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  1. Article ; Online: Subspace-Invariant AC$^0$ Formulas

    Benjamin Rossman

    Logical Methods in Computer Science, Vol Volume 15, Issue

    2019  Volume 3

    Abstract: ... invariant depth $d+1$ formula size is at least $2^{d(m^{1/d}-1)}$ where $m$ is the minimum Hamming weight ... known recursive construction of depth $d+1$ formulas of size $O(n{\cdot}2^{dn^{1/d}})$ computing the $n$ ... of even-weight elements of $\{0,1\}^n$. In this paper we establish a nearly matching $2^{d(n^{1/d}-1 ...

    Abstract We consider the action of a linear subspace $U$ of $\{0,1\}^n$ on the set of AC$^0$ formulas with inputs labeled by literals in the set $\{X_1,\overline X_1,\dots,X_n,\overline X_n\}$, where an element $u \in U$ acts on formulas by transposing the $i$th pair of literals for all $i \in [n]$ such that $u_i=1$. A formula is {\em $U$-invariant} if it is fixed by this action. For example, there is a well-known recursive construction of depth $d+1$ formulas of size $O(n{\cdot}2^{dn^{1/d}})$ computing the $n$-variable PARITY function; these formulas are easily seen to be $P$-invariant where $P$ is the subspace of even-weight elements of $\{0,1\}^n$. In this paper we establish a nearly matching $2^{d(n^{1/d}-1)}$ lower bound on the $P$-invariant depth $d+1$ formula size of PARITY. Quantitatively this improves the best known $\Omega(2^{\frac{1}{84}d(n^{1/d}-1)})$ lower bound for {\em unrestricted} depth $d+1$ formulas, while avoiding the use of the switching lemma. More generally, for any linear subspaces $U \subset V$, we show that if a Boolean function is $U$-invariant and non-constant over $V$, then its $U$-invariant depth $d+1$ formula size is at least $2^{d(m^{1/d}-1)}$ where $m$ is the minimum Hamming weight of a vector in $U^\bot \setminus V^\bot$.
    Keywords computer science - logic in computer science ; computer science - computational complexity ; Logic ; BC1-199 ; Electronic computers. Computer science ; QA75.5-76.95
    Subject code 511
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Logical Methods in Computer Science e.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Localized ocular crystal-storing histiocytosis and associated lymphoma - Report of two cases and review of literature.

    Eslami, Maryam / Rossman, David / Rasmussen, Steve / Chae, Tony

    American journal of ophthalmology case reports

    2022  Volume 25, Page(s) 101341

    Abstract: Purpose: To add to the existing yet limited body of knowledge around crystal-storing histiocytosis (CSH) with two case reports of localized ocular CSH and associated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma involving the lacrimal and orbital ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: To add to the existing yet limited body of knowledge around crystal-storing histiocytosis (CSH) with two case reports of localized ocular CSH and associated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma involving the lacrimal and orbital soft tissues without underlying systemic lymphoproliferative disorders and to provide a literature review of all cases of CSH with associated ophthalmic findings reported to date.
    Observations: A 62-year-old male presented with a one-year history of right greater than left upper eyelid swelling and epiphora. Ophthalmic exam and computed tomography (CT) head scan revealed bilateral soft tissue masses superior to the globe encasing the supraorbital artery with poor margins from the superior rectus muscle. A biopsy of the lesion showed low grade B-cell lymphoma and associated CSH with lymphoma making up the bulk of the tumor and with CSH comprising a minor component of the overall tumor volume. Further investigations did not show any evidence of systemic lymphoproliferative disorders. He received local irradiation of orbits, which resulted in complete resolution of disease.An 85-year-old female with no significant past ocular history referred to ophthalmology services for an incidental finding of an enlarged left lacrimal gland on a CT head scan. Ophthalmic exam and subsequent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated an enlarged left lacrimal gland. A biopsy of the lesion showed MALT lymphoma associated with CSH. In this case, CSH comprised the bulk of the clinical mass rather than lymphoma. Following negative systemic investigations, she received a short course of localized radiotherapy with a 50% regression of disease seen on follow-up CT scan.
    Conclusion and importance: These two cases demonstrate a spectrum of morphology associated with CSH. In addition, they show that although localized ocular CSH is rare, CSH should be considered in the differential of an orbital mass and should lead to consideration of further investigation for systemic lymphoproliferative disorders.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Case Reports
    ISSN 2451-9936
    ISSN (online) 2451-9936
    DOI 10.1016/j.ajoc.2022.101341
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Book ; Online: Subspace-Invariant AC$^0$ Formulas

    Rossman, Benjamin

    2018  

    Abstract: ... invariant depth $d+1$ formula size is at least $2^{d(m^{1/d}-1)}$ where $m$ is the minimum Hamming weight ... known recursive construction of depth $d+1$ formulas of size $O(n{\cdot}2^{dn^{1/d}})$ computing the $n$ ... of even-weight elements of $\{0,1\}^n$. In this paper we establish a nearly matching $2^{d(n^{1/d}-1 ...

    Abstract We consider the action of a linear subspace $U$ of $\{0,1\}^n$ on the set of AC$^0$ formulas with inputs labeled by literals in the set $\{X_1,\overline X_1,\dots,X_n,\overline X_n\}$, where an element $u \in U$ acts on formulas by transposing the $i$th pair of literals for all $i \in [n]$ such that $u_i=1$. A formula is {\em $U$-invariant} if it is fixed by this action. For example, there is a well-known recursive construction of depth $d+1$ formulas of size $O(n{\cdot}2^{dn^{1/d}})$ computing the $n$-variable PARITY function; these formulas are easily seen to be $P$-invariant where $P$ is the subspace of even-weight elements of $\{0,1\}^n$. In this paper we establish a nearly matching $2^{d(n^{1/d}-1)}$ lower bound on the $P$-invariant depth $d+1$ formula size of PARITY. Quantitatively this improves the best known $\Omega(2^{\frac{1}{84}d(n^{1/d}-1)})$ lower bound for {\em unrestricted} depth $d+1$ formulas, while avoiding the use of the switching lemma. More generally, for any linear subspaces $U \subset V$, we show that if a Boolean function is $U$-invariant and non-constant over $V$, then its $U$-invariant depth $d+1$ formula size is at least $2^{d(m^{1/d}-1)}$ where $m$ is the minimum Hamming weight of a vector in $U^\bot \setminus V^\bot$.
    Keywords Computer Science - Logic in Computer Science ; Computer Science - Computational Complexity
    Subject code 511
    Publishing date 2018-06-12
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Book ; Online: Symmetric Formulas for Products of Permutations

    He, William / Rossman, Benjamin

    2022  

    Abstract: ... 1\}$: given $n$-by-$n$ permutation matrices $M_1,\dots,M_k$, compute the $(1,1)$-entry of the matrix ... product $M_1\cdots M_k$. An important feature of this function is that it is invariant under action of $S ... _n^{k-1}$ given by \[ (\pi_1,\dots,\pi_{k-1})(M_1,\dots,M_k) = (M_1\pi_1^{-1},\pi_1M_2\pi_2^{-1},\dots ...

    Abstract We study the formula complexity of the word problem $\mathsf{Word}_{S_n,k} : \{0,1\}^{kn^2} \to \{0,1\}$: given $n$-by-$n$ permutation matrices $M_1,\dots,M_k$, compute the $(1,1)$-entry of the matrix product $M_1\cdots M_k$. An important feature of this function is that it is invariant under action of $S_n^{k-1}$ given by \[ (\pi_1,\dots,\pi_{k-1})(M_1,\dots,M_k) = (M_1\pi_1^{-1},\pi_1M_2\pi_2^{-1},\dots,\pi_{k-2}M_{k-1}\pi_{k-1}^{-1},\pi_{k-1}M_k). \] This symmetry is also exhibited in the smallest known unbounded fan-in $\{\mathsf{AND},\mathsf{OR},\mathsf{NOT}\}$-formulas for $\mathsf{Word}_{S_n,k}$, which have size $n^{O(\log k)}$. In this paper we prove a matching $n^{\Omega(\log k)}$ lower bound for $S_n^{k-1}$-invariant formulas computing $\mathsf{Word}_{S_n,k}$. This result is motivated by the fact that a similar lower bound for unrestricted (non-invariant) formulas would separate complexity classes $\mathsf{NC}^1$ and $\mathsf{Logspace}$. Our more general main theorem gives a nearly tight $n^{d(k^{1/d}-1)}$ lower bound on the $G^{k-1}$-invariant depth-$d$ $\{\mathsf{MAJ},\mathsf{AND},\mathsf{OR},\mathsf{NOT}\}$-formula size of $\mathsf{Word}_{G,k}$ for any finite simple group $G$ whose minimum permutation representation has degree~$n$. We also give nearly tight lower bounds on the $G^{k-1}$-invariant depth-$d$ $\{\mathsf{AND},\mathsf{OR},\mathsf{NOT}\}$-formula size in the case where $G$ is an abelian group.

    Comment: ITCS 2023
    Keywords Computer Science - Computational Complexity
    Subject code 512
    Publishing date 2022-11-28
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article: First Report of the Rust Phragmidium violaceum on Pennsylvania Blackberry in California.

    Aime, M C / Rossman, A Y

    Plant disease

    2019  Volume 91, Issue 11, Page(s) 1517

    Abstract: ... and sequenced with rust-specific primers (M. C. Aime, unpublished data) (Genbank Accession No ... Fungus Collections as BPI 877816. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany ...

    Abstract In April 2005, a rust fungus on Pennsylvania blackberry, Rubus pensilvanicus Poiret (= R. abactus Bailey), was collected in Humboldt County, CA. Although native to eastern North America, this host is an escaped cultivar that occurs in disturbed areas throughout California. Morphological and molecular data suggest that this rust is Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) G. Winter. To confirm the identification of the specimen from California, an ~1,000-bp section of ribosomal DNA from the 28S large subunit was amplified and sequenced with rust-specific primers (M. C. Aime, unpublished data) (Genbank Accession No. EF672358). This sequence was 100% homologous to sequences of this rust species from Oregon and France. Widespread in Europe and introduced into Australasia as a biological control agent, P. violaceum has recently been reported from Oregon on Himalayan and evergreen blackberries, R. armeniacus Focke and R. laciniatus Willd. (2). Finding this rust in California about the same time as in Oregon suggests that its distribution may be widespread, possibly existing in the United States for some time. To our knowledge, this the first report from California and of the rust species on this plant host (1). The specimen from California is infected with urediniospores but lacks teliospores; it has been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections as BPI 877816. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory. Online publication. USDA, ARS, 2007. (2) N. Osterbauer et al. Online publication. doi:10.1094/PHP-2005-0923-01-BR. Plant Health Progress, 2005.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 754182-x
    ISSN 0191-2917
    ISSN 0191-2917
    DOI 10.1094/PDIS-91-11-1517C
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

    Lyon, Sarah M / Rossman, Milton D

    Microbiology spectrum

    2017  Volume 5, Issue 1

    Abstract: This review on pulmonary tuberculosis includes an introduction that describes how the lung is the portal of entry for the tuberculosis bacilli to enter the body and then spread to the rest of the body. The symptoms and signs of both primary and ... ...

    Abstract This review on pulmonary tuberculosis includes an introduction that describes how the lung is the portal of entry for the tuberculosis bacilli to enter the body and then spread to the rest of the body. The symptoms and signs of both primary and reactivation tuberculosis are described. Routine laboratory tests are rarely helpful for making the diagnosis of tuberculosis. The differences between the chest X ray in primary and reactivation tuberculosis is also described. The chest computed tomography appearance in primary and reactivation tuberculosis is also described. The criteria for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis are described, and the differential is discussed. The pulmonary findings of tuberculosis in HIV infection are described and differentiated from those in patients without HIV infection. The occurrence of tuberculosis in the elderly and in those patients on anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors is described. Pleural tuberculosis and its diagnosis are described. Efforts to define the activity of tuberculosis and the need for respiratory isolation are discussed. The complications of pulmonary tuberculosis are also described.
    MeSH term(s) Diagnostic Tests, Routine/methods ; HIV Infections/complications ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tuberculosis, Pleural/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Pleural/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Pleural/pathology ; Tuberculosis, Pleural/physiopathology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/pathology ; Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2165-0497
    ISSN (online) 2165-0497
    DOI 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0032-2016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: MR elastography-based slip interface imaging (SII) for functional assessment of myofascial interfaces: A feasibility study.

    Hojo, Emi / Sui, Yi / Shan, Xiang / Zheng, Keni / Rossman, Phillip / Manduca, Armando / Powell, Garret M / An, Kai-Nan / Zhao, Kristin D / Bauer, Brent A / Ehman, Richard L / Yin, Ziying

    Magnetic resonance in medicine

    2024  

    Abstract: Purpose: Abnormal adherence at functional myofascial interfaces is hypothesized as an important phenomenon in myofascial pain syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of MR elastography (MRE)-based slip interface imaging (SII) to ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: Abnormal adherence at functional myofascial interfaces is hypothesized as an important phenomenon in myofascial pain syndrome. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of MR elastography (MRE)-based slip interface imaging (SII) to visualize and assess myofascial mobility in healthy volunteers.
    Methods: SII was used to assess local shear strain at functional myofascial interfaces in the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and thighs. In the FDP, MRE was performed at 90 Hz vibration to each index, middle, ring, and little finger. Two thigh MRE scans were performed at 40 Hz with knees flexed and extended. The normalized octahedral shear strain (NOSS) maps were calculated to visualize myofascial slip interfaces. The entropy of the probability distribution of the gradient NOSS was computed for the two knee positions at the intermuscular interface between vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius, around rectus femoris, and between vastus intermedius and vastus medialis.
    Results: NOSS map depicted distinct functional slip interfaces in the FDP for each finger. Compared to knee flexion, clearer slip interfaces and larger gradient NOSS entropy at the vastus lateralis-vastus intermedius interface were observed during knee extension, where the quadriceps are not passively stretched. This suggests the optimal position for using SII to visualize myofascial slip interface in skeletal muscles is when muscles are not subjected to any additional force.
    Conclusion: The study demonstrated that MRE-based SII can visualize and assess myofascial interface mobility in extremities. The results provide a foundation for investigating the hypothesis that myofascial pain syndrome is characterized by changes in the mobility of myofascial interfaces.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 605774-3
    ISSN 1522-2594 ; 0740-3194
    ISSN (online) 1522-2594
    ISSN 0740-3194
    DOI 10.1002/mrm.30087
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Competing sexual and asexual generic names in Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota) and recommendations for use

    Aime, Mary / Castlebury, Lisa / abbasi, mehrdad / Begerow, Dominik / Berndt, Reinhard / Kirschner, Roland / Marvanová, Ludmila / Ono, Yoshitaka / Padamsee, Mahajabeen / Scholler, Markus / Thines, Marco / Rossman, Amy

    IMA fungus, 9:75-89

    2018  

    Abstract: With the change to one scientific name for pleomorphic fungi, generic names typified by sexual and asexual morphs have been evaluated to recommend which name to use when two names represent the same genus and thus compete for use. In this paper, generic ... ...

    Institution Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt
    Abstract With the change to one scientific name for pleomorphic fungi, generic names typified by sexual and asexual morphs have been evaluated to recommend which name to use when two names represent the same genus and thus compete for use. In this paper, generic names in Pucciniomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina are evaluated based on their type species to determine which names are synonyms. Twenty-one sets of sexually and asexually typified names in Pucciniomycotina and eight sets in Ustilaginomycotina were determined to be congeneric and compete for use. Recommendations are made as to which generic name to use. In most cases the principle of priority is followed. However, eight generic names in the Pucciniomycotina, and none in Ustilaginomycotina, are recommended for protection: Classicula over Naiadella, Gymnosporangium over Roestelia, Helicobasidium over Thanatophytum and Tuberculina, Melampsorella over Peridermium, Milesina over Milesia, Phragmidium over Aregma, Sporobolomyces over Blastoderma and Rhodomyces, and Uromyces over Uredo. In addition, eight new combinations are made: Blastospora juruensis, B. subneurophyla, Cronartium bethelii, C. kurilense, C. sahoanum, C. yamabense, Milesina polypodii, and Prospodium crusculum combs. nov.
    Keywords Basidiomycetes ; new taxa ; pleomorphic fungi ; protected names ; rejected names ; taxonomy ; unit nomenclature
    Language English
    Document type Article
    Database Repository for Life Sciences

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  9. Article ; Online: The role of models in the covid-19 pandemic.

    Steinberg, David M / Balicer, Ran D / Benjamini, Yoav / De-Leon, Hilla / Gazit, Doron / Rossman, Hagai / Sprecher, Eli

    Israel journal of health policy research

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 36

    Abstract: Mathematical and statistical models have played an important role in the analysis of data from COVID-19. They are important for tracking the progress of the pandemic, for understanding its spread in the population, and perhaps most significantly for ... ...

    Abstract Mathematical and statistical models have played an important role in the analysis of data from COVID-19. They are important for tracking the progress of the pandemic, for understanding its spread in the population, and perhaps most significantly for forecasting the future course of the pandemic and evaluating potential policy options. This article describes the types of models that were used by research teams in Israel, presents their assumptions and basic elements, and illustrates how they were used, and how they influenced decisions. The article grew out of a "modelists' dialog" organized by the Israel National Institute for Health Policy Research with participation from some of the leaders in the local modeling effort.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Israel/epidemiology ; Models, Statistical
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2657655-7
    ISSN 2045-4015 ; 2045-4015
    ISSN (online) 2045-4015
    ISSN 2045-4015
    DOI 10.1186/s13584-022-00546-5
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Association of social vulnerability index and masking adherence among children enrolled in COVID-19 community research partnership study.

    Dantuluri, Keerti L / Buahin, Asare / Uschner, Diane / DeWitt, Michael E / Rossman, Whitney / Dunn, Connell O / Hetherington, Timothy C / Priem, Jennifer / Castri, Paola / Lagarde, William H / Gibbs, Michael / Ahmed, Amina

    BMC public health

    2024  Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 410

    Abstract: Background: Individuals with high social vulnerability index (SVI) have poorer outcomes with COVID-19. Masking reduces transmission of COVID-19 among children, but how SVI plays a role in masking behavior is unknown. We aimed to measure the association ... ...

    Abstract Background: Individuals with high social vulnerability index (SVI) have poorer outcomes with COVID-19. Masking reduces transmission of COVID-19 among children, but how SVI plays a role in masking behavior is unknown. We aimed to measure the association of SVI with masking adherence among children during the COVID-19 pandemic.
    Methods: We conducted a multi-site, prospective syndromic surveillance study among children aged 2 - 17 years in the Southeastern United States by daily electronic surveys which solicited symptoms of COVID-19-like illness, infection with or exposure to SARS-CoV-2, masking habits, and any receipt of COVID-19 vaccines. Parents/guardians submitted surveys for their children; adolescents 13 years and older could opt to submit their own surveys. Multivariable and univariate linear models were used to measure the associations of different predictors such as SVI with masking adherence.
    Results: One thousand four hundred sixty-one children from 6 states and 55 counties predominately from North and South Carolina were included in the analysis. Most children in the cohort were 5 - 11 years old, non-Hispanic White, from urban counties, and with low-moderate SVI. Overall masking adherence decreased over time, and older children had higher masking adherence throughout the study period compared with younger children. Children who resided in urban counties had greater masking adherence throughout the study period than those who resided in suburban or rural counties. Masking adherence was higher among children with both low and medium SVI than those with high SVI.
    Conclusions: Despite being at risk for more severe outcomes with COVID-19, children with high SVI had lower levels of masking adherence compared to those with low SVI. Our findings highlight opportunities for improved and targeted messaging in these vulnerable communities.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Child ; Humans ; United States ; Child, Preschool ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Pandemics ; Prospective Studies ; Social Vulnerability
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/s12889-024-17931-1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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