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Article ; Online: Lemierre's syndrome: a case study with a short review of literature.

De Smet, Ken / Claus, Paul-Emile / Alliet, Gudrun / Simpelaere, An / Desmet, Geert

2018 Volume 74, Issue 3, Page(s) 206–210

Abstract: Objective and importance: Lemierre's syndrome (LS) is a rare condition that typically starts with a bacterial oropharyngeal infection complicated by a thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and septic emboli to the lungs or other organs. The most ...

Abstract	Objective and importance: Lemierre's syndrome (LS) is a rare condition that typically starts with a bacterial oropharyngeal infection complicated by a thrombophlebitis of the internal jugular vein and septic emboli to the lungs or other organs. The most common organism isolated is Fusobacterium necrophorum, although other causative organisms are isolated in rare cases. Case presentation: We discuss a case of LS in a 44-year-old, previously healthy man presenting with an oropharyngeal infection. F. necrophorum was isolated from blood cultures and Computed tomography of the chest demonstrated septic emboli in the lungs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a thrombophlebitis of the sigmoid and transverse vein with continuity to the internal jugular vein. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: F. necrophorum isolates show in vitro susceptibility to metronidazole, clindamycin, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations and carbapenems with no signs of resistance or reduced sensitivity. Anticoagulation is believed to play a favourable role in recovery of the disease because of the potential for faster resolution of thrombophlebitis and bacteraemia. Conflicting results exist in literature with many studies or reviews indicating a favourable outcome both with and without anticoagulation. Anticoagulation for LS consists in most cases of Warfarin or Low molecular weight heparins, with the last being the first choice in children. Indications for the use of anticoagulation in literature are significant clot burden, complication of septic emboli, arterial ischemic stroke, poor response to antibiotics, thrombophilia and cerebral infarction. Conclusions: Antibiotics are considered the mainstay of treatment, although statistically valid trials to evaluate optimal treatment regimens have not yet been conducted due to the low incidence of the infection. The use of anticoagulation in LS is still heavily debated as a result of conflicting results in literature. Due to the disease's low incidence, statistically valid trials that evaluate anticoagulation are lacking. Further prospective and randomized research is needed to establish the benefit of anticoagulation in the treatment of LS.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Anticoagulants/therapeutic use ; Fusobacterium Infections/complications ; Fusobacterium Infections/drug therapy ; Fusobacterium Infections/microbiology ; Fusobacterium necrophorum/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Jugular Veins/diagnostic imaging ; Jugular Veins/microbiology ; Lemierre Syndrome/diagnostic imaging ; Lemierre Syndrome/drug therapy ; Lemierre Syndrome/microbiology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging ; Pulmonary Embolism/drug therapy ; Pulmonary Embolism/microbiology ; Thrombophlebitis/diagnostic imaging ; Thrombophlebitis/drug therapy ; Thrombophlebitis/microbiology ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anticoagulants
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390201-8
ISSN	2295-3337 ; 0001-5512 ; 1784-3286
ISSN (online)	2295-3337
ISSN	0001-5512 ; 1784-3286
DOI	10.1080/17843286.2018.1474614
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Article ; Online: Local regulation of auxin transport in root-apex transition zone mediates aluminium-induced Arabidopsis root-growth inhibition.

Li, Cuiling / Liu, Guangchao / Geng, Xiaoyu / He, Chunmei / Quan, Taiyong / Hayashi, Ken-Ichiro / De Smet, Ive / Robert, Hélène S / Ding, Zhaojun / Yang, Zhong-Bao

The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology

2021 Volume 108, Issue 1, Page(s) 55–66

Abstract: Aluminium (Al) stress is a major limiting factor for worldwide crop production in acid soils. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the TAA1-dependent local auxin biosynthesis in the root-apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for Al toxicity, is ... ...

Abstract	Aluminium (Al) stress is a major limiting factor for worldwide crop production in acid soils. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the TAA1-dependent local auxin biosynthesis in the root-apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for Al toxicity, is crucial for the Al-induced root-growth inhibition, while the mechanism underlying Al-regulated auxin accumulation in the TZ is not fully understood. In the present study, the role of auxin transport in Al-induced local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root-growth inhibition was investigated. Our results showed that PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins such as PIN1, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 and AUX1/LAX proteins such as AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2 were all ectopically up-regulated in the root-apex TZ in response to Al stress and coordinately regulated local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root-growth inhibition. The ectopic up-regulation of PIN1 in the TZ under Al stress was regulated by both ethylene and auxin, with auxin signalling acting downstream of ethylene. Al-induced PIN1 up-regulation and auxin accumulation in the root-apex TZ was also regulated by the calossin-like protein BIG. Together, our results provide insight into how Al stress induces local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root-growth inhibition through the local regulation of auxin transport.
MeSH term(s)	Aluminum/toxicity ; Arabidopsis/drug effects ; Arabidopsis/genetics ; Arabidopsis/growth & development ; Arabidopsis/physiology ; Arabidopsis Proteins/genetics ; Arabidopsis Proteins/metabolism ; Biological Transport ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Ethylenes/metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Indoleacetic Acids/metabolism ; Membrane Transport Proteins/genetics ; Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Plant Growth Regulators/metabolism ; Plant Roots/drug effects ; Plant Roots/genetics ; Plant Roots/growth & development ; Plant Roots/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological ; Up-Regulation
Chemical Substances	Arabidopsis Proteins ; BIG protein, Arabidopsis ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins ; Ethylenes ; Indoleacetic Acids ; Membrane Transport Proteins ; PIN1 protein, Arabidopsis ; Plant Growth Regulators ; ethylene (91GW059KN7) ; Aluminum (CPD4NFA903)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1088037-9
ISSN	1365-313X ; 0960-7412
ISSN (online)	1365-313X
ISSN	0960-7412
DOI	10.1111/tpj.15424
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Article: Quantification and role of innate lymphoid cell subsets in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Blomme, Evy E / Provoost, Sharen / De Smet, Elise G / De Grove, Katrien C / Van Eeckhoutte, Hannelore P / De Volder, Joyceline / Hansbro, Philip M / Bonato, Matteo / Saetta, Marina / Wijnant, Sara Ra / Verhamme, Fien / Joos, Guy F / Bracke, Ken R / Brusselle, Guy G / Maes, Tania

Clinical & translational immunology

2021 Volume 10, Issue 6, Page(s) e1287

Abstract: Objectives: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) secrete cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-17, which are linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we investigated the role of pulmonary ILCs in COPD pathogenesis.: Methods: Lung ILC ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) secrete cytokines, such as IFN-γ, IL-13 and IL-17, which are linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Here, we investigated the role of pulmonary ILCs in COPD pathogenesis. Methods: Lung ILC subsets in COPD and control subjects were quantified using flow cytometry and associated with clinical parameters. Tissue localisation of ILC and T-cell subsets was determined by immunohistochemistry. Mice were exposed to air or cigarette smoke (CS) for 1, 4 or 24 weeks to investigate whether pulmonary ILC numbers and activation are altered and whether they contribute to CS-induced innate inflammatory responses. Results: Quantification of lung ILC subsets demonstrated that ILC1 frequency in the total ILC population was elevated in COPD and was associated with smoking and severity of respiratory symptoms (COPD Assessment Test [CAT] score). All three ILC subsets localised near lymphoid aggregates in COPD. In the COPD mouse model, CS exposure in C57BL/6J mice increased ILC numbers at all time points, with relative increases in ILC1 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Importantly, CS exposure induced increases in neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells that remained elevated in Conclusion: The ILC1 subset is increased in COPD patients and correlates with smoking and severity of respiratory symptoms. ILCs also increase upon CS exposure in C57BL/6J mice. In the absence of adaptive immunity, ILCs contribute to CS-induced pro-inflammatory mediator release, but are redundant in CS-induced innate inflammation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-05
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2694482-0
ISSN	2050-0068
ISSN	2050-0068
DOI	10.1002/cti2.1287
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Article: Local regulation of auxin transport in root‐apex transition zone mediates aluminium‐induced Arabidopsis root‐growth inhibition

Li, Cuiling / Liu, Guangchao / Geng, Xiaoyu / He, Chunmei / Quan, Taiyong / Hayashi, Ken‐Ichiro / De Smet, Ive / Robert, Hélène S. / Ding, Zhaojun / Yang, Zhong‐Bao

plant journal. 2021 Oct., v. 108, no. 1

2021

Abstract: Aluminium (Al) stress is a major limiting factor for worldwide crop production in acid soils. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the TAA1‐dependent local auxin biosynthesis in the root‐apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for Al toxicity, is ... ...

Abstract	Aluminium (Al) stress is a major limiting factor for worldwide crop production in acid soils. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the TAA1‐dependent local auxin biosynthesis in the root‐apex transition zone (TZ), the major perception site for Al toxicity, is crucial for the Al‐induced root‐growth inhibition, while the mechanism underlying Al‐regulated auxin accumulation in the TZ is not fully understood. In the present study, the role of auxin transport in Al‐induced local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root‐growth inhibition was investigated. Our results showed that PIN‐FORMED (PIN) proteins such as PIN1, PIN3, PIN4 and PIN7 and AUX1/LAX proteins such as AUX1, LAX1 and LAX2 were all ectopically up‐regulated in the root‐apex TZ in response to Al stress and coordinately regulated local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root‐growth inhibition. The ectopic up‐regulation of PIN1 in the TZ under Al stress was regulated by both ethylene and auxin, with auxin signalling acting downstream of ethylene. Al‐induced PIN1 up‐regulation and auxin accumulation in the root‐apex TZ was also regulated by the calossin‐like protein BIG. Together, our results provide insight into how Al stress induces local auxin accumulation in the TZ and root‐growth inhibition through the local regulation of auxin transport.
Keywords	Arabidopsis thaliana ; aluminum ; auxins ; biosynthesis ; crop production ; ethylene ; root growth ; toxicity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Size	p. 55-66.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1088037-9
ISSN	1365-313X ; 0960-7412
ISSN (online)	1365-313X
ISSN	0960-7412
DOI	10.1111/tpj.15424
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Article ; Online: Association of innate defense proteins BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 with disease severity in COPD.

De Smet, Elise G / Seys, Leen Jm / Verhamme, Fien M / Vanaudenaerde, Bart M / Brusselle, Guy G / Bingle, Colin D / Bracke, Ken R

International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2017 Volume 13, Page(s) 11–27

Abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs caused by the inhalation of noxious particles and gases. The airway epithelium has a protective function against these harmful agents by ... ...

Abstract	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response in the lungs caused by the inhalation of noxious particles and gases. The airway epithelium has a protective function against these harmful agents by maintaining a physical barrier and by secreting defensive proteins, such as bactericidal/permeability-increasing fold-containing (BPIF) proteins, BPIFA1 and BPIFB1. However, inconsistent data regarding BPIFA1 expression in smokers and COPD patients have been reported to date. Therefore, we investigated the expression of BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 in a large cohort of never-smokers and smokers with and without COPD, both on the messenger RNA (mRNA) level in lung tissue and on the protein level in airway epithelium. Furthermore, we examined the correlation between BPIFA1 and BPIFB1 levels, goblet cell hyperplasia, and lung function measurements.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Autoantigens/genetics ; Autoantigens/metabolism ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Case-Control Studies ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Glycoproteins/genetics ; Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Goblet Cells/metabolism ; Goblet Cells/pathology ; Humans ; Hyperplasia ; Lung/metabolism ; Lung/pathology ; Lung/physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phosphoproteins/genetics ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Proteins/genetics ; Proteins/metabolism ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/diagnosis ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/physiopathology ; RNA, Messenger/genetics ; Severity of Illness Index ; Smoking/adverse effects ; Smoking/genetics ; Smoking/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Vital Capacity
Chemical Substances	Autoantigens ; BPIFA1 protein, human ; BPIFB1 protein, human ; Biomarkers ; Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins ; Glycoproteins ; Phosphoproteins ; Proteins ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-19
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2212419-6
ISSN	1178-2005 ; 1176-9106
ISSN (online)	1178-2005
ISSN	1176-9106
DOI	10.2147/COPD.S144136
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Article ; Online: Non-coding RNAs in the pathogenesis of COPD.

De Smet, Elise G / Mestdagh, Pieter / Vandesompele, Jo / Brusselle, Guy G / Bracke, Ken R

Thorax

2015 Volume 70, Issue 8, Page(s) 782–791

Abstract: A large part of the human genome is transcribed in non-coding RNAs, transcripts that do not code for protein, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). MiRNAs are short single-stranded RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene ... ...

Abstract	A large part of the human genome is transcribed in non-coding RNAs, transcripts that do not code for protein, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). MiRNAs are short single-stranded RNA molecules that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. They play an important regulatory role in many biological processes. Consequently, altered expression of these non-coding RNAs has been shown to lead to inflammation and disease. In contrast, lncRNAs, can both enhance or repress the expression of protein-coding genes. COPD is typically caused by tobacco smoking and leads to a progressive decline in lung function and a premature death. Exaggerated pulmonary inflammation is a hallmark feature in this disease, leading to obstructive bronchiolitis and emphysema. In this review, we discuss the miRNA expression patterns in lungs of patients with COPD and in mouse models and we highlight various miRNAs involved in COPD pathogenesis. In addition, we briefly discuss a specific lncRNA that is upregulated upon cigarette smoke exposure, providing a short introduction to this more recently discovered group of non-coding RNAs.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genome, Human ; Humans ; Lung/metabolism ; Mice ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/genetics ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/metabolism ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
Chemical Substances	RNA, Long Noncoding
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	204353-1
ISSN	1468-3296 ; 0040-6376
ISSN (online)	1468-3296
ISSN	0040-6376
DOI	10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206560
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Article ; Online: Translational research into the effects of cigarette smoke on inflammatory mediators and epithelial TRPV1 in Crohn's disease.

Allais, Liesbeth / Verschuere, Stephanie / Maes, Tania / De Smet, Rebecca / Devriese, Sarah / Gonzales, Gerard Bryan / Peeters, Harald / Van Crombruggen, Koen / Bachert, Claus / De Vos, Martine / Brusselle, Guy G / Bracke, Ken R / Cuvelier, Claude A / Laukens, Debby

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) e0236657

Abstract: Crohn's disease is a pathological condition of the gastro-intestinal tract, causing severe transmural inflammation in the ileum and/or colon. Cigarette smoking is one of the best known environmental risk factors for the development of Crohn's disease. ... ...

Abstract	Crohn's disease is a pathological condition of the gastro-intestinal tract, causing severe transmural inflammation in the ileum and/or colon. Cigarette smoking is one of the best known environmental risk factors for the development of Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, very little is known about the effect of prolonged cigarette smoke exposure on inflammatory modulators in the gut. We examined the effect of cigarette smoke on cytokine profiles in the healthy and inflamed gut of human subjects and in the trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid mouse model, which mimics distal Crohn-like colitis. In addition, the effect of cigarette smoke on epithelial expression of transient receptor potential channels and their concurrent increase with cigarette smoke-augmented cytokine production was investigated. Active smoking was associated with increased IL-8 transcription in ileum of controls (p < 0,001; n = 18-20/group). In the ileum, TRPV1 mRNA levels were decreased in never smoking Crohn's disease patients compared to healthy subjects (p <0,001; n = 20/group). In the colon, TRPV1 mRNA levels were decreased (p = 0,046) in smoking healthy controls (n = 20/group). Likewise, healthy mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (n = 10/group) showed elevated ileal Cxcl2 (p = 0,0075) and colonic Kc mRNA levels (p = 0,0186), whereas TRPV1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in the ileum (p = 0,0315). Although cigarette smoke exposure prior to trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid administration did not alter disease activity, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed in the distal colon (Kc: p = 0,0273; Cxcl2: p = 0,104; Il1-β: p = 0,0796), in parallel with the increase of Trpv1 mRNA (p < 0,001). We infer that CS affects pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in healthy and inflamed gut, and that the simultaneous modulation of TRPV1 may point to a potential involvement of TRPV1 in cigarette smoke-induced production of inflammatory mediators.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Caco-2 Cells ; Colon/metabolism ; Colon/pathology ; Crohn Disease/chemically induced ; Crohn Disease/metabolism ; Crohn Disease/pathology ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; HT29 Cells ; Humans ; Ileum/metabolism ; Ileum/pathology ; Inflammation/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism ; Intestinal Mucosa/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Middle Aged ; TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism ; Tobacco Smoking/adverse effects ; Translational Medical Research ; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; TRPV Cation Channels ; TRPV1 protein, human ; TRPV1 protein, mouse ; Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid (8T3HQG2ZC4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0236657
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Article ; Online: Antimicrobial de-escalation in the critically ill patient and assessment of clinical cure: the DIANA study.

De Bus, Liesbet / Depuydt, Pieter / Steen, Johan / Dhaese, Sofie / De Smet, Ken / Tabah, Alexis / Akova, Murat / Cotta, Menino Osbert / De Pascale, Gennaro / Dimopoulos, George / Fujitani, Shigeki / Garnacho-Montero, Jose / Leone, Marc / Lipman, Jeffrey / Ostermann, Marlies / Paiva, José-Artur / Schouten, Jeroen / Sjövall, Fredrik / Timsit, Jean-François /

Roberts, Jason A / Zahar, Jean-Ralph / Zand, Farid / Zirpe, Kapil / De Waele, Jan J

Intensive care medicine

2020 Volume 46, Issue 7, Page(s) 1404–1417

Abstract: Purpose: The DIANA study aimed to evaluate how often antimicrobial de-escalation (ADE ...

Abstract	Purpose: The DIANA study aimed to evaluate how often antimicrobial de-escalation (ADE) of empirical treatment is performed in the intensive care unit (ICU) and to estimate the effect of ADE on clinical cure on day 7 following treatment initiation. Methods: Adult ICU patients receiving empirical antimicrobial therapy for bacterial infection were studied in a prospective observational study from October 2016 until May 2018. ADE was defined as (1) discontinuation of an antimicrobial in case of empirical combination therapy or (2) replacement of an antimicrobial with the intention to narrow the antimicrobial spectrum, within the first 3 days of therapy. Inverse probability (IP) weighting was used to account for time-varying confounding when estimating the effect of ADE on clinical cure. Results: Overall, 1495 patients from 152 ICUs in 28 countries were studied. Combination therapy was prescribed in 50%, and carbapenems were prescribed in 26% of patients. Empirical therapy underwent ADE, no change and change other than ADE within the first 3 days in 16%, 63% and 22%, respectively. Unadjusted mortality at day 28 was 15.8% in the ADE cohort and 19.4% in patients with no change [p = 0.27; RR 0.83 (95% CI 0.60-1.14)]. The IP-weighted relative risk estimate for clinical cure comparing ADE with no-ADE patients (no change or change other than ADE) was 1.37 (95% CI 1.14-1.64). Conclusion: ADE was infrequently applied in critically ill-infected patients. The observational effect estimate on clinical cure suggested no deleterious impact of ADE compared to no-ADE. However, residual confounding is likely.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents/therapeutic use ; Carbapenems ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Anti-Infective Agents ; Carbapenems
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study
ZDB-ID	80387-x
ISSN	1432-1238 ; 0340-0964 ; 0342-4642 ; 0935-1701
ISSN (online)	1432-1238
ISSN	0340-0964 ; 0342-4642 ; 0935-1701
DOI	10.1007/s00134-020-06111-5
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Article ; Online: Closing in on the Reservoir: Proactive Case Detection in High-Risk Groups as a Strategy to Detect Plasmodium falciparum Asymptomatic Carriers in Cambodia.

Rossi, Gabriele / Vernaeve, Lieven / Van den Bergh, Rafael / Nguon, Chea / Debackere, Mark / Abello Peiri, Carme / Van, Vuthea / Khim, Nimol / Kim, Saorin / Eam, Rotha / Ken, Malen / Khean, Chanra / De Smet, Martin / Menard, Didier / Kindermans, Jean-Marie

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

2018 Volume 66, Issue 10, Page(s) 1610–1617

Abstract: Background: In the frame of elimination strategies of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), active case detection has been recommended as complementary approach to the existing passive case detection programs. We trialed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based ... ...

Abstract	Background: In the frame of elimination strategies of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), active case detection has been recommended as complementary approach to the existing passive case detection programs. We trialed a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based active detection strategy targeting asymptomatic individuals, named proactive case detection (PACD), with the aim of assessing its feasibility, the extra yield of Pf infections, and the at-risk population for Pf carriage status. Methods: A pilot of PACD was conducted in 3 villages in Chey Saen district (Preah Vihear province, Cambodia), from December 2015 to March 2016. Voluntary screening and treatment, following health promotion sensitization, was used as mobilization strategy. Results: A total of 2802 persons were tested, representing 54% of the population. PACD (n = 30) and the respective reactive case detection (RACD) (n = 3) identified 33 Pf carriers, approximately twice as many as the Pf infections (n = 17) diagnosed in passive case detection and respective RACD, by health centers and village malaria workers using PCR, in the same villages/period. Final positivity rate was 1.07% (30/2802). People spending nighttime in forests and plantations were found to be at increased risk for Pf infection (odds ratio [OR], 3.4 [95% CI, 1.6-7.2], P = .002 and OR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.1-4.9], P = .03, respectively). Conclusions: We demonstrated the usefulness of the PACD component in identifying Pf asymptomatic carriers. Social mobilization and promotion led to good attendance of specific risk groups, identified to be, in the Cambodian context, individuals spending nighttime in forest and plantations.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Antimalarials/therapeutic use ; Artemisinins/administration & dosage ; Artemisinins/therapeutic use ; Cambodia ; Carrier State ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease Reservoirs ; Female ; Humans ; Malaria, Falciparum/drug therapy ; Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology ; Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology ; Malaria, Falciparum/transmission ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee ; Pilot Projects ; Plasmodium falciparum ; Primaquine/administration & dosage ; Primaquine/therapeutic use ; Quinolines/administration & dosage ; Quinolines/therapeutic use ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antimalarials ; Artemisinins ; Quinolines ; artenimol (6A9O50735X) ; piperaquine (A0HV2Q956Y) ; Primaquine (MVR3634GX1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1099781-7
ISSN	1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
ISSN (online)	1537-6591
ISSN	1058-4838
DOI	10.1093/cid/cix1064
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Article ; Online: Translational research into the effects of cigarette smoke on inflammatory mediators and epithelial TRPV1 in Crohn's disease.

Liesbeth Allais / Stephanie Verschuere / Tania Maes / Rebecca De Smet / Sarah Devriese / Gerard Bryan Gonzales / Harald Peeters / Koen Van Crombruggen / Claus Bachert / Martine De Vos / Guy G Brusselle / Ken R Bracke / Claude A Cuvelier / Debby Laukens

PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 8, p e

2020 Volume 0236657

Abstract	Crohn's disease is a pathological condition of the gastro-intestinal tract, causing severe transmural inflammation in the ileum and/or colon. Cigarette smoking is one of the best known environmental risk factors for the development of Crohn's disease. Nevertheless, very little is known about the effect of prolonged cigarette smoke exposure on inflammatory modulators in the gut. We examined the effect of cigarette smoke on cytokine profiles in the healthy and inflamed gut of human subjects and in the trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid mouse model, which mimics distal Crohn-like colitis. In addition, the effect of cigarette smoke on epithelial expression of transient receptor potential channels and their concurrent increase with cigarette smoke-augmented cytokine production was investigated. Active smoking was associated with increased IL-8 transcription in ileum of controls (p < 0,001; n = 18-20/group). In the ileum, TRPV1 mRNA levels were decreased in never smoking Crohn's disease patients compared to healthy subjects (p <0,001; n = 20/group). In the colon, TRPV1 mRNA levels were decreased (p = 0,046) in smoking healthy controls (n = 20/group). Likewise, healthy mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (n = 10/group) showed elevated ileal Cxcl2 (p = 0,0075) and colonic Kc mRNA levels (p = 0,0186), whereas TRPV1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated in the ileum (p = 0,0315). Although cigarette smoke exposure prior to trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid administration did not alter disease activity, increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production was observed in the distal colon (Kc: p = 0,0273; Cxcl2: p = 0,104; Il1-β: p = 0,0796), in parallel with the increase of Trpv1 mRNA (p < 0,001). We infer that CS affects pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in healthy and inflamed gut, and that the simultaneous modulation of TRPV1 may point to a potential involvement of TRPV1 in cigarette smoke-induced production of inflammatory mediators.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	610
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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