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Article ; Online: Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden From COVID-19: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities.

Benmarhnia, Tarik

2020 Volume 189, Issue 11, Page(s) 1238–1243

Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities, and actionable epidemiologic evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In ... ...

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities, and actionable epidemiologic evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on 2 factors: 1) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations as an explanation for spatiotemporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; and 2) the indirect impacts of interventions to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread treated as natural experiments on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Then, I discuss challenges regarding the use of quasiexperimental designs that capitalize on the differential timing of COVID-19 policies including the selection of control groups and potential violations of the common shock assumption. Finally, I discuss environmental justice implications of this many-headed beast of a crisis.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/adverse effects ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Monitoring ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Particulate Matter/adverse effects ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Population Health ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwaa148
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Article ; Online: The impact of climate change and related extreme weather on people with limb loss.

Ruxin, Talia R / Morgenroth, David C / Benmarhnia, Tarik / Halsne, Elizabeth G

PM & R : the journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation

2024

Abstract: The human health consequences of climate change and extreme weather events are well documented. Published literature details the unique effects and necessary adaptation planning for people with physical disabilities in general; however, the specific ... ...

Abstract	The human health consequences of climate change and extreme weather events are well documented. Published literature details the unique effects and necessary adaptation planning for people with physical disabilities in general; however, the specific impacts and plans for people with limb loss have yet to be explored. In this article, we discuss the impacts related to threats due to heat, cold, severe storms, and power outages. We describe how climate change uniquely affects people with limb loss and underscore the need for rehabilitation care providers and researchers to: (1) study the health impacts of climate change on people with lower limb loss; (2) educate themselves and patients on the climate crisis and climate preparedness; (3) co-develop resiliency strategies with patients, governments, and community organizations to improve adaptive capacity; and (4) advocate for policy changes that will enact protections for this at-risk population.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2608988-9
ISSN	1934-1563 ; 1934-1482
ISSN (online)	1934-1563
ISSN	1934-1482
DOI	10.1002/pmrj.13154
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Article: Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden From COVID-19: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities

Benmarhnia, Tarik

Am J Epidemiol

Abstract	The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities, and actionable epidemiologic evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on 2 factors: 1) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations as an explanation for spatiotemporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; and 2) the indirect impacts of interventions to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread treated as natural experiments on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Then, I discuss challenges regarding the use of quasiexperimental designs that capitalize on the differential timing of COVID-19 policies including the selection of control groups and potential violations of the common shock assumption. Finally, I discuss environmental justice implications of this many-headed beast of a crisis.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #649968
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden from COVID-19

Benmarhnia, Tarik

Methodological Challenges and Opportunities.

2020

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities and actionable epidemiological evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In this commentary, ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities and actionable epidemiological evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on: i) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations and explain spatio-temporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; ii) the indirect impacts of interventions treated as natural experiments to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Then, I discuss challenges regarding the use of quasi-experimental designs that capitalize on the differential timing of COVID-19 policies including the selection of control groups and potential violations of the common shock assumption. Finally, I discuss environmental justice implications of this many-headed beast of a crisis.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; air pollution ; environmental justice ; natural experiments ; Epidemiology ; Mathematical Sciences ; Medical and Health Sciences ; covid19
Subject code	333
Publishing date	2020-07-17
Publisher	eScholarship, University of California
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Linkages Between Air Pollution and the Health Burden From COVID-19

Benmarhnia, Tarik

American Journal of Epidemiology

Methodological Challenges and Opportunities

2020 Volume 189, Issue 11, Page(s) 1238–1243

Abstract: Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities, and actionable epidemiologic evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted ... ...

Abstract	Abstract The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed and exacerbated existing social and economic health disparities, and actionable epidemiologic evidence is needed to identify potential vulnerability factors to help inform targeted responses. In this commentary, methodological challenges and opportunities regarding the links between air pollution and COVID-19 are discussed with a focus on 2 factors: 1) the role of differential exposure to air pollution across populations as an explanation for spatiotemporal variability of the epidemic spread and resultant mortality; and 2) the indirect impacts of interventions to control COVID-19 person-to-person spread treated as natural experiments on air pollution and population health. I first discuss the potential mechanisms between exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 and the opportunity to clearly formulate causal questions of interest through the target trial framework. Then, I discuss challenges regarding the use of quasiexperimental designs that capitalize on the differential timing of COVID-19 policies including the selection of control groups and potential violations of the common shock assumption. Finally, I discuss environmental justice implications of this many-headed beast of a crisis.
Keywords	Epidemiology ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Oxford University Press (OUP)
Publishing country	uk
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2937-3
ISSN	1476-6256 ; 0002-9262
ISSN (online)	1476-6256
ISSN	0002-9262
DOI	10.1093/aje/kwaa148
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Wildfires in Pregnancy: Potential Threats to the Newborn.

Padula, Amy M / Benmarhnia, Tarik

Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology

2021 Volume 36, Issue 1, Page(s) 54–56

MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution/analysis ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Pregnancy ; Wildfires
Chemical Substances	Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	639089-4
ISSN	1365-3016 ; 0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
ISSN (online)	1365-3016
ISSN	0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
DOI	10.1111/ppe.12838
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Investigating the Links between Climate Injustice and Ableism: A Measurement of Green Space Access Inequalities within Disability Subgroups.

Lasky, Emma / Chen, Chen / Weiser, Sheri D / Benmarhnia, Tarik

Environmental health perspectives

2023 Volume 131, Issue 5, Page(s) 57702

MeSH term(s)	Parks, Recreational ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Social Discrimination
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	195189-0
ISSN	1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
ISSN (online)	1552-9924
ISSN	0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
DOI	10.1289/EHP12319
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Article ; Online: A comparison of quasi-experimental methods with data before and after an intervention: an introduction for epidemiologists and a simulation study.

Nianogo, Roch A / Benmarhnia, Tarik / O'Neill, Stephen

International journal of epidemiology

2023 Volume 52, Issue 5, Page(s) 1522–1533

Abstract: Background: As the interest in and use of quasi-experimental methods to evaluate impacts of health policies have dramatically increased in the epidemiological literature, we set out this study to (i) systematically compare several quasi-experimental ... ...

Abstract	Background: As the interest in and use of quasi-experimental methods to evaluate impacts of health policies have dramatically increased in the epidemiological literature, we set out this study to (i) systematically compare several quasi-experimental methods that use data before and after an intervention and contrast their performance within a simulation framework while providing a brief overview of the methods; and (ii) discuss challenges that could arise from using these methods as well as directions for future research in the context of epidemiological applications. Methods: We considered single-group designs [pre-post and interrupted time series (ITS)] and multiple-group designs [controlled interrupted time series/difference-in-differences, synthetic control methods (SCMs): traditional SCMs and generalized SCMs]. We assessed performance based on bias and root mean squared error. Results: We identified settings in which each method failed to provide unbiased estimates. We found that, among the methods investigated, when data for multiple time points and for multiple control groups are available (multiple-group designs), data-adaptive methods such as the generalized SCM were generally less biased than other methods evaluated in our study. In addition, when all of the included units have been exposed to treatment (single-group designs) and data for a sufficiently long pre-intervention period are available, then the ITS performs very well, provided the underlying model is correctly specified. Conclusions: When using a quasi-experimental method using data before and after an intervention, epidemiologists should strive to use, whenever feasible, data-adaptive methods that nest alternative identifying assumptions including relaxing the parallel trend assumption (e.g. generalized SCMs).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Bias ; Computer Simulation ; Epidemiologists ; Interrupted Time Series Analysis ; Research Design
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	187909-1
ISSN	1464-3685 ; 0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
ISSN	0300-5771
DOI	10.1093/ije/dyad032
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Article ; Online: Effect of different heat wave timing on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in France.

Alari, Anna / Letellier, Noemie / Benmarhnia, Tarik

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 892, Page(s) 164543

Abstract: Background: Previous epidemiological evidence suggests that the impact of heat waves on mortality may change over time within the summer season. The consideration of heat wave timing could help to optimize the implementation of heat alert systems. We ... ...

Abstract	Background: Previous epidemiological evidence suggests that the impact of heat waves on mortality may change over time within the summer season. The consideration of heat wave timing could help to optimize the implementation of heat alert systems. We explored the effect of the timing of extreme heat events on mortality risk during the summer season in France. Methods: Summertime daily mortality data for 21 French cities from 2000 to 2015 were obtained from the French National Institute of Health and Medical Research. Heat waves were defined according to the official definition of Météo France. The order of heat wave over time, from June to August, was assessed. We also used ambient temperature and considered different summer periods. To quantify mortality risk (for cardiovascular and respiratory causes) for the first and second or later heat waves, quasi-Poisson models were performed. We used distributed lag non-linear models to estimate whether the non-linear exposure-response associations between temperature and mortality differ across different summer periods. Results: Compared with non-heat wave days, the second and later heat waves of the summer season were associated with a higher relative risk (RR) for cardiovascular and respiratory mortality (RR, 95%CI: 1.38, 1.23-1.53; RR, 95%CI: 1.74, 1.45-2.08, respectively) as compared to first heat wave (RR, 95%CI: 1.30, 1.17-1.45, RR, 95%CI: 1.56, 1.33-1.83, respectively). Small increase from the median temperature was associated to an increased risk in mortality in the first stage of the summer (from June to mid-July), while only more extreme temperatures were harmful later in the summer. After the exclusion from the analysis of the August 2003 heat-wave, only results for earlier heat waves episodes and first-period exposures were confirmed. Conclusions: The timing of extreme temperatures modulates heat-related risks in France. Such information could be used to update local heat action plans to optimize health benefits.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Temperature ; France/epidemiology ; Seasons ; Hot Temperature ; Respiratory Tract Diseases ; Mortality
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164543
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Article ; Online: Excess risk in infant mortality among populations living in flood-prone areas in Bangladesh: A cluster-matched cohort study over three decades, 1988 to 2017.

Rerolle, Francois / Arnold, Benjamin F / Benmarhnia, Tarik

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2023 Volume 120, Issue 50, Page(s) e2218789120

Abstract: The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin, running through Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and northern India, is home to more than 618 million people. Annual monsoons bring extensive flooding to the basin, with floods predicted to be more frequent and ...

Abstract	The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river basin, running through Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and northern India, is home to more than 618 million people. Annual monsoons bring extensive flooding to the basin, with floods predicted to be more frequent and extreme due to climate change. Yet, evidence regarding the long-term impacts of floods on children's health is lacking. In this analysis, we used high-resolution maps of recent large floods in Bangladesh to identify flood-prone areas over the country. We then used propensity score techniques to identify, among 58,945 mothers interviewed in six demographic population-based surveys throughout Bangladesh, matched cohorts of exposed and unexposed mothers and leverage data on 150,081 births to estimate that living in flood-prone areas was associated with an excess risk in infant mortality of 5.3 (95% CI 2.2 to 8.4) additional deaths per 1,000 births compared to living in non-flood-prone areas over the 30-y period between 1988 and 2017, with higher risk for children born during rainy (7.9, 95% CI: 3.3 to 12.5) vs. dry months (3.1, 95% CI: -1.1 to 7.2). Finally, drawing on national-scale, high-resolution estimates of flood risk and population distribution, we estimated an excess of 152,753 (64,120 to 241,386) infant deaths were attributable to living in flood-prone areas in Bangladesh over the past 30 y, with marked heterogeneity in attributable burden by subdistrict. Our approach demonstrates the importance of measuring longer-term health impacts from floods and provides a generalizable example for how to study climate-related exposures and long-term health effects.
MeSH term(s)	Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Floods ; Cohort Studies ; Bangladesh/epidemiology ; Infant Mortality ; Rivers
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2218789120
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