lapses, and aggressions sub-scales were retained (those with acceptable reliability and factor loadings), and the three-factor model tested. Although results suggest that the violations sub-scale may need additional attention, the three-factor solution showed the best fit to the data. The resulting 12-item scale is discussed with regards to country differences, and with respect to its utility as a research tool in cross-cultural studies of road user behaviour.
    MeSH term(s) Accidents, Traffic/statistics & numerical data ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Analysis of Variance ; Bangladesh ; China ; Cross-Cultural Comparison ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; Kenya ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pedestrians/psychology ; Pedestrians/statistics & numerical data ; Reproducibility of Results ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Thailand ; United Kingdom ; Vietnam ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Validation Studies
    ZDB-ID 210223-7
    ISSN 1879-2057 ; 0001-4575
    ISSN (online) 1879-2057
    ISSN 0001-4575
    DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2019.05.027
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  8. Article: Intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia: a selective review.

    Preston, Gilbert A / Weinberger, Daniel R

    Dialogues in clinical neuroscience

    2005  Volume 7, Issue 2, Page(s) 165–179

    Abstract: Studies aiming to identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and other complex psychiatric disorders are faced with the confounds of subjective clinical criteria, commonly occurring phenocopies, significant between-subject variability of candidate ... ...

    Abstract Studies aiming to identify susceptibility genes for schizophrenia and other complex psychiatric disorders are faced with the confounds of subjective clinical criteria, commonly occurring phenocopies, significant between-subject variability of candidate traits, and the likelihood of allelic and locus heterogeneity that has been shown to define the genetics of other complex human brain and somatic disorders. Additionally, research aimed at identification of the molecular origins of schizophrenia must also deal with the confounding nature of the human brain. Unlike organs with a few common cellular phenotypes, transcriptomes, and proteomes, individual neurons are often distinct from one another in all of these respects. In this review, we present recent work testing the assumption that studies of genetic susceptibility in complex polygenic disorders such as schizophrenia might be enhanced by the identification of intermediate phenotypes related to more fundamental aspects of brain development and function. Progress in the identification of meaningful intermediate phenotypes in schizophrenia has been made possible by the advent of newer methods in cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging, and the use of combined multimodal techniques.
    MeSH term(s) Brain/physiology ; Brain/physiopathology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Phenotype ; Schizophrenia/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005
    Publishing country France
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2188781-0
    ISSN 1294-8322
    ISSN 1294-8322
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    Zs.A 6188: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article ; Online: Lung cancer risks from plutonium: an updated analysis of data from the Mayak worker cohort.

    Gilbert, E S / Sokolnikov, M E / Preston, D L / Schonfeld, S J / Schadilov, A E / Vasilenko, E K / Koshurnikova, N A

    Radiation research

    2013  Volume 179, Issue 3, Page(s) 332–342

    Abstract: Workers at the Mayak nuclear facility in the Russian Federation offer a unique opportunity to evaluate health risks from exposure to inhaled plutonium. Risks of mortality from lung cancer, the most serious carcinogenic effect of plutonium, were evaluated ...

    Abstract Workers at the Mayak nuclear facility in the Russian Federation offer a unique opportunity to evaluate health risks from exposure to inhaled plutonium. Risks of mortality from lung cancer, the most serious carcinogenic effect of plutonium, were evaluated in 14,621 Mayak workers who were hired in the period from 1948-1982, followed for at least 5 years, and either monitored for plutonium or never worked with plutonium. Over the follow-up period from 1953-2008, there were 486 deaths from lung cancer, 446 of them in men. In analyses that were adjusted for external radiation dose and smoking, the plutonium excess relative risk (ERR) per Gy declined with attained age and was higher for females than for males. The ERR per Gy for males at age 60 was 7.4 (95% CI: 5.0-11) while that for females was 24 (95% CI: 11-56). When analyses were restricted to plutonium doses <0.2 Gy, the ERR per Gy for males at age 60 was similar: 7.0 (95% CI: 2.5-13). Of the 486 lung cancer deaths, 105 (22%) were attributed to plutonium exposure and 29 (6%) to external exposure. Analyses of the 12,708 workers with information on smoking indicated that the relationship of plutonium exposure and smoking was likely sub-multiplicative (P = 0.011) and strongly indicated that it was super-additive (P < 0.001). Although extensive efforts have been made to improve plutonium dose estimates in this cohort, they are nevertheless subject to large uncertainties. Large bioassay measurement errors alone are likely to have resulted in serious underestimation of risks, whereas other sources of uncertainty may have biased results in ways that are difficult to predict.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Carcinogens/toxicity ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; Male ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Plutonium/toxicity ; Risk Factors ; Russia ; Smoking ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Carcinogens ; Plutonium (53023GN24M)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-02-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 80322-4
    ISSN 1938-5404 ; 0033-7587
    ISSN (online) 1938-5404
    ISSN 0033-7587
    DOI 10.1667/RR3054.1
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  10. Article ; Online: Issues in Interpreting Epidemiologic Studies of Populations Exposed to Low-Dose, High-Energy Photon Radiation.

    Gilbert, Ethel S / Little, Mark P / Preston, Dale L / Stram, Daniel O

    Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs

    2020  Volume 2020, Issue 56, Page(s) 176–187

    Abstract: This article addresses issues relevant to interpreting findings from 26 epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to low-dose radiation. We review the extensive data from both epidemiologic studies of persons exposed at moderate or high doses and from ... ...

    Abstract This article addresses issues relevant to interpreting findings from 26 epidemiologic studies of persons exposed to low-dose radiation. We review the extensive data from both epidemiologic studies of persons exposed at moderate or high doses and from radiobiology that together have firmly established radiation as carcinogenic. We then discuss the use of the linear relative risk model that has been used to describe data from both low- and moderate- or high-dose studies. We consider the effects of dose measurement errors; these can reduce statistical power and lead to underestimation of risks but are very unlikely to bring about a spurious dose response. We estimate statistical power for the low-dose studies under the assumption that true risks of radiation-related cancers are those expected from studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Finally, we discuss the interpretation of confidence intervals and statistical tests and the applicability of the Bradford Hill principles for a causal relationship.
    MeSH term(s) Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/epidemiology ; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced/etiology ; Radiobiology ; Radiotherapy, High-Energy/adverse effects ; Risk
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Review
    ISSN 1745-6614
    ISSN (online) 1745-6614
    DOI 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgaa004
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