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Article ; Online: Coccidioidomycosis.

Bays, Derek J / Thompson, George R

Infectious disease clinics of North America

2021 Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 453–469

Abstract: Coccidioidomycosis, caused by the dimorphic pathogenic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadassi, is endemic to the southwestern United states and Central and South America. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase. ... ...

Abstract	Coccidioidomycosis, caused by the dimorphic pathogenic fungi Coccidioides immitis and Coccidioides posadassi, is endemic to the southwestern United states and Central and South America. The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase. Coccidioidomycosis is typically a self-limiting influenza-like respiratory illness; however, it can lead to disseminated disease outside of the lungs. Not all nondisseminated cases require therapy, but antifungal therapy is typically beneficial requiring treatment ranging from months to lifelong. Clinical factors related to treatment decisions include severity of symptoms, radiography, coccidioidomycosis serologic results, and concurrent medical problems including immunosuppression. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment options.
MeSH term(s)	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Coccidioides/isolation & purification ; Coccidioides/pathogenicity ; Coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis ; Coccidioidomycosis/drug therapy ; Coccidioidomycosis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Lung Diseases, Fungal/epidemiology ; Meningitis
Chemical Substances	Adjuvants, Immunologic ; Antifungal Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1077676-x
ISSN	1557-9824 ; 0891-5520
ISSN (online)	1557-9824
ISSN	0891-5520
DOI	10.1016/j.idc.2021.03.010
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Article ; Online: Fungal Infections of the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient and Hematologic Malignancy Patients.

Bays, Derek J / Thompson, George R

Infectious disease clinics of North America

2019 Volume 33, Issue 2, Page(s) 545–566

Abstract: Despite advances in chemotherapy and supportive care, morbidity and mortality remain high for patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs). Those who require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) often require significant immunosuppression and ... ...

Abstract	Despite advances in chemotherapy and supportive care, morbidity and mortality remain high for patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs). Those who require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) often require significant immunosuppression and are subject to a variety of complications. These patients carry multiple risk factors for infectious complications, including the development of invasive fungal infections, compared with the general population. Because antifungal prophylaxis has been widely adopted, there has been a shift away from invasive candidiasis toward invasive mold infections, including breakthrough infections. For patients with HM and HSCT, we outline the epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of invasive fungal infections.
MeSH term(s)	Candidiasis, Invasive/drug therapy ; Candidiasis, Invasive/etiology ; Clinical Trials as Topic ; Hematologic Neoplasms/complications ; Hematologic Neoplasms/microbiology ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects ; Humans ; Immunosuppression/adverse effects ; Invasive Fungal Infections/drug therapy ; Invasive Fungal Infections/etiology ; Meta-Analysis as Topic ; Risk Factors ; Systematic Reviews as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-04-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1077676-x
ISSN	1557-9824 ; 0891-5520
ISSN (online)	1557-9824
ISSN	0891-5520
DOI	10.1016/j.idc.2019.02.006
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Article ; Online: Comparison of coccidioidal complement fixation and quantitative immunodiffusion serology at a reference laboratory.

Bryan, Allen W / Sykes, Jane / Crucillo, Kelly / Zhang, Kaihua / Bays, Derek J / Cohen, Stuart H / Wilson, Machelle D / Thompson, George R

Medical mycology

2023 Volume 62, Issue 1

Abstract: The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase. The diagnosis frequently relies on non-invasive diagnostic testing with immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) testing the current gold standard. A direct comparison of quantitative ... ...

Abstract	The incidence of coccidioidomycosis continues to increase. The diagnosis frequently relies on non-invasive diagnostic testing with immunodiffusion and complement fixation (CF) testing the current gold standard. A direct comparison of quantitative immunodiffusion and CF for IgG antibodies has not been previously reported. In a comparison of 368 samples, there was close concordance observed (360/368 = 97.8%) (P-value < .001). These tests can be considerably interchangeable in the reference laboratory setting.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coccidioides ; Complement Fixation Tests/veterinary ; Antibodies, Fungal ; Coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis ; Coccidioidomycosis/veterinary ; Immunodiffusion/veterinary
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Fungal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1421796-x
ISSN	1460-2709 ; 1369-3786
ISSN (online)	1460-2709
ISSN	1369-3786
DOI	10.1093/mmy/myad121
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Article: Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and Coccidioidomycosis-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome.

Heidari, Arash / Kaur, Simmer / Pearson, Skyler J / Munoz, Augustine / Sandhu, Harleen / Mann, Gursimran / Schivo, Michael / Zeki, Amir A / Bays, Derek J / Wilson, Machelle / Albertson, Timothy E / Johnson, Royce / Thompson, George R

Open forum infectious diseases

2024 Volume 11, Issue 2, Page(s) ofad679

Abstract: Background: Severe coccidioidomycosis presenting with respiratory failure is an uncommon manifestation of disease. Current knowledge of this condition is limited to case reports and small case series.: Methods: A retrospective multicenter review of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Severe coccidioidomycosis presenting with respiratory failure is an uncommon manifestation of disease. Current knowledge of this condition is limited to case reports and small case series. Methods: A retrospective multicenter review of patients with coccidioidomycosis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (CA-ARDS) was conducted. It assessed clinical and laboratory variables at the time of presentation, reviewed the treatment course, and compared this cohort with a national database of patients with noncoccidioidomycosis ARDS. Survivors and nonsurvivors of coccidioidomycosis were also compared to determine prognostic factors. Results: In this study, CA-ARDS (n = 54) was most common in males, those of Hispanic ethnicity, and those with concurrent diabetes mellitus. As compared with the PETAL network database (Prevention and Early Treatment of Acute Lung Injury; n = 1006), patients with coccidioidomycosis were younger, had fewer comorbid conditions, and were less acidemic. The 90-day mortality was 15.4% for patients with coccidioidomycosis, as opposed to 42.6% ( Conclusions: CA-ARDS is an uncommon but morbid manifestation of infection. When compared with a national database, the overall mortality appears favorable vs other causes of ARDS. Patients with CA-ARDS had a low overall mortality but required prolonged antifungal therapy. The utility of corticosteroids in this condition remains unconfirmed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Clinical Trial
ZDB-ID	2757767-3
ISSN	2328-8957
ISSN	2328-8957
DOI	10.1093/ofid/ofad679
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Article: 5-ASA can functionally replace Clostridia to prevent a post-antibiotic bloom of

Savage, Hannah P / Bays, Derek J / Gonzalez, Mariela A F / Bejarano, Eli J / Nguyen, Henry / Masson, Hugo L P / Carvalho, Thaynara P / Santos, Renato L / Thompson, George R / Bäumler, Andreas J

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2023

Abstract: Antibiotic prophylaxis sets the stage for an intestinal bloom ... ...

Abstract	Antibiotic prophylaxis sets the stage for an intestinal bloom of
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2023.04.17.537218
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Article: Sex Differences in Susceptibility to Coccidioidomycosis.

McHardy, Ian / Reagan, Krystle L / Sebastian, Jamie F / Barker, Bridget / Bays, Derek J / Dandekar, Satya / Cohen, Stuart H / Jennings, Kathleen E / Sykes, Jane / Thompson, George R

Open forum infectious diseases

2022 Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) ofab543

Abstract: To assess sex-specific differences in coccidioidomycosis, a retrospective analysis of human patients, nonhuman primates, and veterinary patients (including the neutered status of the animal) was performed. We found higher rates of infection and severity ... ...

Abstract	To assess sex-specific differences in coccidioidomycosis, a retrospective analysis of human patients, nonhuman primates, and veterinary patients (including the neutered status of the animal) was performed. We found higher rates of infection and severity in males. This observed increased infection risk suggests deeper biological underpinnings than solely occupational/exposure risks.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2757767-3
ISSN	2328-8957
ISSN	2328-8957
DOI	10.1093/ofid/ofab543
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Article ; Online: Natural history of pulmonary coccidioidomycosis: Further examination of the VA-Armed Forces Database.

Shemuel, Joseph / Bays, Derek J / Thompson, George R / Reef, Susan / Snyder, Linda / Freifeld, Alana J / Huppert, Milt / Salkin, David / Wilson, Machelle D / Galgiani, John N

Medical mycology

2022 Volume 60, Issue 10

Abstract: There are still many limitations related to the understanding of the natural history of differing forms of coccidioidomycosis (CM), including characterizing the spectrum of pulmonary disease. The historical Veterans Administration-Armed Forces database, ... ...

Abstract	There are still many limitations related to the understanding of the natural history of differing forms of coccidioidomycosis (CM), including characterizing the spectrum of pulmonary disease. The historical Veterans Administration-Armed Forces database, recorded primarily before the advent of antifungal therapy, presents an opportunity to characterize the natural history of pulmonary CM. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 342 armed forces service members who were diagnosed with pulmonary CM at VA facilities between 1955 to 1958, followed through 1966, who did not receive antifungal therapy. Patients were grouped by predominant pulmonary finding on chest radiographs. The all-cause mortality was low for all patients (4.6%). Cavities had a median size of 3-3.9 cm (IQR: 2-2.9-4-4.9 cm), with heterogeneous wall thickness and no fluid level, while nodules had a median size of 1-1.19 cm (Interquartile range [IQR] 1-1.9-2-2.9 cm) and sharp borders. The majority of cavities were chronic (85.6%), and just under half were found incidentally. Median complement fixation titers in both the nodular and cavitary groups were negative, with higher titers in the cavitary group overall. This retrospective cohort study of non-disseminated coccidioidomycosis, the largest to date, sheds light on the natural history, serologic markers, and radiologic characteristics of this understudied disease. These findings have implications for the evaluation and management of CM.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis ; Coccidioidomycosis/epidemiology ; Coccidioidomycosis/veterinary ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies ; Radiography
Chemical Substances	Antifungal Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1421796-x
ISSN	1460-2709 ; 1369-3786
ISSN (online)	1460-2709
ISSN	1369-3786
DOI	10.1093/mmy/myac054
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Article ; Online: Favorable Outcome in Coccidioides Endophthalmitis-A Combined Medical and Surgical Treatment Approach.

Ling, Jennifer J / Bays, Derek J / Thompson, George R / Moshiri, Ala / Mannis, Mark J

Cornea

2017 Volume 36, Issue 11, Page(s) 1423–1425

Abstract: Purpose: To describe a case of Coccidioides endophthalmitis that resulted in a favorable visual outcome after a combined medical and surgical approach.: Methods: A 33-year-old previously healthy woman was referred for evaluation of dyspnea and left- ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To describe a case of Coccidioides endophthalmitis that resulted in a favorable visual outcome after a combined medical and surgical approach. Methods: A 33-year-old previously healthy woman was referred for evaluation of dyspnea and left-sided vision loss, which began 3 months before, after a trip to Nevada. She was found to have a pulmonary cavitary lesion and fluffy white material in the anterior chamber. An aqueous and vitreous paracentesis grew Coccidioides species. She was managed medically with a total of 7 weekly intravitreal injections of amphotericin B and intravenous liposomal amphotericin B followed by transition to oral posaconazole. Seven months after presentation, to ensure ocular sterilization and to clear the visual axis, she underwent temporary keratoprosthesis implantation, anterior segment reconstruction, removal of a cyclitic membrane and the crystalline lens, pars plana vitrectomy, placement of a pars plana Ahmed drainage device, and penetrating keratoplasty. Results: After surgical intervention and with maintenance posaconazole therapy, the patient had resolution of her dyspnea and improved uncorrected (aphakic) vision with a clear corneal graft, quiet anterior chamber, and normal optic nerve and retina. Conclusions: A combined medical and surgical approach resulted in a favorable visual outcome and avoided the need for enucleation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	604826-2
ISSN	1536-4798 ; 0277-3740
ISSN (online)	1536-4798
ISSN	0277-3740
DOI	10.1097/ICO.0000000000001353
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Article ; Online: Natural History of Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis: Examination of the Veterans Affairs-Armed Forces Database.

Bays, Derek J / Thompson, George R / Reef, Susan / Snyder, Linda / Freifeld, Alana J / Huppert, Milt / Salkin, David / Wilson, Machelle D / Galgiani, John N

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2020 Volume 73, Issue 11, Page(s) e3814–e3819

Abstract: Background: The natural history of non-central nervous system (non-CNS) disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM) has not been previously characterized. The historical Veterans Affairs (VA)-Armed Forces coccidioidomycosis patient group provides a unique ... ...

Abstract	Background: The natural history of non-central nervous system (non-CNS) disseminated coccidioidomycosis (DCM) has not been previously characterized. The historical Veterans Affairs (VA)-Armed Forces coccidioidomycosis patient group provides a unique cohort of patients not treated with standard antifungal therapy, allowing for characterization of the natural history of coccidioidomycosis. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 531 VA-Armed Forces coccidioidomycosis patients diagnosed between 1955-1958 and followed to 1966. Groups were identified as non-DCM (462 patients), DCM (44 patients), and CNS (25 patients). The duration of the initial infection, fate of the primary infection, all-cause mortality, and mortality secondary to coccidioidomycosis were assessed and compared between groups. Results: Mortality due to coccidioidomycosis at the last known follow-up was significantly different across the groups: 0.65% in the non-DCM group, 25% in the DCM group, and 88% in the CNS group (P < .001). The primary fate of pulmonary infection demonstrated key differences, with pulmonary nodules observed in 39.61% of the non-DCM group, 13.64% of the DCM group, and 20% of the CNS group (P < .001). There were differences in cavity formation, with 34.20% in the non-DCM group, 9.09% in the DCM group, and 8% in the CNS group (P < .001). Dissemination was the presenting manifestation or was concurrent with the initial infection in 41% and 56% of patients in the non-CNS DCM and CNS groups, respectively. Conclusions: This large, retrospective cohort study helps characterize the natural history of DCM, provides insight into the host immunologic response, and has direct clinical implications for the management and follow-up of patients.
MeSH term(s)	Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Coccidioides ; Coccidioidomycosis/diagnosis ; Coccidioidomycosis/drug therapy ; Coccidioidomycosis/epidemiology ; Humans ; Retrospective Studies ; Veterans
Chemical Substances	Antifungal Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1093/cid/ciaa1154
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Article ; Online: Investigation of nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 transmission from two patients to healthcare workers identifies close contact but not airborne transmission events.

Bays, Derek J / Nguyen, Minh-Vu H / Cohen, Stuart H / Waldman, Sarah / Martin, Carla S / Thompson, George R / Sandrock, Christian / Tourtellotte, Joel / Pugashetti, Janelle Vu / Phan, Chinh / Nguyen, Hien H / Warner, Gregory Y / Penn, Bennett H

Infection control and hospital epidemiology

2020 Volume 42, Issue 9, Page(s) 1046–1052

Abstract: Objective: To describe the pattern of transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during 2 nosocomial outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with regard to the possibility of airborne transmission.: Design: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To describe the pattern of transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during 2 nosocomial outbreaks of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with regard to the possibility of airborne transmission. Design: Contact investigations with active case finding were used to assess the pattern of spread from 2 COVID-19 index patients. Setting: A community hospital and university medical center in the United States, in February and March, 2020, early in the COVID-19 pandemic. Patients: Two index patients and 421 exposed healthcare workers. Methods: Exposed healthcare workers (HCWs) were identified by analyzing the electronic medical record (EMR) and conducting active case finding in combination with structured interviews. Healthcare coworkers (HCWs) were tested for COVID-19 by obtaining oropharyngeal/nasopharyngeal specimens, and RT-PCR testing was used to detect SARS-CoV-2. Results: Two separate index patients were admitted in February and March 2020, without initial suspicion for COVID-19 and without contact or droplet precautions in place; both patients underwent several aerosol-generating procedures in this context. In total, 421 HCWs were exposed in total, and the results of the case contact investigations identified 8 secondary infections in HCWs. In all 8 cases, the HCWs had close contact with the index patients without sufficient personal protective equipment. Importantly, despite multiple aerosol-generating procedures, there was no evidence of airborne transmission. Conclusion: These observations suggest that, at least in a healthcare setting, most SARS-CoV-2 transmission is likely to take place during close contact with infected patients through respiratory droplets, rather than by long-distance airborne transmission.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Cross Infection/epidemiology ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639378-0
ISSN	1559-6834 ; 0195-9417 ; 0899-823X
ISSN (online)	1559-6834
ISSN	0195-9417 ; 0899-823X
DOI	10.1017/ice.2020.321
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