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Article: A Scalar Approach to Vaccination Ethics.

Kraaijeveld, Steven R / Gur-Arie, Rachel / Jamrozik, Euzebiusz

2023 Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 145–169

Abstract: ... in terms of binary moral duties (i.e., where people either have or do not have a moral duty to get ...

Abstract	Should people get vaccinated for the sake of others? What could ground-and limit-the normative claim that people ought to do so? In this paper, we propose a reasons-based consequentialist account of vaccination for the benefit of others. We outline eight harm-based and probabilistic factors that, we argue, give people moral reasons to get vaccinated. Instead of understanding other-directed vaccination in terms of binary moral duties (i.e., where people either have or do not have a moral duty to get vaccinated), we develop a scalar approach according to which people can have stronger or weaker moral reasons to get vaccinated in view of the moral good of vaccination. One advantage of our approach is that it can capture why a person might have strong moral reasons to get vaccinated with Vaccine A, but only weak moral reasons to get vaccinated with Vaccine B. We discuss theoretical strengths of our approach and provide a case study of vaccination against COVID-19 to demonstrate its practical significance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004536-0
ISSN	1572-8609 ; 1382-4554
ISSN (online)	1572-8609
ISSN	1382-4554
DOI	10.1007/s10892-023-09445-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Burdens of infection control on healthcare workers: a scoping review.

Ungar, R / Gur-Arie, R / Heriot, G S / Jamrozik, E

The Journal of hospital infection

2023 Volume 146, Page(s) 76–81

Abstract: Introduction: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a significant risk to patients, and are a major focus of infection prevention and control policies (IPC). One under-recognized reason for the generally poor compliance with IPC is that it is ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) pose a significant risk to patients, and are a major focus of infection prevention and control policies (IPC). One under-recognized reason for the generally poor compliance with IPC is that it is burdensome for healthcare workers (HCWs). Aim: To identify the burdens of IPC for HCWs. Methods: PubMed and CINAHL were searched for studies published in English since 2000 regarding compliance with IPC and the burdens associated with compliance. After screening 1018 initial results, 25 articles were included in the final review. Results: Evidence was found for burdens including dermatological complications, headaches, sensory symptoms and time pressure. Tools designed to measure compliance with IPC have limitations, and rarely assess the burdens of compliance. A strong safety culture predicted positive compliance, while knowledge of the underlying rationale for IPC had a non-linear relationship with compliance. Conclusion: Future research should clarify IPC-related burdens and how these may be minimized to achieve better compliance.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Infection Control/methods ; Health Personnel ; Cross Infection/prevention & control ; Safety Management
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	779366-2
ISSN	1532-2939 ; 0195-6701
ISSN (online)	1532-2939
ISSN	0195-6701
DOI	10.1016/j.jhin.2023.12.003
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Article ; Online: A Scalar Approach to Vaccination Ethics

Kraaijeveld, Steven R. / Gur-Arie, Rachel / Jamrozik, Euzebiusz

Journal of Ethics

2024 Volume 28, Issue 1

Abstract: ... in terms of binary moral duties (i.e., where people either have or do not have a moral duty to get ...

Abstract	Should people get vaccinated for the sake of others? What could ground—and limit—the normative claim that people ought to do so? In this paper, we propose a reasons-based consequentialist account of vaccination for the benefit of others. We outline eight harm-based and probabilistic factors that, we argue, give people moral reasons to get vaccinated. Instead of understanding other-directed vaccination in terms of binary moral duties (i.e., where people either have or do not have a moral duty to get vaccinated), we develop a scalar approach according to which people can have stronger or weaker moral reasons to get vaccinated in view of the moral good of vaccination. One advantage of our approach is that it can capture why a person might have strong moral reasons to get vaccinated with Vaccine A, but only weak moral reasons to get vaccinated with Vaccine B. We discuss theoretical strengths of our approach and provide a case study of vaccination against COVID-19 to demonstrate its practical significance.
Keywords	Altruism ; COVID-19 vaccination ; Moral reasons ; Public health ethics ; Scalar morality ; Vaccination ethics
Subject code	170
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2004536-0
ISSN	1572-8609 ; 1382-4554
ISSN (online)	1572-8609
ISSN	1382-4554
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Bacterial Proteasome Inter-domain Is a Selectivity Barrier for Degradation-tag Binding.

Mor-Rashti, Zohar / Levin, Roni / Eichler, Jerry / Gur, Eyal

Journal of molecular biology

2024 Volume 436, Issue 6, Page(s) 168462

Abstract: Protein degradation, which occurs in all cells, is essential for proper cellular function by regulating many cellular processes, destroying misfolded proteins, and providing protein building blocks under starvation conditions. As proteolysis is a ... ...

Abstract	Protein degradation, which occurs in all cells, is essential for proper cellular function by regulating many cellular processes, destroying misfolded proteins, and providing protein building blocks under starvation conditions. As proteolysis is a destructive process, it is carried out by tightly regulated enzymes that evolved to interact with their protein substrates in a highly controlled and selective manner. The agents of protein degradation include proteasomes, AAA+ proteolytic machines found in all kingdoms of life. The bacterial proteasome specifically recognizes proteins conjugated to a protein tag termed Pup, with the proteasome regulatory particle, a ring-shaped hexamer termed Mpa in mycobacteria, being responsible for Pup recognition. Once Pup binds Mpa, Pup enters the central pore, where the Mpa AAA+ domain links ATP hydrolysis to the translocation of Pup and its conjugated substrate into a barrel-shaped proteasome core particle, where peptide bond cleavage occurs. As Pup traverses the Mpa pore en route to the AAA+ domain, it passes the inter-domain. Although the inter-domain is conserved in all proteasomes, its role in substrate processing remained unclear. We report here that the Mpa inter-domain promotes Pup binding via electrostatic interactions between conserved charged inter-domain pore loops and charged Pup residues. As such, the inter-domain serves as a gatekeeper that selects for Pup binding, thus facilitating tag interaction with the downstream AAA+ domain. Our findings thus reveal the existence of an additional level of substrate binding regulation in an AAA+ protease.
MeSH term(s)	Bacterial Proteins/metabolism ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism ; Proteolysis ; Ubiquitins/metabolism ; Mycobacterium smegmatis
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Proteins ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex (EC 3.4.25.1) ; Ubiquitins
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	80229-3
ISSN	1089-8638 ; 0022-2836
ISSN (online)	1089-8638
ISSN	0022-2836
DOI	10.1016/j.jmb.2024.168462
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Article ; Online: Against COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children.

Kraaijeveld, Steven R / Gur-Arie, Rachel / Jamrozik, Euzebiusz

Bioethics

2022 Volume 36, Issue 6, Page(s) 687–698

Abstract: ... have already been implemented in some places (e.g., California) and may be considered elsewhere ...

Abstract	COVID-19 vaccination of children has begun in a number of countries with provisional regulatory approval and public support. This article provides an ethical analysis of COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children. Specifically, we present three of the strongest arguments that might justify COVID-19 vaccination of children: (a) an argument from paternalism, (b) an argument from indirect protection and altruism, and (c) an argument from global eradication. We offer a series of objections to each of these arguments to show that none of them is currently tenable. Given the minimal direct benefit of COVID-19 vaccination for healthy children, the potential for rare risks to outweigh these benefits and to undermine vaccine confidence, the substantial evidence that COVID-19 vaccination confers adequate protection to risk groups whether or not healthy children are vaccinated and that current vaccines do not provide sterilizing immunity, and given that eradication of the virus is neither feasible nor a high priority for global health, we argue that routine COVID-19 vaccination of healthy children is currently ethically unjustified. Since mandates for children have already been implemented in some places (e.g., California) and may be considered elsewhere, we also present two additional arguments explicitly against making COVID-19 vaccination mandatory for children.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Child ; Global Health ; Humans ; Vaccination ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632984-6
ISSN	1467-8519 ; 0269-9702
ISSN (online)	1467-8519
ISSN	0269-9702
DOI	10.1111/bioe.13015
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Article ; Online: Psychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development.

Jonas, Katherine G / Cannon, Tyrone D / Docherty, Anna R / Dwyer, Dominic / Gur, Ruben C / Gur, Raquel E / Nelson, Barnaby / Reininghaus, Ulrich / Kotov, Roman

Molecular psychiatry

2024

Abstract: This review describes the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model of psychosis-related psychopathology, the psychosis superspectrum. The HiTOP psychosis superspectrum was developed to address shortcomings of traditional diagnoses for ... ...

Abstract	This review describes the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) model of psychosis-related psychopathology, the psychosis superspectrum. The HiTOP psychosis superspectrum was developed to address shortcomings of traditional diagnoses for psychotic disorders and related conditions including low reliability, arbitrary boundaries between psychopathology and normality, high symptom co-occurrence, and heterogeneity within diagnostic categories. The psychosis superspectrum is a transdiagnostic dimensional model comprising two spectra-psychoticism and detachment-which are in turn broken down into fourteen narrow components, and two auxiliary domains-cognition and functional impairment. The structure of the spectra and their components are shown to parallel the genetic structure of psychosis and related traits. Psychoticism and detachment have distinct patterns of association with urbanicity, migrant and ethnic minority status, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. The superspectrum also provides a useful model for describing the emergence and course of psychosis, as components of the superspectrum are relatively stable over time. Changes in psychoticism predict the onset of psychosis-related psychopathology, whereas changes in detachment and cognition define later course. Implications of the superspectrum for genetic, socio-environmental, and longitudinal research are discussed. A companion review focuses on neurobiology, treatment response, and clinical utility of the superspectrum, and future research directions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1330655-8
ISSN	1476-5578 ; 1359-4184
ISSN (online)	1476-5578
ISSN	1359-4184
DOI	10.1038/s41380-023-02388-2
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Article ; Online: CATCH-UP: A High-Throughput Upstream-Pipeline for Bulk ATAC-Seq and ChIP-Seq Data.

Riva, Simone G / Georgiades, Emily / Gur, E Ravza / Baxter, Matthew / Hughes, Jim R

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE

2023 , Issue 199

Abstract: Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), coupled with next-generation sequencing (NGS), have revolutionized the study of gene regulation. A lack of standardization in the analysis of the highly ... ...

Abstract	Assay for transposase-accessible chromatin (ATAC) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), coupled with next-generation sequencing (NGS), have revolutionized the study of gene regulation. A lack of standardization in the analysis of the highly dimensional datasets generated by these techniques has made reproducibility difficult to achieve, leading to discrepancies in the published, processed data. Part of this problem is due to the diverse range of bioinformatic tools available for the analysis of these types of data. Secondly, a number of different bioinformatic tools are required sequentially to convert raw data into a fully processed and interpretable output, and these tools require varying levels of computational skills. Furthermore, there are many options for quality control that are not uniformly employed during data processing. We address these issues with a complete assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) upstream pipeline (CATCH-UP), an easy-to-use, Python-based pipeline for the analysis of bulk ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq datasets from raw fastq files to visualizable bigwig tracks and peaks calls. This pipeline is simple to install and run, requiring minimal computational knowledge. The pipeline is modular, scalable, and parallelizable on various computing infrastructures, allowing for easy reporting of methodology to enable reproducible analysis of novel or published datasets.
MeSH term(s)	Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Chromatin Immunoprecipitation/methods ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing/methods ; Chromatin/genetics ; Transposases
Chemical Substances	Chromatin ; Transposases (EC 2.7.7.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Video-Audio Media ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2259946-0
ISSN	1940-087X ; 1940-087X
ISSN (online)	1940-087X
ISSN	1940-087X
DOI	10.3791/65633
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Article: Safety of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Hematological Patients with Thrombocytopenia. A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Gur, Ivan / Tounek, Roei / Dotan, Yaniv / Evgrafov, Elite Vainer / Rakedzon, Stav / Fuchs, Eyal

Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases

2024 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) e2024006

Abstract: Background: Hospitalized hematological patients often require bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Scarce evidence exists regarding the potential risks in patients with very severe thrombocytopenia (VST).: Methods: This retrospective-cohort study included ... ...

Abstract	Background: Hospitalized hematological patients often require bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Scarce evidence exists regarding the potential risks in patients with very severe thrombocytopenia (VST). Methods: This retrospective-cohort study included adult hematological in-patients with VST, defined as platelets<20x10 Results: Of the 507 patients included in the final analysis, the 281 patients with VST had lower hemoglobin (Md=0.3, Conclusions: This data suggests BAL to be safe even when platelet counts are <20x10
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-01
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2674750-9
ISSN	2035-3006
ISSN	2035-3006
DOI	10.4084/MJHID.2024.006
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Article ; Online: Hoarding behavior and its association with mental health and functioning in a large youth sample.

Linkovski, Omer / Moore, Tyler M / Argabright, Stirling T / Calkins, Monica E / Gur, Ruben C / Gur, Raquel E / Barzilay, Ran

European child & adolescent psychiatry

2023

Abstract: ... for OCS presence, hoarding behavior was associated with greater dimensional psychopathology burden (i.e ... higher P-factor) (β = 0.19, p < .001), and with poorer functioning (i.e., lower score on the child global ...

Abstract	Hoarding behavior is prevalent in children and adolescents, yet clinicians do not routinely inquire about it and youth may not spontaneously report it due to stigma. It is unknown whether hoarding behavior, over and above obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS), is associated with major clinical factors in a general youth population. This observational study included N = 7054 youth who were not seeking help for mental health problems (ages 11-21, 54% female) and completed a structured interview that included evaluation of hoarding behavior and OCS, as a part of the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort between November 2009 and December 2011. We employed regression models with hoarding behavior and OCS (any/none) as independent variables, and continuous (linear regression) or binary (logistic regression) mental health measures as dependent variables. All models covaried for age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. A total of 374 participants endorsed HB (5.3%), most of which reported additional OCS (n = 317). When accounting for OCS presence, hoarding behavior was associated with greater dimensional psychopathology burden (i.e., higher P-factor) (β = 0.19, p < .001), and with poorer functioning (i.e., lower score on the child global assessment scale) (β = - 0.07, p < .001). The results were consistent when modeling psychopathology using binary variables. The results remained significant in sensitivity analyses accounting for count of endorsed OCS and excluding participants who met criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (n = 210). These results suggest that hoarding behavior among youth is associated with poorer mental health and functioning, independent of OCS. Brief hoarding-behavior assessments in clinical settings may prove useful given hoarding behavior's stigma and detrimental health associations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-20
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1118299-4
ISSN	1435-165X ; 1018-8827 ; 1433-5719
ISSN (online)	1435-165X
ISSN	1018-8827 ; 1433-5719
DOI	10.1007/s00787-023-02296-4
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Article ; Online: Remote assessment of the Penn computerised neurocognitive battery in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

White, L K / Hillman, N / Ruparel, K / Moore, T M / Gallagher, R S / McClellan, E J / Roalf, D R / Scott, J C / Calkins, M E / McGinn, D E / Giunta, V / Tran, O / Crowley, T B / Zackai, E H / Emanuel, B S / McDonald-McGinn, D M / Gur, R E / Gur, R C

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR

2024 Volume 68, Issue 4, Page(s) 369–376

Abstract: Background: Neurocognitive functioning is an integral phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome relating to severity of psychopathology and outcomes. A neurocognitive battery that could be administered remotely to assess multiple cognitive domains would be ...

Abstract	Background: Neurocognitive functioning is an integral phenotype of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome relating to severity of psychopathology and outcomes. A neurocognitive battery that could be administered remotely to assess multiple cognitive domains would be especially beneficial to research on rare genetic variants, where in-person assessment can be unavailable or burdensome. The current study compares in-person and remote assessments of the Penn computerised neurocognitive battery (CNB). Methods: Participants (mean age = 17.82, SD = 6.94 years; 48% female) completed the CNB either in-person at a laboratory (n = 222) or remotely (n = 162). Results: Results show that accuracy of CNB performance was equivalent across the two testing locations, while slight differences in speed were detected in 3 of the 11 tasks. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the CNB can be used in remote settings to assess multiple neurocognitive domains.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Adolescent ; Male ; DiGeorge Syndrome/complications ; DiGeorge Syndrome/psychology ; Cognition ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Psychopathology ; Phenotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1103832-9
ISSN	1365-2788 ; 0964-2633
ISSN (online)	1365-2788
ISSN	0964-2633
DOI	10.1111/jir.13115
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