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Article: When neuro-robots go wrong: A review.

Khan, Muhammad Salar / Olds, James L

2023 Volume 17, Page(s) 1112839

Abstract: Neuro-robots are a class of autonomous machines that, in their architecture, mimic aspects of the human brain and cognition. As such, they represent unique artifacts created by humans based on human understanding of healthy human brains. European Union's ...

Abstract	Neuro-robots are a class of autonomous machines that, in their architecture, mimic aspects of the human brain and cognition. As such, they represent unique artifacts created by humans based on human understanding of healthy human brains. European Union's Convention on Roboethics 2025 states that the design of all robots (including neuro-robots) must include provisions for the complete traceability of the robots' actions, analogous to an aircraft's flight data recorder. At the same time, one can anticipate rising instances of neuro-robotic failure, as they operate on imperfect data in real environments, and the underlying AI behind such neuro-robots has yet to achieve explainability. This paper reviews the trajectory of the technology used in neuro-robots and accompanying failures. The failures demand an explanation. While drawing on existing explainable AI research, we argue explainability in AI limits the same in neuro-robots. In order to make robots more explainable, we suggest potential pathways for future research.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2453002-5
ISSN	1662-5218
ISSN	1662-5218
DOI	10.3389/fnbot.2023.1112839
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Nicotinic receptor targeting in physiological and environmental vulnerability: A whole of biosphere perspective.

Kabbani, Nadine / Olds, James L

The Science of the total environment

2021 Volume 780, Page(s) 146642

Abstract: We propose a biosphere model of convergent interactions between nicotine and neonicotinoids (neonics) within a related framework of nicotinic receptor targeting agents (NrTA) across the globe. We explore how rising global trends in the use nicotine as ... ...

Abstract	We propose a biosphere model of convergent interactions between nicotine and neonicotinoids (neonics) within a related framework of nicotinic receptor targeting agents (NrTA) across the globe. We explore how rising global trends in the use nicotine as well as neonics impacts vulnerability, within and across species, and posit that evolutionary conservation at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) provides an operational strategy map for pathogens and disease. Furthermore, we examine the effects of NrTA exposure on balance within extant and developing ecological niches, food chains, and human societies. We advocate for a global strategy for biomonitoring across agriculture, wildlife, and human centers. Such a strategy would relate emergent pathogenic and infectious diseases, amongst others, along a tractable biological stress pathway. This new framework aims to better prepare society in the face of emergent pandemics through 1. identifying primary chemical drivers that can impact emergent diseases; 2. outlining data-driven strategy options for health and environmental policy decision makers.
MeSH term(s)	Agriculture ; Ecosystem ; Humans ; Neonicotinoids ; Nicotine ; Receptors, Nicotinic
Chemical Substances	Neonicotinoids ; Receptors, Nicotinic ; Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-21
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146642
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Article ; Online: Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk.

Kabbani, Nadine / Olds, James L

Molecular pharmacology

2020 Volume 97, Issue 5, Page(s) 351–353

Abstract: COVID19 is a devastating global pandemic with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and now the United States. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases, individuals present serious cardiorespiratory complications with possible long- ... ...

Abstract	COVID19 is a devastating global pandemic with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and now the United States. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases, individuals present serious cardiorespiratory complications with possible long-term lung damage. Infected individuals report a range of symptoms from headaches to shortness of breath to taste and smell loss. To that end, less is known about how the virus may impact different organ systems. The SARS-CoV2 virus, which is responsible for COVID19, is highly similar to SARS-CoV. Both viruses have evolved an ability to enter host cells through direct interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 protein at the surface of many cells. Published findings indicate that SARS-CoV can enter the human nervous system with evidence from both postmortem brains and detection in cerebrospinal fluid of infected individuals. Here, we consider the ability of SARS-CoV2 to enter and infect the human nervous system based on the strong expression of the ACE2 target throughout the brain. Moreover, we predict that nicotine exposure through various kinds of smoking (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, or vape) can increase the risk for COVID19 neuroinfection based on known functional interactions between the nicotinic receptor and ACE2. We advocate for higher surveillance and analysis of neurocomplications in infected cases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The COVID19 epidemic has spurred a global public health crisis. While many of the cases requiring hospitalization and intensive medical care center on cardiorespiratory treatment, a growing number of cases present neurological symptoms. Viral entry into the brain now appears a strong possibility with deleterious consequences and an urgent need for addressing.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; Brain/virology ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; Risk ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smokers ; Smoking/adverse effects
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	124034-1
ISSN	1521-0111 ; 0026-895X
ISSN (online)	1521-0111
ISSN	0026-895X
DOI	10.1124/molpharm.120.000014
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Article ; Online: Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID-19 in the general population?

Olds, James L / Kabbani, Nadine

The FEBS journal

2020 Volume 287, Issue 17, Page(s) 3651–3655

Abstract: The recent emergence of COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide crisis, with large populations locked down and transportation links severed. While approximately 80% of infected individuals have minimal symptoms, around 15-20% need to be hospitalized, ... ...

Abstract	The recent emergence of COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide crisis, with large populations locked down and transportation links severed. While approximately 80% of infected individuals have minimal symptoms, around 15-20% need to be hospitalized, greatly stressing global healthcare systems. As of March 10, the death rate appears to be about 3.4%, although this number is highly stratified among different populations. Here, we focus on those individuals who have been exposed to nicotine prior to their exposure to the virus. We predict that these individuals are 'primed' to be at higher risk because nicotine can directly impact the putative receptor for the virus (ACE2) and lead to deleterious signaling in lung epithelial cells.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19/physiopathology ; COVID-19/virology ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/drug effects ; Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics ; Humans ; Lung/drug effects ; Lung/pathology ; Lung/virology ; Male ; Nicotine/adverse effects ; Pandemics ; Receptors, Nicotinic/genetics ; Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism ; Receptors, Virus/genetics ; Receptors, Virus/metabolism ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Severity of Illness Index ; Sex Factors ; Signal Transduction ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Smoking/genetics ; Smoking/physiopathology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Nicotinic ; Receptors, Virus ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R) ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2173655-8
ISSN	1742-4658 ; 1742-464X
ISSN (online)	1742-4658
ISSN	1742-464X
DOI	10.1111/febs.15303
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Article: Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID‐19 in the general population?

Olds, James L / Kabbani, Nadine

FEBS journal. 2020 Sept., v. 287, no. 17

2020

Abstract: The recent emergence of COVID‐19 has resulted in a worldwide crisis, with large populations locked down and transportation links severed. While approximately 80% of infected individuals have minimal symptoms, around 15–20% need to be hospitalized, ... ...

Abstract	The recent emergence of COVID‐19 has resulted in a worldwide crisis, with large populations locked down and transportation links severed. While approximately 80% of infected individuals have minimal symptoms, around 15–20% need to be hospitalized, greatly stressing global healthcare systems. As of March 10, the death rate appears to be about 3.4%, although this number is highly stratified among different populations. Here, we focus on those individuals who have been exposed to nicotine prior to their exposure to the virus. We predict that these individuals are ‘primed’ to be at higher risk because nicotine can directly impact the putative receptor for the virus (ACE2) and lead to deleterious signaling in lung epithelial cells.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; epithelium ; health services ; lungs ; mortality ; nicotine ; risk ; transportation ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-09
Size	p. 3651-3655.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; REVIEW
ZDB-ID	2173655-8
ISSN	1742-4658 ; 1742-464X
ISSN (online)	1742-4658
ISSN	1742-464X
DOI	10.1111/febs.15303
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Nicotinic receptor targeting in physiological and environmental vulnerability: A whole of biosphere perspective

Kabbani, Nadine / Olds, James L

Science of the total environment. 2021 Aug. 01, v. 780

2021

Abstract	We propose a biosphere model of convergent interactions between nicotine and neonicotinoids (neonics) within a related framework of nicotinic receptor targeting agents (NrTA) across the globe. We explore how rising global trends in the use nicotine as well as neonics impacts vulnerability, within and across species, and posit that evolutionary conservation at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) provides an operational strategy map for pathogens and disease. Furthermore, we examine the effects of NrTA exposure on balance within extant and developing ecological niches, food chains, and human societies. We advocate for a global strategy for biomonitoring across agriculture, wildlife, and human centers. Such a strategy would relate emergent pathogenic and infectious diseases, amongst others, along a tractable biological stress pathway. This new framework aims to better prepare society in the face of emergent pandemics through 1. identifying primary chemical drivers that can impact emergent diseases; 2. outlining data-driven strategy options for health and environmental policy decision makers.
Keywords	biosphere ; environmental monitoring ; environmental policy ; humans ; models ; neonicotinoid insecticides ; nicotine ; nicotinic receptors ; society ; wildlife
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0801
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146642
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Response to Comments on "Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk"

Kabbani, Nadine / Olds, James L

Mol. pharmacol

Abstract: N/A Significance Statement N/A. ...

Abstract	N/A Significance Statement N/A.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #32764095
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID‐19 in the general population?

Olds, James L. / Kabbani, Nadine

The FEBS Journal

2020 Volume 287, Issue 17, Page(s) 3651–3655

Keywords	Cell Biology ; Biochemistry ; Molecular Biology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2173655-8
ISSN	1742-4658 ; 1742-464X
ISSN (online)	1742-4658
ISSN	1742-464X
DOI	10.1111/febs.15303
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Is nicotine exposure linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID-19 in the general population?

Olds, James L / Kabbani, Nadine

FEBS j

Abstract	The recent emergence of COVID-19 has resulted in a worldwide crisis, with large populations locked down and transportation links severed. While approximately 80% of infected individuals have minimal symptoms, around 15-20% need to be hospitalized, greatly stressing global healthcare systems. As of March 10, the death rate appears to be about 3.4%, although this number is highly stratified among different populations. Here, we focus on those individuals who have been exposed to nicotine prior to their exposure to the virus. We predict that these individuals are 'primed' to be at higher risk because nicotine can directly impact the putative receptor for the virus (ACE2) and lead to deleterious signaling in lung epithelial cells.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #10071
Database	COVID19

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Article: Does COVID19 Infect the Brain? If So, Smokers Might Be at a Higher Risk

Kabbani, Nadine / Olds, James L

Mol Pharmacol

Abstract	COVID19 is a devastating global pandemic with epicenters in China, Italy, Spain, and now the United States. While the majority of infected cases appear mild, in some cases, individuals present serious cardiorespiratory complications with possible long-term lung damage. Infected individuals report a range of symptoms from headaches to shortness of breath to taste and smell loss. To that end, less is known about how the virus may impact different organ systems. The SARS-CoV2 virus, which is responsible for COVID19, is highly similar to SARS-CoV. Both viruses have evolved an ability to enter host cells through direct interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) 2 protein at the surface of many cells. Published findings indicate that SARS-CoV can enter the human nervous system with evidence from both postmortem brains and detection in cerebrospinal fluid of infected individuals. Here, we consider the ability of SARS-CoV2 to enter and infect the human nervous system based on the strong expression of the ACE2 target throughout the brain. Moreover, we predict that nicotine exposure through various kinds of smoking (cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, or vape) can increase the risk for COVID19 neuroinfection based on known functional interactions between the nicotinic receptor and ACE2. We advocate for higher surveillance and analysis of neurocomplications in infected cases. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The COVID19 epidemic has spurred a global public health crisis. While many of the cases requiring hospitalization and intensive medical care center on cardiorespiratory treatment, a growing number of cases present neurological symptoms. Viral entry into the brain now appears a strong possibility with deleterious consequences and an urgent need for addressing.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #27322
Database	COVID19

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