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  1. Article ; Online: How the 'Aerobic/Anaerobic Glycolysis' Meme Formed a 'Habit of Mind' Which Impedes Progress in the Field of Brain Energy Metabolism.

    Schurr, Avital

    International journal of molecular sciences

    2024  Volume 25, Issue 3

    Abstract: The division of glycolysis into two separate pathways, aerobic and anaerobic, depending on the presence or absence of oxygen, respectively, was formulated over eight decades ago. The former ends with pyruvate, while the latter ends with lactate. Today, ... ...

    Abstract The division of glycolysis into two separate pathways, aerobic and anaerobic, depending on the presence or absence of oxygen, respectively, was formulated over eight decades ago. The former ends with pyruvate, while the latter ends with lactate. Today, this division is confusing and misleading as research over the past 35 years clearly has demonstrated that glycolysis ends with lactate not only in cancerous cells but also in healthy tissues and cells. The present essay offers a review of the history of said division and the more recent knowledge that has been gained about glycolysis and its end-product, lactate. Then, it presents arguments in an attempt to explain why separating glycolysis into aerobic and anaerobic pathways persists among scientists, clinicians and teachers alike, despite convincing evidence that such division is not only wrong scientifically but also hinders progress in the field of energy metabolism.
    MeSH term(s) Anaerobiosis ; Energy Metabolism ; Glycolysis ; Lactic Acid/metabolism ; Brain/metabolism ; Pyruvic Acid/metabolism ; Habits
    Chemical Substances Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT) ; Pyruvic Acid (8558G7RUTR)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-24
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2019364-6
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    ISSN (online) 1422-0067
    ISSN 1422-0067 ; 1661-6596
    DOI 10.3390/ijms25031433
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: From rags to riches: Lactate ascension as a pivotal metabolite in neuroenergetics.

    Schurr, Avital

    Frontiers in neuroscience

    2023  Volume 17, Page(s) 1145358

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-02
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2411902-7
    ISSN 1662-453X ; 1662-4548
    ISSN (online) 1662-453X
    ISSN 1662-4548
    DOI 10.3389/fnins.2023.1145358
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Editorial: Glycolysis paradigm shift calls for reevaluation of functional brain imaging and pathology analyses.

    Schurr, Avital

    Frontiers in neuroscience

    2023  Volume 17, Page(s) 1215829

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-27
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2411902-7
    ISSN 1662-453X ; 1662-4548
    ISSN (online) 1662-453X
    ISSN 1662-4548
    DOI 10.3389/fnins.2023.1215829
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Book ; Online: Glycolysis at 75: Is it time to tweak the first elucidated metabolic pathway in history?

    Gozal, Evelyne / Schurr, Avital

    2015  

    Abstract: Glycolysis, the pathway of enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate or lactate, was elucidated in 1940. For more than seven decades, it has been taught precisely the way its sequence was ... ...

    Abstract Glycolysis, the pathway of enzymatic reactions responsible for the breakdown of glucose into two trioses and further into pyruvate or lactate, was elucidated in 1940. For more than seven decades, it has been taught precisely the way its sequence was proposed by Embden, Meyerhof and Parnas. Accordingly, two outcomes of this pathway were proposed, an aerobic glycolysis, with pyruvate as its final product, and an anaerobic glycolysis, identical to the aerobic one, except for an additional reaction, where pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Several studies in the 1980s have shown that both muscle and brain tissues can oxidize and utilize lactate as an energy substrate, challenging this monocarboxylate's reputation as a useless end-product of anaerobic glycolysis. These findings were met with great skepticism about the idea that lactate could be playing a role in bioenergetics.-

    In the past quarter of a century monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) were identified and localized in both cellular and mitochondrial membranes. A lactate receptor has been identified. Direct and indirect evidence now indicate that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) resides not only in the cytosol, as part of the glycolytic pathway machinery, but also in the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial form of the enzyme oxidizes lactate to pyruvate and concomitantly produces the reducing agent NADH. These findings have shed light on a major drawback of the originally proposed aerobic version of the glycolytic pathway i.e., its inability to regenerate NAD+, as opposed to anaerobic glycolysis that features the cyclical ability of regenerating NAD+ upon pyruvate reduction to lactate by the cytosolic form of LDH. The malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS), a major redox shuttle in the brain, was proposed as an alternative pathway for NAD+ generation for aerobic glycolysis.-

    Nonetheless, would MAS really be necessary for that function if glycolysis always proceeds to the end-products, lactate and NAD+? An additional dilemma the originally proposed aerobic glycolysis presents has to do with the glycolytic pathway of erythrocytes, which despite its highly aerobic environment, always produces lactate as its end-product. It is time to reexamine the original, dogmatic separation of glycolysis into two distinct pathways and put to test the hypothesis of a unified, singular pathway, the end-product of which is lactate, the real substrate of the mitochondrial TCA cycle
    Keywords Nutrition. Foods and food supply ; Medicine (General) ; Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry ; Science (General)
    Size 1 electronic resource (126 p.)
    Publisher Frontiers Media SA
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note English ; Open Access
    HBZ-ID HT020091014
    ISBN 9782889195862 ; 2889195864
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  5. Article: Aerobic Glycolysis: A DeOxymoron of (Neuro)Biology.

    Schurr, Avital / Passarella, Salvatore

    Metabolites

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 1

    Abstract: The term 'aerobic glycolysis' has been in use ever since Warburg conducted his research on cancer cells' proliferation and discovered that cells use glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rather than the more efficient oxidative ... ...

    Abstract The term 'aerobic glycolysis' has been in use ever since Warburg conducted his research on cancer cells' proliferation and discovered that cells use glycolysis to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) rather than the more efficient oxidative phosphorylation (oxphos) pathway, despite an abundance of oxygen. When measurements of glucose and oxygen utilization by activated neural tissue indicated that glucose was consumed without an accompanied oxygen consumption, the investigators who performed those measurements also termed their discovery 'aerobic glycolysis'. Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria and, therefore, produce their energy needs via glycolysis alone. Other processes within the central nervous system (CNS) and additional organs and tissues (heart, muscle, and so on), such as ion pumps, are also known to utilize glycolysis only for the production of ATP necessary to support their function. Unfortunately, the phenomenon of 'aerobic glycolysis' is an enigma wherever it is encountered, thus several hypotheses have been produced in attempts to explain it; that is, whether it occurs in cancer cells, in activated neural tissue, or during postprandial or exercise metabolism. Here, it is argued that, where the phenomenon in neural tissue is concerned, the prefix 'aerobic' in the term 'aerobic glycolysis' should be removed. Data collected over the past three decades indicate that L-lactate, the end product of the glycolytic pathway, plays an essential role in brain energy metabolism, justifying the elimination of the prefix 'aerobic'. Similar justification is probably appropriate for other tissues as well.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662251-8
    ISSN 2218-1989
    ISSN 2218-1989
    DOI 10.3390/metabo12010072
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Glycolysis Paradigm Shift Dictates a Reevaluation of Glucose and Oxygen Metabolic Rates of Activated Neural Tissue.

    Schurr, Avital

    Frontiers in neuroscience

    2018  Volume 12, Page(s) 700

    Abstract: ... that neural tissue function can be supported exclusively by lactate as the energy substrate (Schurr et al ...

    Abstract In 1988 two seminal studies were published, both instigating controversy. One concluded that "the energy needs of activated neural tissue are minimal, being fulfilled via the glycolytic pathway alone," a conclusion based on the observation that neural activation increased glucose consumption, which was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in oxygen consumption (Fox et al., 1988). The second demonstrated that neural tissue function can be supported exclusively by lactate as the energy substrate (Schurr et al., 1988). While both studies continue to have their supporters and detractors, the present review attempts to clarify the issues responsible for the persistence of the controversies they have provoked and offer a possible rationalization. The concept that lactate rather than pyruvate, is the glycolytic end-product, both aerobically and anaerobically, and thus the real mitochondrial oxidative substrate, has gained a greater acceptance over the years. The idea of glycolysis as the sole ATP supplier for neural activation (glucose → lactate + 2ATP) continues to be controversial. Lactate oxidative utilization by activated neural tissue could explain the mismatch between glucose and oxygen consumption and resolve the existing disagreements among users of imaging methods to measure the metabolic rates of the two energy metabolic substrates. The postulate that the energy necessary for active neural tissue is supplied by glycolysis alone stems from the original aerobic glycolysis paradigm. Accordingly, glucose consumption is accompanied by oxygen consumption at 1-6 ratio. Since Fox et al. (1988) observed only a minimal if non-existent oxygen consumption compared to glucose consumption, their conclusion make sense. Nevertheless, considering (a) the shift in the paradigm of glycolysis (glucose → lactate; lactate + O
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-10
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2411902-7
    ISSN 1662-453X ; 1662-4548
    ISSN (online) 1662-453X
    ISSN 1662-4548
    DOI 10.3389/fnins.2018.00700
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Editorial: Insights in neuroenergetics, nutrition and brain health: 2023.

    Schurr, Avital / Mokler, David J / Lee, Hyoung-Gon / Tasca, Carla I

    Frontiers in neuroscience

    2023  Volume 17, Page(s) 1331872

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-13
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 2411902-7
    ISSN 1662-453X ; 1662-4548
    ISSN (online) 1662-453X
    ISSN 1662-4548
    DOI 10.3389/fnins.2023.1331872
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Book: Cerebral ischemia and resuscitation

    Schurr, Avital

    1990  

    Author's details ed. Avital Schurr
    Keywords Cerebral Ischemia ; Resuscitation ; Hirnkrankheit ; Ischämie
    Subject Blutleere ; Anoxietoleranz ; Ischämietoleranz ; Gehirnkrankheit ; Encephalopathie ; Encephalopathia ; Enzephalopathie
    Size 442 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Publisher CRC Pr
    Publishing place Boca Raton u.a.
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Book
    HBZ-ID HT003742930
    ISBN 0-8493-6715-8 ; 978-0-8493-6715-1
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    1991 A 1454 order for loan Magazin

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  9. Book ; Conference proceedings: Brain and spinal cord slice preparations

    Schurr, Avital

    a selection of papers from the Second International Conference on Brain and Spinal Cord Slice Preparations, June 15 - 17, 1988, Louisville, Ky., U.S.A

    (Journal of neuroscience methods ; 28,1/2 = Spec. issue)

    1989  

    Event/congress International Conference on Brain and Spinal Cord Slice Preparations (2, 1988, LouisvilleKy.)
    Author's details guest-ed. by A. Schurr
    Series title Journal of neuroscience methods ; 28,1/2 = Spec. issue
    Keywords Hippocampus / metabolism / congresses ; Hippocampus / physiology / congresses ; Spinal Cord / physiopathology / congresses
    Language English
    Size S. 1 - 154 : Ill., graph. Darst.
    Publisher Elsevier
    Publishing place Amsterdam
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Book ; Conference proceedings
    HBZ-ID HT003301995
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    Zs A 1486 -28- verfügbar in Königswinter Königswinter

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  10. Article: l-Lactate Transport and Metabolism in Mitochondria of Hep G2 Cells-The Cori Cycle Revisited.

    Passarella, Salvatore / Schurr, Avital

    Frontiers in oncology

    2018  Volume 8, Page(s) 120

    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-04-23
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2649216-7
    ISSN 2234-943X
    ISSN 2234-943X
    DOI 10.3389/fonc.2018.00120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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