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Article ; Online: The viability of human cells irradiated with 470-nm light at various radiant energies in vitro.

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Awosika, Olanrewaju / Zacharias, Sean / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Lasers in medical science

2021 Volume 36, Issue 8, Page(s) 1661–1670

Abstract: Blue light is known to be antimicrobial, but its effect on normal cutaneous and subcutaneous cells remains unclear. Therefore, we studied the effect of 470-nm light on the viability of adult and neonatal human dermal fibroblasts, Jurkat T-cells, and THP- ... ...

Abstract	Blue light is known to be antimicrobial, but its effect on normal cutaneous and subcutaneous cells remains unclear. Therefore, we studied the effect of 470-nm light on the viability of adult and neonatal human dermal fibroblasts, Jurkat T-cells, and THP-1 monocytes in vitro. Each culture was irradiated with 0, 3, 55, or 110 J/cm
MeSH term(s)	Cell Proliferation ; Cell Survival ; Fibroblasts ; Humans ; Light ; Low-Level Light Therapy
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632808-8
ISSN	1435-604X ; 0268-8921
ISSN (online)	1435-604X
ISSN	0268-8921
DOI	10.1007/s10103-021-03250-z
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Article ; Online: Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective.

Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel / Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2020 Volume 207, Page(s) 111891

Abstract: The recent outbreak of COVID-19, which continues to ravage communities with high death tolls and untold psychosocial and catastrophic economic consequences, is a vivid reminder of nature's capacity to defy contemporary healthcare. The pandemic calls for ... ...

Abstract	The recent outbreak of COVID-19, which continues to ravage communities with high death tolls and untold psychosocial and catastrophic economic consequences, is a vivid reminder of nature's capacity to defy contemporary healthcare. The pandemic calls for rapid mobilization of every potential clinical tool, including phototherapy-one of the most effective treatments used to reduce the impact of the 1918 "Spanish influenza" pandemic. This paper cites several studies showing that phototherapy has immense potential to reduce the impact of coronavirus diseases, and offers suggested ways that the healthcare industry can integrate modern light technologies in the fight against COVID-19 and other infections. The evidence shows that violet/blue (400-470 nm) light is antimicrobial against numerous bacteria, and that it accounts for Niels Ryberg Finsen's Nobel-winning treatment of tuberculosis. Further evidence shows that blue light inactivates several viruses, including the common flu coronavirus, and that in experimental animals, red and near infrared light reduce respiratory disorders, similar to those complications associated with coronavirus infection. Moreover, in patients, red light has been shown to alleviate chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma. These findings call for urgent efforts to further explore the clinical value of light, and not wait for another pandemic to serve as a reminder. The ubiquity of inexpensive light emitting lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), makes it relatively easy to develop safe low-cost light-based devices with the potential to reduce infections, sanitize equipment, hospital facilities, emergency care vehicles, homes, and the general environment as pilot studies have shown.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/therapy ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Heliotherapy ; Humans ; Infrared Rays ; Light ; Low-Level Light Therapy ; Lung Diseases/epidemiology ; Lung Diseases/therapy ; Lung Diseases/virology ; Pandemics ; Phototherapy/methods ; Pneumonia, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111891
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Article ; Online: Pulsed 450 nm blue light suppresses MRSA and Propionibacterium acnes in planktonic cultures and bacterial biofilms.

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2019 Volume 202, Page(s) 111702

Abstract: In our recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) suppresses the growth of Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave (CW) blue light in vitro, but it is not known that other bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( ...

Abstract	In our recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) suppresses the growth of Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave (CW) blue light in vitro, but it is not known that other bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), respond similarly to PBL. The high potency of PBL relative to CW blue light makes it a suitable antimicrobial for suppressing bacterial growth in biofilms as well. Therefore, we determined if MRSA-a deadly bacterium of global concern-is susceptible to 450 nm PBL irradiation in vitro, and ascertained whether the bactericidal effect of PBL on planktonic P. acnes culture can be replicated in biofilms of P. acnes and MRSA. In three series of experiments, we irradiated P. acnes and MRSA respectively, either in planktonic cultures, forming biofilms or formed biofilms. Compared to controls, the results showed 100% bacterial suppression in planktonic cultures of MRSA irradiated with 3 mW/cm
MeSH term(s)	Biofilms/radiation effects ; Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; Light ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/physiology ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/radiation effects ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Propionibacterium acnes/physiology ; Propionibacterium acnes/radiation effects ; Thermodynamics
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111702
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Article ; Online: Blue light absorbing pigment in Streptococcus agalactiae does not potentiate the antimicrobial effect of pulsed 450 nm light.

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Cortez, Paulina Michelle / Morrow, Brianna Nicole / Rojas, Paulina / Bowman, Chynna Rose / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2021 Volume 216, Page(s) 112149

Abstract: Introduction: Recently, it was shown that Group B Streptococcus (GBS) COH1 strain, which has granadaene-an endogenous chromophore known to absorb blue light-is not susceptible to 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivation unless the bacterium is co- ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Recently, it was shown that Group B Streptococcus (GBS) COH1 strain, which has granadaene-an endogenous chromophore known to absorb blue light-is not susceptible to 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivation unless the bacterium is co-cultured with exogenous porphyrin. Purpose: To confirm or refute the finding, we studied the effect of blue light on NCTC, another strain of GBS with more granadaene than COH1, to determine if the abundance of granadaene-and by implication more absorption of blue light-fosters GBS susceptibility to PBL. Methods: We irradiated cultures of the bacterium with or without protoporphyrin, coproporphyrin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or NADH. After 24-h incubation, bacterial colonies were enumerated, log Results: (1) The rich amount of granadaene in NCTC did not enhance its susceptibility to antimicrobial pulsed blue light (PBL). (2) Adding exogenous porphyrin fostered NCTC susceptibility to irradiation, resulting in 100% bacterial suppression. (3) Exogenous FMN or FAD, which strongly absorb 450 nm light, did not promote the antimicrobial effect of PBL, neither did exogenous NAD or NADH, two weak blue light-absorbing photosensitizers. Conclusion: These results strengthen our previous assertion that an endogenous chromophore with the capacity to absorb and transform light energy into a biochemical process that engenders bacterial cell death, is essential for 450 nm PBL to suppress GBS.
MeSH term(s)	Apoptosis/radiation effects ; Cell Culture Techniques ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Flavin Mononucleotide/chemistry ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide/chemistry ; Light ; NAD/chemistry ; Photosensitizing Agents/chemistry ; Porphyrins/chemistry ; Streptococcus agalactiae/metabolism ; Streptococcus agalactiae/radiation effects ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Photosensitizing Agents ; Porphyrins ; NAD (0U46U6E8UK) ; Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide (146-14-5) ; Flavin Mononucleotide (7N464URE7E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112149
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Article ; Online: Optimizing the bactericidal effect of pulsed blue light on Propionibacterium acnes - A correlative fluorescence spectroscopy study.

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Tong, William / Castel, Chris / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2019 Volume 202, Page(s) 111701

Abstract: Propionibacterium acnes infection is the eighth most prevalent disease, affecting 80% of people worldwide. Resistance to antibiotics has been on the rise; over 40% of acne infections now resist commonly used topical and oral anti-acnes antibiotics, ... ...

Abstract	Propionibacterium acnes infection is the eighth most prevalent disease, affecting 80% of people worldwide. Resistance to antibiotics has been on the rise; over 40% of acne infections now resist commonly used topical and oral anti-acnes antibiotics, making treatment difficult. In our effort to refine blue light as an alternative safe clinically effective treatment, we determined if 100% bacterial suppression is attainable at ultralow irradiances and radiant energies, and explored the relationship between bacterial suppression and fluorescence during treatment. P. acnes were irradiated in vitro repeatedly three times per day at 3- or 4-hour intervals over three or more days, using 3 or 5 J/cm
MeSH term(s)	Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; Light ; Propionibacterium acnes/radiation effects ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence ; Thermodynamics
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111701
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Article: Optimizing the bactericidal effect of pulsed blue light on Propionibacterium acnes - A correlative fluorescence spectroscopy study

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Tong, William / Castel, Chris / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. 2020 Jan., v. 202

2020

Abstract	Propionibacterium acnes infection is the eighth most prevalent disease, affecting 80% of people worldwide. Resistance to antibiotics has been on the rise; over 40% of acne infections now resist commonly used topical and oral anti-acnes antibiotics, making treatment difficult. In our effort to refine blue light as an alternative safe clinically effective treatment, we determined if 100% bacterial suppression is attainable at ultralow irradiances and radiant energies, and explored the relationship between bacterial suppression and fluorescence during treatment. P. acnes were irradiated in vitro repeatedly three times per day at 3- or 4-hour intervals over three or more days, using 3 or 5 J/cm2 radiant energy of 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) at irradiances as low as 2 mW/cm2. In another series of experiments, we measured changes in P. acnes fluorescence as bacteria were repeatedly irradiated at various radiant exposures over three to four days. Our results showed that (1) 33% PBL, applied three times per day at 3-hour intervals each day over a three-day period at 2 mW/cm2 irradiance and 5 J/cm2 radiant exposure, resulted in100% bacterial suppression (7 log10 reduction), (2) the absorbed 450 nm light caused P. acnes to fluoresce predominantly in the red spectrum, with the fluorescence diminishing correlatively as treatment was repeated at 3-hour intervals and rising significantly during long periods of no treatment, and (3) treatment at 3-hour intervals gave better results than treatment at 4-hour intervals.
Keywords	Propionibacterium acnes ; acne ; antibacterial properties ; antibiotic resistance ; antibiotics ; bacteria ; blue light ; fluorescence ; irradiation ; light intensity ; radiant energy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-01
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111701
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Pulsed 450 nm blue light suppresses MRSA and Propionibacterium acnes in planktonic cultures and bacterial biofilms

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. 2020 Jan., v. 202

2020

Abstract	In our recent study, we showed that pulsed blue light (PBL) suppresses the growth of Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave (CW) blue light in vitro, but it is not known that other bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), respond similarly to PBL. The high potency of PBL relative to CW blue light makes it a suitable antimicrobial for suppressing bacterial growth in biofilms as well. Therefore, we determined if MRSA—a deadly bacterium of global concern—is susceptible to 450 nm PBL irradiation in vitro, and ascertained whether the bactericidal effect of PBL on planktonic P. acnes culture can be replicated in biofilms of P. acnes and MRSA. In three series of experiments, we irradiated P. acnes and MRSA respectively, either in planktonic cultures, forming biofilms or formed biofilms. Compared to controls, the results showed 100% bacterial suppression in planktonic cultures of MRSA irradiated with 3 mW/cm2 irradiance and 7.6 J/cm2 radiant exposure three times at 30-minute intervals, and also in P. acnes cultures irradiated with 2 mW/cm2 irradiance 5 J/cm2 radiant exposure thrice daily during each of 3 days. Irradiation of biofilms with the same irradiances and radiant exposures that gave 100% bacterial suppression in planktonic cultures resulted in disruption and disassembly of the architecture of MRSA and P. acnes biofilms, more so in forming biofilms than formed biofilms. The antimicrobial effect on each bacterium was minimal in forming biofilms, and even less in formed biofilms. Increasing radiant exposure slightly from 7.6 J/cm2 to 10.8 J/cm2 without changing any other parameter, yielded more disruption of the biofilm and fewer live MRSA and P. acnes, suggesting that 100% bacterial suppression is possible with further refinement of the protocol. In both planktonic cultures and biofilms, PBL suppressed MRSA more than P. acnes.
Keywords	Propionibacterium acnes ; antibacterial properties ; antibiotic resistance ; bacteria ; bacterial growth ; biofilm ; blue light ; irradiation ; light intensity ; methicillin ; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; plankton
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-01
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111702
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective

Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel / Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos

J Photochem Photobiol B

Abstract	The recent outbreak of COVID-19, which continues to ravage communities with high death tolls and untold psychosocial and catastrophic economic consequences, is a vivid reminder of nature's capacity to defy contemporary healthcare. The pandemic calls for rapid mobilization of every potential clinical tool, including phototherapy-one of the most effective treatments used to reduce the impact of the 1918 "Spanish influenza" pandemic. This paper cites several studies showing that phototherapy has immense potential to reduce the impact of coronavirus diseases, and offers suggested ways that the healthcare industry can integrate modern light technologies in the fight against COVID-19 and other infections. The evidence shows that violet/blue (400-470 nm) light is antimicrobial against numerous bacteria, and that it accounts for Niels Ryberg Finsen's Nobel-winning treatment of tuberculosis. Further evidence shows that blue light inactivates several viruses, including the common flu coronavirus, and that in experimental animals, red and near infrared light reduce respiratory disorders, similar to those complications associated with coronavirus infection. Moreover, in patients, red light has been shown to alleviate chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchial asthma. These findings call for urgent efforts to further explore the clinical value of light, and not wait for another pandemic to serve as a reminder. The ubiquity of inexpensive light emitting lasers and light emitting diodes (LEDs), makes it relatively easy to develop safe low-cost light-based devices with the potential to reduce infections, sanitize equipment, hospital facilities, emergency care vehicles, homes, and the general environment as pilot studies have shown.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #154800
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Pulsed 450 nm blue light significantly inactivates Propionibacterium acnes more than continuous wave blue light.

Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Castel, Chris / Castel, Dawn / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology

2019 Volume 202, Page(s) 111719

Abstract: Infection with Propionibacterium acnes is ubiquitous, and drug resistant strains have been on the rise as the use of pharmaceutical antimicrobials continues to engender the emergence of further resistant strains. In previous studies, we showed that ... ...

Abstract	Infection with Propionibacterium acnes is ubiquitous, and drug resistant strains have been on the rise as the use of pharmaceutical antimicrobials continues to engender the emergence of further resistant strains. In previous studies, we showed that treatment with blue light serves as an alternative to pharmaceutical intervention. As a part of our ongoing effort to improve the antimicrobial efficacy of blue light, we studied the effect of pulsed 450 nm light on P. acnes in vitro and compared two pulsed rates with continuous wave irradiation. We irradiated cultures of P. acnes at various irradiances and radiant energies either singly or repeatedly at various time intervals, using printed micro-LEDs, with the goal of finding the lowest combination of irradiance and radiant energy that would yield 100% bacterial suppression. Our results show that treatment with 33% pulsed light gave the best result compared to 20% pulsed wave or continuous wave. Timing irradiation to coincide with the replication cycle of P. acnes produced a significantly better antimicrobial effect. Furthermore, repeated irradiation at 3-h or 4-h interval enabled significant bacterial suppression even at lower irradiances; thus, making single irradiation at high irradiances unnecessary. Moreover, combining repeated irradiation with appropriate duration of treatment and 33% irradiation pulse rate gave optimal 100% [7 log
MeSH term(s)	Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests ; Light ; Printing, Three-Dimensional ; Propionibacterium acnes/radiation effects ; Thermodynamics ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111719
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Blue light absorbing pigment in Streptococcus agalactiae does not potentiate the antimicrobial effect of pulsed 450 nm light

Bumah, Violet Vakunseh / Cortez, Paulina Michelle / Morrow, Brianna Nicole / Rojas, Paulina / Bowman, Chynna Rose / Masson-Meyers, Daniela Santos / Enwemeka, Chukuka Samuel

Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. 2021 Mar., v. 216

2021

Abstract: Recently, it was shown that Group B Streptococcus (GBS) COH1 strain, which has granadaene—an endogenous chromophore known to absorb blue light—is not susceptible to 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivation unless the bacterium is co-cultured with ... ...

Abstract	Recently, it was shown that Group B Streptococcus (GBS) COH1 strain, which has granadaene—an endogenous chromophore known to absorb blue light—is not susceptible to 450 nm pulsed blue light (PBL) inactivation unless the bacterium is co-cultured with exogenous porphyrin.To confirm or refute the finding, we studied the effect of blue light on NCTC, another strain of GBS with more granadaene than COH1, to determine if the abundance of granadaene—and by implication more absorption of blue light—fosters GBS susceptibility to PBL.We irradiated cultures of the bacterium with or without protoporphyrin, coproporphyrin, flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) or NADH. After 24-h incubation, bacterial colonies were enumerated, log₁₀ CFU/mL computed, and descriptive and inferential data analyzed and compared. Results: (1) The rich amount of granadaene in NCTC did not enhance its susceptibility to antimicrobial pulsed blue light (PBL). (2) Adding exogenous porphyrin fostered NCTC susceptibility to irradiation, resulting in 100% bacterial suppression. (3) Exogenous FMN or FAD, which strongly absorb 450 nm light, did not promote the antimicrobial effect of PBL, neither did exogenous NAD or NADH, two weak blue light-absorbing photosensitizers.These results strengthen our previous assertion that an endogenous chromophore with the capacity to absorb and transform light energy into a biochemical process that engenders bacterial cell death, is essential for 450 nm PBL to suppress GBS.
Keywords	NAD (coenzyme) ; Streptococcus agalactiae ; absorption ; antimicrobial properties ; bacteria ; biochemical pathways ; blue light ; cell death ; coculture ; energy ; flavin-adenine dinucleotide ; irradiation ; photobiology ; photochemistry ; protoporphyrin
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-03
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	623022-2
ISSN	1873-2682 ; 1011-1344
ISSN (online)	1873-2682
ISSN	1011-1344
DOI	10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112149
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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