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  1. Article ; Online: Compliance with precautions to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in Canada.

    Cabot, Jonathan / Bushnik, Tracey

    Health reports

    2022  Volume 33, Issue 9, Page(s) 3–10

    Abstract: Background: Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Canadian public health officials have mandated and recommended precautions to slow the spread of COVID-19. This study examined which population groups were less compliant with precautions, such as mask- ... ...

    Abstract Background: Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, Canadian public health officials have mandated and recommended precautions to slow the spread of COVID-19. This study examined which population groups were less compliant with precautions, such as mask-wearing and self-isolating, and where they were located in Canada.
    Data and methods: Results are from the Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey, a national survey aimed at estimating how many Canadians who were older than one year and living in private households had antibodies in their blood against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Questionnaire data were collected in the 10 provinces and 3 territorial capitals, from November 2020 to April 2021. Respondents were asked about compliance with precautions related to COVID-19. Weighted prevalences and logistic regression models were used to identify which population groups were less compliant with precautions to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and where they were located in Canada.
    Results: Significant differences in compliance with precautions were found by sex, region, urban versus rural location, age, income, presence of chronic conditions, household size and work status. With covariate adjustment, Canadians who were less compliant with precautions were males, those living in the territorial capitals, those in rural areas, and people aged 34 and younger (compared with people aged 65 and older). Additional differences were found when analyzing compliance with consistently recommended precautions compared with those usually recommended.
    Interpretation: As Canada continues to navigate the waves of the pandemic, and with the emergence of new variants, precautions are still being mandated or recommended in many jurisdictions and locations. Continuing to understand which population groups were less compliant in earlier waves and where they were located in Canada can be beneficial to ongoing and future public health efforts to slow the transmission of COVID-19.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/prevention & control ; Canada/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-25
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202200900001-eng
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Intersecting risk factors for physical inactivity among Canadian adults.

    Colley, Rachel C / Guerrero, Michelle / Bushnik, Tracey

    Health reports

    2023  Volume 34, Issue 11, Page(s) 12–24

    Abstract: Background: On average, 45% of Canadian adults meet the recommended 150 minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. This singular statistic masks a wide range of adherence levels among different groups within the population. The purpose ... ...

    Abstract Background: On average, 45% of Canadian adults meet the recommended 150 minutes per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. This singular statistic masks a wide range of adherence levels among different groups within the population. The purpose of this paper is to determine how sex, age, and family arrangement intersect with known risk factors for physical inactivity to identify groups within the Canadian population most at risk of not meeting the physical activity recommendation.
    Methods: Using six combined cycles of the Canadian Health Measures Survey (from 2007 to 2019), this study examines how the percentage of Canadian males and females aged 18 to 79 years meeting the physical activity recommendation differs across sociodemographic, family arrangement, and health factors. Logistic regression was used to examine whether the association between specific factors and adherence to the physical activity recommendation differed by sex. Latent class analysis was used to identify sex-specific combinations of sociodemographic, family arrangement and health-related factors within the Canadian population that are associated with varying levels of adherence to the physical activity recommendation.
    Results: More males met the physical activity recommendation compared with females (49% versus 38%). Latent classes with the lowest adherence to the physical activity recommendation (19% among females and 29% among males) primarily included those who were single or married with no children and who had a high probability of having many risk factors for physical inactivity, including being older, having a lower education, having lower income, smoking, having central adiposity, and having poor or fair self-rated general health. Latent classes with the highest adherence to the physical activity recommendation (61% among females and 67% among males) primarily included individuals with no spouse and no children and who had a low probability of having any risk factors for physical inactivity. For females, an additional class (32% of which met the physical activity recommendation) comprised young single mothers who had several risk factors for physical inactivity, including having low income, smoking and having central adiposity.
    Interpretation: Understanding how risk factors for physical inactivity intersect with sex, age, and family arrangement may inform strategies aimed at increasing physical activity among those who are most vulnerable.
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Female ; Adult ; Humans ; Sedentary Behavior ; Canada/epidemiology ; Exercise ; Risk Factors ; Obesity/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-21
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202301100002-eng
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  3. Article ; Online: The impact of updated clinical blood pressure guidelines on hypertension prevalence among children and adolescents.

    Bushnik, Tracey / Ferrao, Thomas / Leung, Alexander A

    Health reports

    2023  Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) 3–15

    Abstract: Background: To date, population estimates of hypertension prevalence among children and adolescents in Canada have been based on clinical guidelines in the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's 2004 Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, ...

    Abstract Background: To date, population estimates of hypertension prevalence among children and adolescents in Canada have been based on clinical guidelines in the National High Blood Pressure Education Program's 2004 Fourth Report on the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (NHBPEP 2004). In 2017, the American Academy of Pediatrics published updated guidelines in Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (AAP 2017), followed by Hypertension Canada in 2020 with its publication of Comprehensive Guidelines for the Prevention, Diagnosis, Risk Assessment, and Treatment of Hypertension in Adults and Children (HC 2020). This study compares national child and adolescent hypertension prevalence estimates based on NHBPEP 2004, AAP 2017 and HC 2020.
    Data and methods: Six cycles of data spanning 2007 to 2019 from the Canadian Health Measures Survey were used to compare blood pressure (BP) categories and the prevalence of hypertension by sex and age group under all sets of guidelines for children and adolescents aged 6 to 17. The impact of applying AAP 2017 across time and selected characteristics, the resulting reclassification into a higher BP category under AAP 2017, and differences in hypertension prevalence resulting from applying HC 2020 versus AAP 2017 were examined.
    Results: Prevalence of Stage 1 hypertension was higher among children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 under AAP 2017 and HC 2020 than under NHBPEP 2004. Overall hypertension prevalence was also higher, and obesity was a major factor associated with being reclassified into a higher BP category under AAP 2017.
    Interpretation: Implementation of AAP 2017 and HC 2020 is associated with significant changes in the epidemiology of hypertension. Understanding the impact of applying updated clinical guidelines may help inform population surveillance efforts to track hypertension prevalence among Canada's children and adolescents.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Blood Pressure/physiology ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Prevalence ; Canada/epidemiology ; Hypertension/epidemiology ; Hypertension/prevention & control
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-20
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202300400001-eng
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  4. Article ; Online: COVID-19 infection in the Canadian household population.

    Bushnik, Tracey / Earl, Steven / Clark, Janine / Cabot, Jonathan

    Health reports

    2022  Volume 33, Issue 4, Page(s) 24–33

    Abstract: Background: Certain population groups face a disproportionate burden of exposure to COVID-19. This study examined characteristics of Canadians living in private households in fall 2020 and winter 2021 who had been infected with COVID-19.: Data and ... ...

    Abstract Background: Certain population groups face a disproportionate burden of exposure to COVID-19. This study examined characteristics of Canadians living in private households in fall 2020 and winter 2021 who had been infected with COVID-19.
    Data and methods: With an online questionnaire and an at-home finger-prick blood test, the Canadian COVID-19 Antibody and Health Survey was designed to estimate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 infection among people in private households in Canada. Data were collected from respondents aged 1 or older in the 10 provinces and the three territorial capitals, from November 2020 to April 2021. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to identify characteristics that were associated with being seropositive for a past COVID-19 infection. Gender differences in observed associations were examined.
    Results: After covariate adjustment, younger age and visible minority status were associated with an increased likelihood of being seropositive for a past COVID-19 infection. For males, having a visible minority status, having less education and living in a multi-unit dwelling increased the likelihood of being seropositive. Females were more likely to have been seropositive if they worked in health care in direct contact with others.
    Interpretation: As Canada navigates the fifth and possibly a sixth wave of the pandemic, understanding who was more likely to be infected in earlier waves can help ongoing public health efforts to stop the transmission of COVID-19.
    MeSH term(s) Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 ; Canada/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-20
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202200400003-eng
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  5. Article ; Online: Changing trends in thyroid cancer incidence in Canada: A histologic examination, 1992 to 2016.

    Ellison, Larry F / Bushnik, Tracey

    Health reports

    2020  Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–25

    Abstract: Background: Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of thyroid cancer (TC) have increased in many parts of the world, primarily because of increased papillary TC detection. While rapid increases in TC incidence have also been reported in Canada, an ... ...

    Abstract Background: Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) of thyroid cancer (TC) have increased in many parts of the world, primarily because of increased papillary TC detection. While rapid increases in TC incidence have also been reported in Canada, an analysis of incidence and survival by histologic subtype has been lacking. Moreover, recent data points in Canada suggest that the era of rapid annual increases may have ended.
    Data and methods: Data are from the Canadian Cancer Registry, the Canadian Vital Statistics-Death Database and an analytic file linking the two. Annual percent changes (APCs) in incidence and mortality rates are estimated using Joinpoint regression. Net survival (NS) is derived using the Pohar Perme estimator.
    Results: Among females, TC ASIRs decreased by 3.0% annually from 2012 to 2016, following years of rapid growth. Among males, a long period of rapid increase ended in 2012 with no subsequent decline. For both sexes the overall incidence trend was driven by changes over time in papillary TC and incidence trends in non-papillary TC varied significantly. From 1992 to 2016, TC mortality rates were stable among females and increased slightly among males (APC = 1.2). Five-year NS was higher among papillary cases (99%) than among non-papillary cases (80%) and among females (99%) than among males (94%). Overall, five-year NS increased by 2.1 percentage points from the period from 1992 to 1996 to the period from 2010 to 2014.
    Discussion: The results of this study confirm the central role of papillary TC cases in TC incidence and survival trends in Canada. Given recent changes in trend and TC management guidelines, projected increases in TC rates after 2016 could be re-examined.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Canada/epidemiology ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Population Surveillance ; Registries ; Sex Factors ; Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-14
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202000100002-eng
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  6. Article ; Online: [No title information]

    McAlister, Finlay A / Bushnik, Tracey / Leung, Alexander A / Saxinger, Lynora

    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne

    2021  Volume 193, Issue 22, Page(s) E823–E828

    Title translation Établir les priorités de la vaccination contre la COVID-19 en fonction de la prévalence des facteurs de risque chez les adultes au Canada.
    Language French
    Publishing date 2021-05-31
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 215506-0
    ISSN 1488-2329 ; 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    ISSN (online) 1488-2329
    ISSN 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    DOI 10.1503/cmaj.210529-f
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  7. Article ; Online: Informing COVID-19 vaccination priorities based on the prevalence of risk factors among adults in Canada.

    McAlister, Finlay A / Bushnik, Tracey / Leung, Alexander A / Saxinger, Lynora

    CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne

    2021  Volume 193, Issue 17, Page(s) E617–E621

    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use ; Canada ; Health Equity ; Humans ; Immunization Programs/organization & administration ; Patient Selection ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-09
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 215506-0
    ISSN 1488-2329 ; 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    ISSN (online) 1488-2329
    ISSN 0008-4409 ; 0820-3946
    DOI 10.1503/cmaj.210529
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  8. Article ; Online: Sociodemographic characteristics associated with thyroid cancer risk in Canada.

    Bushnik, Tracey / Evans, William K

    Health reports

    2018  Volume 29, Issue 10, Page(s) 3–11

    Abstract: Background: Thyroid cancer incidence in Canada has increased rapidly over the past 25 years. This study examines thyroid cancer incidence and relative risk according to individual-level sociodemographic characteristics in two population-based cohorts.!## ...

    Abstract Background: Thyroid cancer incidence in Canada has increased rapidly over the past 25 years. This study examines thyroid cancer incidence and relative risk according to individual-level sociodemographic characteristics in two population-based cohorts.
    Data and methods: The analysis uses data from the 1991 and 2001 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts (CanCHECs). Using nine years of cancer follow-up for both time periods, age-standardized incidence rates of thyroid cancer were estimated by sex-with sex-specific estimates produced by immigrant status, ethnicity, educational attainment and family income-and by histology type. All characteristics were included in sex-specific standard Cox proportional hazard models to examine the relative risk of thyroid cancer and the relative risk of papillary versus non-papillary thyroid cancer.
    Results: A significant increase over time in thyroid cancer incidence was observed for both sexes, and across all characteristics. Immigrant status and ethnicity were each independently associated with the risk of thyroid cancer, with immigrant men and women and East and Southeast Asian women at higher risk. Men and women who had a postsecondary diploma or higher or who were in the highest income quintile were at increased risk of being diagnosed with papillary thyroid cancer, but not with non-papillary thyroid cancer.
    Discussion: While increased detection has played a role in the rising incidence of thyroid cancer in Canada, it does not fully account for the greater relative risk among the immigrant population and certain ethnic groups. More research is needed to better understand the determinants of the increased risk in these populations.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Canada/epidemiology ; Censuses ; Databases, Factual ; Ethnic Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Socioeconomic Factors ; Thyroid Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Thyroid Neoplasms/ethnology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-17
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
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  9. Article ; Online: Socioeconomic disparities in life and health expectancy among the household population in Canada.

    Bushnik, Tracey / Tjepkema, Michael / Martel, Laurent

    Health reports

    2020  Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–14

    Abstract: Background: Life expectancy (LE) and health expectancy have increased throughout much of the world. However, these gains have not been shared equally across all population groups. Socioeconomic disparities exist, though varied methodologies and data ... ...

    Abstract Background: Life expectancy (LE) and health expectancy have increased throughout much of the world. However, these gains have not been shared equally across all population groups. Socioeconomic disparities exist, though varied methodologies and data sources have made it difficult to ascertain changes over time in Canada.
    Data and methods: The 1996 and 2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohorts, with a five-year mortality follow-up, were used to estimate the LE of the household population at ages 25 and 65, according to individual-level education and income. Health status was measured by the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 instrument in two national population health surveys and was used to adjust LE to estimate health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE). Disparities in LE and HALE, and differences between cohorts, were examined.
    Results: LE, HALE and the ratio of HALE to LE were greater at higher levels of education or income. A stepwise gradient was also observed by level of education within and across income quintiles, with people in the lowest combined education and income categories at the greatest disadvantage. Disparities were wider in the 2011 cohort compared with the 1996 cohort, but not necessarily to the same extent for both sexes or at different ages.
    Discussion: In Canada, education-related and income-related disparities in life and health expectancy persist and may be wider than they were in the past. This underscores the importance of ongoing data development for routine monitoring of trends in mortality and morbidity, which can, in turn, inform policy development and planning to advance health equity.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Canada/epidemiology ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Health Status ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Life Expectancy/trends ; Male ; Models, Statistical ; Population Health ; Socioeconomic Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-14
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202000100001-eng
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  10. Article ; Online: Exercise and screen time during the COVID-19 pandemic.

    Colley, Rachel C / Bushnik, Tracey / Langlois, Kellie

    Health reports

    2020  Volume 31, Issue 6, Page(s) 3–11

    Abstract: Background: The objective of this paper is to describe the exercise and changes in screen time habits, and their relationship with health, among participants of the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS).: Data and methods: Between March 29th and ...

    Abstract Background: The objective of this paper is to describe the exercise and changes in screen time habits, and their relationship with health, among participants of the Canadian Perspectives Survey Series (CPSS).
    Data and methods: Between March 29th and April 3rd 2020, CPSS participants (n = 4,524) reported whether they were exercising outdoors or indoors and whether they increased, decreased or maintained their TV, Internet and video game use. Participants also reported their self-perceived general and mental health.
    Results: More women reported very good or excellent mental health if they were exercising outdoors (54%) compared with those who were not (41%). More women reported very good or excellent general health if they were exercising outdoors (75%) compared with those who were not (49%), with the same trend evident for those exercising indoors (69%) compared to those who were not (62%). More men (65%) and women (62%) rated their mental and general health as very good or excellent if they maintained or decreased TV time compared with those who increased TV time (57% and 43%, respectively), with the same evident for Internet use in women only (maintained/decreased: 61% versus increased: 44%). More men (63%) and women (52%) rated their mental health as very good or excellent if they maintained or decreased video game time compared with those who increased video game time (48% and 29%, respectively). More men and women reported very good or excellent mental and general health if they increased none or one type of screen and/or were exercising outdoors compared with those who increased 2 or 3 types of screens and who were not exercising outdoors, with the exception of general health among men.
    Discussion: Maintaining opportunities for outdoor exercise and limiting screen time may promote better mental and general health during periods of confinement.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Canada ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health/statistics & numerical data ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Screen Time
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-01
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1057245-4
    ISSN 1209-1367 ; 0840-6529
    ISSN (online) 1209-1367
    ISSN 0840-6529
    DOI 10.25318/82-003-x202000600001-eng
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