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Article: Relationship of Basal laminar deposit and membranous debris to the clinical presentation of early age-related macular degeneration.

Sarks, Shirley / Cherepanoff, Svetlana / Killingsworth, Murray / Sarks, John

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

2007 Volume 48, Issue 3, Page(s) 968–977

Abstract: Purpose: To correlate basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris, including basal linear deposit (BLinD), with the evolution of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD).: Methods: A clinicopathologic collection of 132 eyes with a ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To correlate basal laminar deposit (BLamD) and membranous debris, including basal linear deposit (BLinD), with the evolution of early age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: A clinicopathologic collection of 132 eyes with a continuous layer of BLamD was reviewed. The thickness and type of BLamD and the sites of membranous debris deposition were correlated with the clinical progression of the disease. Results: Two types of BLamD, termed early and late, were identified based on light microscopic appearance by using the picro-Mallory stain. The progressive accumulation of late type BLamD correlated well with increasing BLamD thickness, advancing RPE degeneration, poorer vision, increasing age, and clinically evident pigment changes. Membranous debris initially accumulated diffusely as BLinD, most eyes with BLinD and early BLamD remaining funduscopically normal. However, membranous debris also formed focal collections as basal mounds internal to the RPE basement membrane and as soft drusen external to the basement membrane. Eyes in which membranous debris remained confined to basal mounds belonged to older patients with poorer vision, whereas patients with soft drusen were younger and had better vision. Conclusions: The presence of BLinD and early BLamD define threshold AMD, which manifests clinically as a normal fundus. Although late BLamD correlates most closely with clinical pigment abnormalities, it is the quantity and sites of membranous debris accumulation that appear to determine whether the disease develops pigment changes only or follows the alternative pathway of soft drusen formation with its attendant greater risk of choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bruch Membrane/ultrastructure ; Choroidal Neovascularization/pathology ; Extracellular Matrix/ultrastructure ; Female ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration/pathology ; Male ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/ultrastructure ; Retinal Drusen/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391794-0
ISSN	1552-5783 ; 0146-0404
ISSN (online)	1552-5783
ISSN	0146-0404
DOI	10.1167/iovs.06-0443
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Article: Laser treatment of soft drusen in age-related maculopathy.

Sarks, S

The British journal of ophthalmology

1996 Volume 80, Issue 1, Page(s) 4

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Laser Coagulation ; Macular Degeneration/complications ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology ; Retinal Drusen/complications ; Retinal Drusen/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	1996-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	80078-8
ISSN	1468-2079 ; 0007-1161
ISSN (online)	1468-2079
ISSN	0007-1161
DOI	10.1136/bjo.80.1.4
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Article ; Online: Evolution of reticular pseudodrusen.

Sarks, John / Arnold, Jennifer / Ho, I-Van / Sarks, Shirley / Killingsworth, Murray

The British journal of ophthalmology

2011 Volume 95, Issue 7, Page(s) 979–985

Abstract: Aims: To report observations relating to the clinical recognition and possible basis of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD).: Methods: This retrospective study reports the evolution of RPD in 166 patients who had follow-up of over 1 year using multiple ... ...

Abstract	Aims: To report observations relating to the clinical recognition and possible basis of reticular pseudodrusen (RPD). Methods: This retrospective study reports the evolution of RPD in 166 patients who had follow-up of over 1 year using multiple imaging techniques. Mean age when first seen was 73.3 years and the mean period of observation was 4.9 years (range 1-18 years). Associated macular changes were recorded. Results: RPD were first identified in the upper fundus as a reticular network, which then became less obvious, developing a diffuse yellowish appearance. RPD also faded around choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). RPD therefore could be transient but the pattern often remained visible outside the macula or nasal to the discs. Manifestations of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) were present in nearly all eyes and there was a particularly high association with CNV (52.1%). In one clinicopathological case abnormal material was found in the subretinal space. Conclusions: The prevalence of RPD may be underestimated because their recognition depends upon the imaging method used, the area of fundus examined and the confusion with typical drusen. The pathology of one eye suggests that RPD may correspond to material in the subretinal space.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Choroidal Neovascularization/epidemiology ; Choroidal Neovascularization/pathology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Fundus Oculi ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration/epidemiology ; Macular Degeneration/pathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Retinal Drusen/epidemiology ; Retinal Drusen/pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Tomography, Optical Coherence
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80078-8
ISSN	1468-2079 ; 0007-1161
ISSN (online)	1468-2079
ISSN	0007-1161
DOI	10.1136/bjo.2010.194977
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Article ; Online: Water-soluble phenolic compounds produced from extractive ammonia pretreatment exerted binary inhibitory effects on yeast fermentation using synthetic hydrolysate.

Xue, Saisi / Jones, A Daniel / Sousa, Leonardo / Piotrowski, Jeff / Jin, Mingjie / Sarks, Cory / Dale, Bruce E / Balan, Venkatesh

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 3, Page(s) e0194012

Abstract: Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels requires pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass to produce fermentable sugars. Degradation products produced during thermochemical pretreatment, however, inhibit the microbes ...

Abstract	Biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to liquid fuels requires pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass to produce fermentable sugars. Degradation products produced during thermochemical pretreatment, however, inhibit the microbes with regard to both ethanol yield and cell growth. In this work, we used synthetic hydrolysates (SynH) to study the inhibition of yeast fermentation by water-soluble components (WSC) isolated from lignin streams obtained after extractive ammonia pretreatment (EA). We found that SynH with 20g/L WSC mimics real hydrolysate in cell growth, sugar consumption and ethanol production. However, a long lag phase was observed in the first 48 h of fermentation of SynH, which is not observed during fermentation with the crude extraction mixture. Ethyl acetate extraction was conducted to separate phenolic compounds from other water-soluble components. These phenolic compounds play a key inhibitory role during ethanol fermentation. The most abundant compounds were identified by Liquid Chromatography followed by Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) and Gas Chromatography followed by Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), including coumaroyl amide, feruloyl amide and coumaroyl glycerol. Chemical genomics profiling was employed to fingerprint the gene deletion response of yeast to different groups of inhibitors in WSC and AFEX-Pretreated Corn Stover Hydrolysate (ACSH). The sensitive/resistant genes cluster patterns for different fermentation media revealed their similarities and differences with regard to degradation compounds.
MeSH term(s)	Ammonia/metabolism ; Biomass ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Fermentation/physiology ; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry ; Hydrolysis ; Lignin/metabolism ; Phenol/metabolism ; Sugars/metabolism ; Water/metabolism ; Yeasts/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Sugars ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Phenol (339NCG44TV) ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Ammonia (7664-41-7) ; Lignin (9005-53-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0194012
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Article: Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars.

Sarks, J / Tang, K / Killingsworth, M / Arnold, J / Sarks, S

The British journal of ophthalmology

2006 Volume 90, Issue 4, Page(s) 442–446

Abstract: Background/aims: Eyes with burnt out disciform scars secondary to age related macular degeneration (AMD) are regarded as visually stable. The aim of this study is to report the subsequent development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) ... ...

Abstract	Background/aims: Eyes with burnt out disciform scars secondary to age related macular degeneration (AMD) are regarded as visually stable. The aim of this study is to report the subsequent development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) around the scars and discuss the possible basis. Methods: 20 eyes from 18 patients were observed to develop atrophy around choroidal neovascularisation (CNV). A method of measuring expansion of the atrophy over time is described using the Topcon Imagenet 2000 system. An additional 10 clinicopathological examples were reviewed. Results: Clinically CNV became surrounded initially by a ring of pallor that progressed to an expanding band of atrophy of the RPE. It developed most rapidly in the first 3 years after CNV became quiescent but then continued to expand slowly to more than three times the size of the scar. Histopathological specimens showed large choroidal vessels entering the scars directly and a reduced number of small choroidal vessels beneath and around the scar Conclusions: Disciform scars may become surrounded by an expanding band of atrophy of the RPE, postulated to result from remodelling of the choroidal circulation. The ongoing enlargement of the resulting scotoma may need to be considered when planning management and assessing treatment outcomes.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Atrophy/etiology ; Atrophy/pathology ; Choroidal Neovascularization/complications ; Cicatrix/complications ; Cicatrix/pathology ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Fluorescein Angiography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Macular Degeneration/complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pigment Epithelium of Eye/pathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80078-8
ISSN	1468-2079 ; 0007-1161
ISSN (online)	1468-2079
ISSN	0007-1161
DOI	10.1136/bjo.2005.083022
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Article: Studying the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol using high cell density fermentations with cell recycle

Sarks, Cory / Balan, Venkatesh / Dale, Bruce E / Jin, Mingjie / Sato, Trey K

Biotechnology for biofuels. 2014 Dec., v. 7, no. 1

2014

Abstract: ... their suitability for this platform. Fermentation conditions were then optimized for S. cerevisiae GLBRCY128. Three ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: The Rapid Bioconversion with Integrated recycle Technology (RaBIT) process reduces capital costs, processing times, and biocatalyst cost for biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass to biofuels by reducing total bioprocessing time (enzymatic hydrolysis plus fermentation) to 48 h, increasing biofuel productivity (g/L/h) twofold, and recycling biocatalysts (enzymes and microbes) to the next cycle. To achieve these results, RaBIT utilizes 24-h high cell density fermentations along with cell recycling to solve the slow/incomplete xylose fermentation issue, which is critical for lignocellulosic biofuel fermentations. Previous studies utilizing similar fermentation conditions showed a decrease in xylose consumption when recycling cells into the next fermentation cycle. Eliminating this decrease is critical for RaBIT process effectiveness for high cycle counts. RESULTS: Nine different engineered microbial strains (including Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis strains, Zymomonas mobilis 8b, and Escherichia coli KO11) were tested under RaBIT platform fermentations to determine their suitability for this platform. Fermentation conditions were then optimized for S. cerevisiae GLBRCY128. Three different nutrient sources (corn steep liquor, yeast extract, and wheat germ) were evaluated to improve xylose consumption by recycled cells. Capacitance readings were used to accurately measure viable cell mass profiles over five cycles. CONCLUSION: The results showed that not all strains are capable of effectively performing the RaBIT process. Acceptable performance is largely correlated to the specific xylose consumption rate. Corn steep liquor was found to reduce the deleterious impacts of cell recycle and improve specific xylose consumption rates. The viable cell mass profiles indicated that reduction in specific xylose consumption rate, not a drop in viable cell mass, was the main cause for decreasing xylose consumption.
Keywords	biomass ; biotransformation ; capacitance ; corn steep liquor ; enzymatic hydrolysis ; enzymes ; Escherichia coli ; ethanol ; fermentation ; microorganisms ; Pichia ; recycling ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Scheffersomyces ; wheat germ ; xylose ; yeast extract ; Zymomonas mobilis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-12
Size	p. 73.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2421351-2
ISSN	1754-6834
ISSN	1754-6834
DOI	10.1186/1754-6834-7-73
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Toward high solids loading process for lignocellulosic biofuel production at a low cost.

Jin, Mingjie / Sarks, Cory / Bals, Bryan D / Posawatz, Nick / Gunawan, Christa / Dale, Bruce E / Balan, Venkatesh

Biotechnology and bioengineering

2017 Volume 114, Issue 5, Page(s) 980–989

Abstract: ... decrease with increasing solids loading. The factor(s) limiting sugar conversion at high solids loading is ...

Abstract	High solids loadings (>18 wt%) in enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation are desired for lignocellulosic biofuel production at a high titer and low cost. However, sugar conversion and ethanol yield decrease with increasing solids loading. The factor(s) limiting sugar conversion at high solids loading is not clearly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effect of solids loading on simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF) of AFEX™ (ammonia fiber expansion) pretreated corn stover for ethanol production using a xylose fermenting strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae 424A(LNH-ST). Decreased sugar conversion and ethanol yield with increasing solids loading were also observed. End-product (ethanol) was proven to be the major cause of this issue and increased degradation products with increasing solids loading was also a cause. For the first time, we show that with in situ removal of end-product by performing SSCF aerobically, sugar conversion stopped decreasing with increasing solids loading and monomeric sugar conversion reached as high as 93% at a high solids loading of 24.9 wt%. Techno-economic analysis was employed to explore the economic possibilities of cellulosic ethanol production at high solids loadings. The results suggest that low-cost in situ removal of ethanol during SSCF would significantly improve the economics of high solids loading processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 980-989. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
MeSH term(s)	Ammonia/metabolism ; Biofuels/analysis ; Biofuels/economics ; Bioreactors/economics ; Bioreactors/microbiology ; Ethanol/analysis ; Ethanol/metabolism ; Fermentation ; Glucose/metabolism ; Hydrolysis ; Lignin/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolism ; Xylose/metabolism ; Zea mays/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Biofuels ; lignocellulose (11132-73-3) ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Ammonia (7664-41-7) ; Lignin (9005-53-2) ; Xylose (A1TA934AKO) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	280318-5
ISSN	1097-0290 ; 0006-3592
ISSN (online)	1097-0290
ISSN	0006-3592
DOI	10.1002/bit.26229
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Article: Age related macular degeneration.

Arnold, Jennifer / Sarks, Shirley

Clinical evidence

2004 , Issue 11, Page(s) 819–834

MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use ; Laser Coagulation ; Macular Degeneration/drug therapy ; Macular Degeneration/prevention & control ; Macular Degeneration/radiotherapy ; Macular Degeneration/surgery ; Macular Degeneration/therapy ; Photochemotherapy ; Porphyrins/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins ; Zinc/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Interferon-alpha ; Porphyrins ; Recombinant Proteins ; verteporfin (0X9PA28K43) ; interferon alfa-2a (47RRR83SK7) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1495368-7
ISSN	1462-3846
ISSN	1462-3846
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Article: Studying the rapid bioconversion of lignocellulosic sugars into ethanol using high cell density fermentations with cell recycle.

Sarks, Cory / Jin, Mingjie / Sato, Trey K / Balan, Venkatesh / Dale, Bruce E

Biotechnology for biofuels

2014 Volume 7, Page(s) 73

Abstract: ... their suitability for this platform. Fermentation conditions were then optimized for S. cerevisiae GLBRCY128. Three ...

Abstract	Background: The Rapid Bioconversion with Integrated recycle Technology (RaBIT) process reduces capital costs, processing times, and biocatalyst cost for biochemical conversion of cellulosic biomass to biofuels by reducing total bioprocessing time (enzymatic hydrolysis plus fermentation) to 48 h, increasing biofuel productivity (g/L/h) twofold, and recycling biocatalysts (enzymes and microbes) to the next cycle. To achieve these results, RaBIT utilizes 24-h high cell density fermentations along with cell recycling to solve the slow/incomplete xylose fermentation issue, which is critical for lignocellulosic biofuel fermentations. Previous studies utilizing similar fermentation conditions showed a decrease in xylose consumption when recycling cells into the next fermentation cycle. Eliminating this decrease is critical for RaBIT process effectiveness for high cycle counts. Results: Nine different engineered microbial strains (including Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, Scheffersomyces (Pichia) stipitis strains, Zymomonas mobilis 8b, and Escherichia coli KO11) were tested under RaBIT platform fermentations to determine their suitability for this platform. Fermentation conditions were then optimized for S. cerevisiae GLBRCY128. Three different nutrient sources (corn steep liquor, yeast extract, and wheat germ) were evaluated to improve xylose consumption by recycled cells. Capacitance readings were used to accurately measure viable cell mass profiles over five cycles. Conclusion: The results showed that not all strains are capable of effectively performing the RaBIT process. Acceptable performance is largely correlated to the specific xylose consumption rate. Corn steep liquor was found to reduce the deleterious impacts of cell recycle and improve specific xylose consumption rates. The viable cell mass profiles indicated that reduction in specific xylose consumption rate, not a drop in viable cell mass, was the main cause for decreasing xylose consumption.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2421351-2
ISSN	1754-6834
ISSN	1754-6834
DOI	10.1186/1754-6834-7-73
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Article: Age related macular degeneration.

Arnold, Jennifer / Sarks, Shirley

Clinical evidence

2003 , Issue 10, Page(s) 727–743

MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Antioxidants/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use ; Laser Coagulation ; Macular Degeneration/drug therapy ; Macular Degeneration/prevention & control ; Macular Degeneration/radiotherapy ; Macular Degeneration/surgery ; Macular Degeneration/therapy ; Photochemotherapy ; Porphyrins/therapeutic use ; Recombinant Proteins ; Zinc/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; Interferon-alpha ; Porphyrins ; Recombinant Proteins ; verteporfin (0X9PA28K43) ; interferon alfa-2a (47RRR83SK7) ; Zinc (J41CSQ7QDS)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1495368-7
ISSN	1462-3846
ISSN	1462-3846
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