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  1. Book ; Online ; E-Book: Environmental chemicals desk reference

    Montgomery, John H. / Crompton, Thomas R.

    2018  

    Abstract: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- Designations -- Physical and Chemical Symbols -- Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) -- Introduction -- ... ...

    Author's details John H. Montgomery and Thomas Roy Crompton
    Abstract Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Abbreviations and Symbols -- Designations -- Physical and Chemical Symbols -- Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) -- Introduction -- Chapter 1: Physical Properties of Agrochemicals -- Acephate -- Alachlor -- Aldicarb -- Allidochlor -- Ametryn -- Aminocarb -- Amitrole -- Anilazine -- Aspon -- Asulam -- Atrazine -- Azinphos-Methyl -- Bendiocarb -- Benfluralin -- Benomyl -- Bentazone -- Bifenox -- Bromacil -- Bromoxynil -- Bromoxynil Octanoate -- Butifos -- Butylate -- Captan -- Carbophenothion -- Carboxin -- Chloramben -- Chlordimeform -- Chlorobenzilate -- Chlorothalonil -- Chloroxuron -- Chlorpropham -- Chlorsulfuron -- Chlorthal-Dimethyl -- Crotoxyphos -- Cyanazine -- Cycloate -- Cyfluthrin -- Cypermethrin -- Cyromazine -- Dalapon-Sodium -- Dazomet -- Desmedipham -- Dialifos -- Diallate -- Diazinon -- Dicamba -- Dichlobenil -- Dichlone -- Diclofop-Methyl -- Dicofol -- Dicrotophos -- Dienochlor -- Difenzoquat Methyl Sulfate -- Diflubenzuron -- Dimethoate -- Dinoseb -- Diphenamid -- Dipropetryn -- Diquat -- Disulfoton -- Endothall -- EPTC -- Esfenvalerate -- Ethephon -- Ethiofencarb -- Ethion -- Ethoprop -- Fenamiphos -- Fenbutatin Oxide -- Fenoxaprop-Ethyl -- Fensulfothion -- Fenthion -- Fenvalerate -- Ferbam -- Flucythrinate -- Fluometuron -- Fonofos -- Fosamine-Ammonium -- Fosetyl-Aluminum -- Glyphosate -- Hexazinone -- Hexythiazox -- Iprodione -- Isofenphos -- Linuron -- Maleic Hydrazide -- Mancozeb -- MCPA -- Mefluidide -- Metalaxyl -- Metaldehyde -- Methamidophos -- Methidathion -- Methiocarb -- Methomyl -- Methyl Isothiocyanate -- Metribuzin -- Metsulfuron-Methyl -- Molinate -- Monalide -- Monocrotophos -- Monuron -- Napropamide -- Naptalam -- Neburon -- Oxadiazon -- Oxamyl -- Oxydemeton-Methyl -- Pebulate

    Pendimethalin -- Pentachlorobenzene -- Pentachloronitrobenzene -- Pentachlorophenol -- Permethrin -- Phenmedipham -- Phorate -- Phosalone -- Phosmet -- Phosphamidon -- Picloram -- Profenofos -- Prometon -- Prometryn -- Propachlor -- Propanil -- Propazine -- Propham -- Propoxur -- Propyzamide -- Quinomethionate -- Quizalofop-Ethyl -- Siduron -- Simazine -- Sulfometuron-Methyl -- Sulprofos -- Tebuthiuron -- Terbacil -- Terbufos -- Terbutryn -- Thiabendazole -- Thiameturon-Methyl -- Thidiazuron -- Thiodicarb -- Triadimefon -- Triallate -- Trichlorfon -- 2,3,6-Trichlorobenzoic Acid -- Triclopyr -- Chapter 2: Physical Properties of Organic Pollutants -- Chapter 3: Environmental Fate Data for Miscellaneous Compounds -- Acephate -- Acetamide -- Acetophenone -- Alachlor -- Aldicarb -- Aldicarb Sulfone -- Aldicarb Sulfoxide -- Allidochlor -- Ametryn -- Amidosulfuron -- Aminocarb -- 2-Amino-3-Chlorobenzoic Acid -- 4-Amino-3,5-Dichlorobenzoic Acid -- 2-Amino-3-Nitrotoluene -- Amitrole -- Anilazine -- Asulam -- Atrazine -- Azinphos-Methyl -- Bendiocarb -- Benfluralin -- Benomyl -- Bensulfuron -- Bensulfuron-Methyl -- Bentazone -- Bifenox -- Bisphenol A -- Bromacil -- p-Bromoaniline -- 2-Bromobenzoic Acid -- 3-Bromobenzoic Acid -- 4-Bromobenzoic Acid -- p-Bromophenol -- Bromoxynil -- Bromoxynil Octanoate -- Butylate -- tert-Butyl Formate -- Camphene -- Captan -- Carbophenothion -- Carboxin -- Catechol -- Chloramben -- Chlordimeform -- Chlorimuron-Ethyl -- 2-Chlorobenzoic Acid -- 3-Chlorobenzoic Acid -- Chlorobenzilate -- 2-Chlorobiphenyl -- 4-Chlorobiphenyl -- 2-Chlorodiphenylmethane -- 3-Chlorodiphenylmethane -- 4-Chlorodiphenylmethane -- o-Chloronitrobenzene -- 3-Chlorophenol -- 4-Chlorophenol -- 3-Chloro-1-Propanol -- Chlorothalonil -- Chloroxuron -- Chlorphenamidine -- Chlorpropham -- Chlorsulfuron -- Chlorthal-Dimethyl -- Cinnamic Acid

    Crotoxyphos -- Cyanazine -- Cycloate -- Cyfluthrin -- Cypermethrin -- Cyromazine -- 1-Decanol -- Dalapon-Sodium -- Dazomet -- 2-Decanone -- Desmedipham -- Dialifor -- Dialifos -- Diallate -- Diazinon -- Dibutyl Sulfide -- Dicamba -- Dicapthon -- Dichlobenil -- Dichlone -- 2,5-Dichlorobenzoic Acid -- 3,4-Dichlorobenzoic Acid -- 3,5-Dichlorobenzoic Acid -- 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile -- 2,4'-Dichlorobiphenyl -- 2,4-Dichlorodiphenylmethane -- 2,5-Dichlorodiphenylmethane -- 2,6-Dichlorodiphenylmethane -- 3,4-Dichlorodiphenylmethane -- 2,3-Dichloronitrobenzene -- 3,4-Dichloronitrobenzene -- 3,4-Dichlorophenol -- 1,3-Dichloropropane -- 2,2-Dichloropropane -- Diclofop-Methyl -- Dicofol -- Dicrotophos -- Dienochlor -- 2,6-Diethylnaphthalene -- Difenzoquat Methyl Sulfate -- Diflubenzuron -- Diisobutyl Phthalate -- 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene -- 2,7-Diisopropylnaphthalene -- Dimethoate -- 2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene -- 2,2-Dimethyloxirane -- cis-2,3-Dimethyloxirane -- trans-2,3-Dimethyloxirane -- Dimethyl Sulfide -- 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid -- Dinoseb -- 2,4-D, n-Octyl Ester -- Diphenamid -- Diphenylamine -- Dipropetryn -- Disulfoton -- Diquat -- Disulfoton -- 1-Dodecanol -- Endothall -- EPTC -- Esfenvalerate -- Ethametsulfuron-Methyl -- Ethanol -- Ethephon -- Ethiofencarb -- Ethion -- Ethoprop -- Ethyl tert-Butyl Ether -- Ethylene Oxide -- Ethylene Thiourea -- 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol -- 2-Ethylnaphthalene -- Ethyl Sulfide -- Fenamiphos -- Fenbutatin Oxide -- Fenoxaprop-Ethyl -- Fensulfothion -- Fenthion -- Fenvalerate -- Ferbam -- Ferulic Acid -- Flucythrinate -- Fluometuron -- Fluorodifen -- Fonofos -- Fosamine-Ammonium -- Fosetyl-Aluminum -- Glycine -- Glyphosate -- 1-Heptanol -- 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl -- 1-Hexanol -- Hexazinone -- Hexythiazox -- 4-Hydroxyacetophenone -- 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid -- 2-Hydroxybiphenyl -- Imidacloprid
    Language English
    Size 1 Online-Ressource (xlv, 1645 pages)
    Publisher CRC Press
    Publishing place Boca Raton
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Book ; Online ; E-Book
    Remark Zugriff für angemeldete ZB MED-Nutzerinnen und -Nutzer
    HBZ-ID HT019515124
    ISBN 978-1-351-68771-3 ; 9781498775731 ; 1-351-68771-9 ; 149877573X
    Database ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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  2. Article ; Online: Variation, mosaicism and degeneracy in the hominin foot.

    McClymont, J / Davids, K / Crompton, R H

    Evolutionary human sciences

    2021  Volume 4, Page(s) e2

    Abstract: The fossil record is scarce and incomplete by nature. Animals and ecological processes devour soft tissue and important bony details over time and, when the dust settles, we are faced with a patchy record full of variation. Fossil taxa are usually ... ...

    Abstract The fossil record is scarce and incomplete by nature. Animals and ecological processes devour soft tissue and important bony details over time and, when the dust settles, we are faced with a patchy record full of variation. Fossil taxa are usually defined by craniodental characteristics, so unless postcranial bones are found associated with a skull, assignment to taxon is unstable. Naming a locomotor category based on fossil bone morphology by analogy to living hominoids is not uncommon, and when no single locomotor label fits, postcrania are often described as exhibiting a 'mosaic' of traits. Here, we contend that the unavoidable variation that characterises the fossil record can be described far more rigorously based on extensive work in human neurobiology and neuroanatomy, movement sciences and motor control and biomechanics research. In neurobiology,
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ISSN 2513-843X
    ISSN (online) 2513-843X
    DOI 10.1017/ehs.2021.50
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Comparison of presentations to the emergency department during the COVID-19 pandemic (COPED-C).

    Kociejowski, A / Hobart, C / Jina, R / Aberman, I / Backhurst, E / Beaumont, A / Crompton, J / Sneep, R / Cantle, F / Dodhia, H

    Journal of public health (Oxford, England)

    2021  Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 731–738

    Abstract: Background: Concerns have been raised that patients requiring emergency care may not have accessed healthcare services during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown.: Methods: This case control study aimed to understand changes in ... ...

    Abstract Background: Concerns have been raised that patients requiring emergency care may not have accessed healthcare services during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown.
    Methods: This case control study aimed to understand changes in characteristics and diagnosis of patients attending a large UK Emergency Department (ED) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (March-May 2020) compared with equivalent weeks in 2019.
    Results: We found a 50.7% drop in first attendances to the ED in 2020. Likelihood of attendance and admission decreased for paediatric patients and increased for patients ≥ 46 years, and for men. Likelihood of admission increased for all Black ethnic groups and for patients from the most deprived index of multiple deprivation quintiles. This shift to an older, male, more deprived patient population with greater representation of ethnic minority groups was amplified in the 'Infections' diagnostic category.
    Conclusions: COVID-19 has dramatically impacted ED usage. Our analysis contributes to local resource planning and understanding of changes in healthcare-seeking behaviour during the pandemic. Future research to identify positive behaviour changes could help sustain a reduction in non-urgent visits in the longer term.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Communicable Disease Control ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Ethnic and Racial Minorities ; Ethnicity ; Humans ; Male ; Minority Groups ; Pandemics ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2142082-8
    ISSN 1741-3850 ; 1741-3842
    ISSN (online) 1741-3850
    ISSN 1741-3842
    DOI 10.1093/pubmed/fdab059
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Look out: an exploratory study assessing how gaze (eye angle and head angle) and gait speed are influenced by surface complexity.

    Thomas, Nicholas D A / Gardiner, James D / Crompton, Robin H / Lawson, Rebecca

    PeerJ

    2020  Volume 8, Page(s) e8838

    Abstract: Background: Most research investigating the connection between walking and visual behaviour has assessed only eye movements (not head orientation) in respect to locomotion over smooth surfaces in a laboratory. This is unlikely to reflect gaze changes ... ...

    Abstract Background: Most research investigating the connection between walking and visual behaviour has assessed only eye movements (not head orientation) in respect to locomotion over smooth surfaces in a laboratory. This is unlikely to reflect gaze changes found over the complex surfaces experienced in the real world, especially given that eye and head movements have rarely been assessed simultaneously.
    Research question: How does gaze (eye and head) angle and gait speed change when walking over surfaces of different complexity?
    Methods: In this exploratory study, we used a mobile eye tracker to monitor eye movements and inertia measurement unit sensors (IMUs) to measure head angle whilst subjects (
    Results: Overall, mean gaze angle was lowest over the most complex surface and this surface also elicited the slowest mean gait speed. The head contributed increasingly to the lowering of gaze with increased surface complexity. Less complex surfaces showed no significant difference between gaze and gait behaviour.
    Significance: This study supports previous research showing that increased surface complexity is an important factor in determining gaze and gait behaviour. Moreover, it provides the novel finding that head movements provide important contributions to gaze location. Our future research aims are to further assess the role of the head in determining gaze location during locomotion across a greater range of complex surfaces to determine the key surface characteristics that influence gaze during gait.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2703241-3
    ISSN 2167-8359
    ISSN 2167-8359
    DOI 10.7717/peerj.8838
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Keep your head down: Maintaining gait stability in challenging conditions.

    Thomas, Nicholas D A / Gardiner, James D / Crompton, Robin H / Lawson, Rebecca

    Human movement science

    2020  Volume 73, Page(s) 102676

    Abstract: Background: Peripheral vision often deteriorates with age, disrupting our ability to maintain normal locomotion. Laboratory based studies have shown that lower visual field loss, in particular, is associated with changes in gaze and gait behaviour ... ...

    Abstract Background: Peripheral vision often deteriorates with age, disrupting our ability to maintain normal locomotion. Laboratory based studies have shown that lower visual field loss, in particular, is associated with changes in gaze and gait behaviour whilst walking and this, in turn, increases the risk of falling in the elderly. Separately, gaze and gait behaviours change and fall risk increases when walking over complex surfaces. It seems probable, but has not yet been established, that these challenges to stability interact.
    Research question: How does loss of the lower visual field affect gaze and gait behaviour whilst walking on a variety of complex surfaces outside of the laboratory? Specifically, is there a synergistic interaction between the effects on behaviour of blocking the lower visual field and increased surface complexity?
    Methods: We compared how full vision versus simulated lower visual field loss affected a diverse range of behavioural measures (head pitch angle, eye angle, muscle coactivation, gait speed and walking smoothness as measured by harmonic ratios) in young participants. Participants walked over a range of surfaces of different complexity, including pavements, grass, steps and pebbles.
    Results: In both full vision and blocked lower visual field conditions, surface complexity influenced gaze and gait behaviour. For example, more complex surfaces were shown to be associated with lowered head pitch angles, increased leg muscle coactivation, reduced gait speed and decreased walking smoothness. Relative to full vision, blocking the lower visual field caused a lowering of head pitch, especially for more complex surfaces. However, crucially, muscle coactivation, gait speed and walking smoothness did not show a significant change between full vision and blocked lower visual field conditions. Finally, head pitch angle, muscle coactivation, gait speed and walking smoothness were all correlated highly with each other.
    Significance: Our study showed that blocking the lower visual field did not significantly change muscle coactivation, gait speed or walking smoothness. This suggests that young people cope well when walking with a blocked lower visual field, making minimal behavioural changes. Surface complexity had a greater effect on gaze and gait behaviour than blocking the lower visual field. Finally, head pitch angle was the only measure that showed a significant synergistic interaction between surface complexity and blocking the lower visual field. Together our results indicate that, first, a range of changes occur across the body when people walk over more complex surfaces and, second, that a relatively simple behavioural change (to gaze) suffices to maintain normal gait when the lower visual field is blocked, even in more challenging environments. Future research should assess whether young people cope as effectively when several impairments are simulated, representative of the comorbidities found with age.
    MeSH term(s) Accidental Falls ; Adult ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Head ; Humans ; Male ; Posture ; Vision, Ocular/physiology ; Visual Fields ; Walking/physiology ; Walking Speed ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-18
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 601851-8
    ISSN 1872-7646 ; 0167-9457
    ISSN (online) 1872-7646
    ISSN 0167-9457
    DOI 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102676
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Physical and perceptual measures of walking surface complexity strongly predict gait and gaze behaviour.

    Thomas, Nicholas D A / Gardiner, James D / Crompton, Robin H / Lawson, Rebecca

    Human movement science

    2020  Volume 71, Page(s) 102615

    Abstract: Background: Walking surfaces vary in complexity and are known to affect stability and fall risk whilst walking. However, existing studies define surfaces through descriptions only.: Objective: This study used a multimethod approach to measure surface ...

    Abstract Background: Walking surfaces vary in complexity and are known to affect stability and fall risk whilst walking. However, existing studies define surfaces through descriptions only.
    Objective: This study used a multimethod approach to measure surface complexity in order to try to characterise surfaces with respect to locomotor stability.
    Methods: We assessed how physical measurements of walking surface complexity compared to participant's perceptual ratings of the effect of complexity on stability. Physical measurements included local slope measures from the surfaces themselves and shape complexity measured using generated surface models. Perceptual measurements assessed participants' perceived stability and surface roughness using Likert scales. We then determined whether these measurements were indicative of changes to stability as assessed by behavioural changes including eye angle, head pitch angle, muscle coactivation, walking speed and walking smoothness.
    Results: Physical and perceptual measures were highly correlated, with more complex surfaces being perceived as more challenging to stability. Furthermore, complex surfaces, as defined from both these measurements, were associated with lowered head pitch, increased muscle coactivation and reduced walking smoothness.
    Significance: Our findings show that walking surfaces defined as complex, based on physical measurements, are perceived as more challenging to our stability. Furthermore, certain behavioural measures relate better to these perceptual and physical measures than others. Crucially, for the first time this study defined walking surfaces objectively rather than just based on subjective descriptions. This approach could enable future researchers to compare results across walking surface studies. Moreover, perceptual measurements, which can be collected easily and efficiently, could be used as a proxy for estimating behavioural responses to different surfaces. This could be particularly valuable when determining risk of instability when walking for individuals with compromised stability.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Behavior ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Fixation, Ocular ; Gait/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Perception/physiology ; Postural Balance ; Principal Component Analysis ; Risk Factors ; Walking/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-28
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 601851-8
    ISSN 1872-7646 ; 0167-9457
    ISSN (online) 1872-7646
    ISSN 0167-9457
    DOI 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102615
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Methane prediction equations including genera of rumen bacteria as predictor variables improve prediction accuracy.

    Zhang, Boyang / Lin, Shili / Moraes, Luis / Firkins, Jeffrey / Hristov, Alexander N / Kebreab, Ermias / Janssen, Peter H / Bannink, André / Bayat, Alireza R / Crompton, Les A / Dijkstra, Jan / Eugène, Maguy A / Kreuzer, Michael / McGee, Mark / Reynolds, Christopher K / Schwarm, Angela / Yáñez-Ruiz, David R / Yu, Zhongtang

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 21305

    Abstract: ... Methane ( ... ...

    Abstract Methane (CH
    MeSH term(s) Sheep ; Animals ; Female ; Methane ; Rumen ; Bayes Theorem ; Ruminants ; Diet/veterinary ; Bacteria/genetics ; Animal Feed/analysis ; Lactation
    Chemical Substances Methane (OP0UW79H66)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-48449-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Confirmation Using Triple Quadrupole and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry of a Fatal Canine Neurotoxicosis following Exposure to Anatoxins at an Inland Reservoir.

    Turner, Andrew D / Turner, Florence R I / White, Martha / Hartnell, David / Crompton, Claire G / Bates, Nicola / Egginton, Jan / Branscombe, Liz / Lewis, Adam M / Maskrey, Benjamin H

    Toxins

    2022  Volume 14, Issue 11

    Abstract: Cyanobacterial blooms are often associated with the presence of harmful natural compounds which can cause adverse health effects in both humans and animals. One family of these compounds, known as anatoxins, have been linked to the rapid deaths of cattle ...

    Abstract Cyanobacterial blooms are often associated with the presence of harmful natural compounds which can cause adverse health effects in both humans and animals. One family of these compounds, known as anatoxins, have been linked to the rapid deaths of cattle and dogs through neurotoxicological action. Here, we report the findings resulting from the death of a dog at a freshwater reservoir in SW England. Poisoning was rapid following exposure to material at the side of the lake. Clinical signs included neurological distress, diaphragmatic paralysis and asphyxia prior to death after 45 min of exposure. Analysis by HILIC-MS/MS of urine and stomach content samples from the dog revealed the detection of anatoxin-a and dihydroanatoxin-a in both samples with higher concentrations of the latter quantified in both matrices. Detection and quantitative accuracy was further confirmed with use of accurate mass LC-HRMS. Additional anatoxin analogues were also detected by LC-HRMS, including 4-keto anatoxin-a, 4-keto-homo anatoxin-a, expoxy anatoxin-a and epoxy homo anatoxin-a. The conclusion of neurotoxicosis was confirmed with the use of two independent analytical methods showing positive detection and significantly high quantified concentrations of these neurotoxins in clinical samples. Together with the clinical signs observed, we have confirmed that anatoxins were responsible for the rapid death of the dog in this case.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Dogs ; Animals ; Cattle ; Marine Toxins/analysis ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry ; Cyanobacteria Toxins ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes ; Lakes/analysis
    Chemical Substances anatoxin a (80023A73NK) ; Marine Toxins ; Bacterial Toxins ; Cyanobacteria Toxins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-18
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2518395-3
    ISSN 2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
    ISSN (online) 2072-6651
    ISSN 2072-6651
    DOI 10.3390/toxins14110804
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism in diabetes reduces albuminuria by preserving the glomerular endothelial glycocalyx.

    Crompton, Michael / Ferguson, Joanne K / Ramnath, Raina D / Onions, Karen L / Ogier, Anna S / Gamez, Monica / Down, Colin J / Skinner, Laura / Wong, Kitty H / Dixon, Lauren K / Sutak, Judit / Harper, Steven J / Pontrelli, Paola / Gesualdo, Loreto / Heerspink, Hiddo L / Toto, Robert D / Welsh, Gavin I / Foster, Rebecca R / Satchell, Simon C /
    Butler, Matthew J

    JCI insight

    2023  Volume 8, Issue 5

    Abstract: The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx (GEnGlx) forms the first part of the glomerular filtration barrier. Previously, we showed that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation caused GEnGlx damage and albuminuria. In this study, we investigated whether ... ...

    Abstract The glomerular endothelial glycocalyx (GEnGlx) forms the first part of the glomerular filtration barrier. Previously, we showed that mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation caused GEnGlx damage and albuminuria. In this study, we investigated whether MR antagonism could limit albuminuria in diabetes and studied the site of action. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar rats developed albuminuria, increased glomerular albumin permeability (Ps'alb), and increased glomerular matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity with corresponding GEnGlx loss. MR antagonism prevented albuminuria progression, restored Ps'alb, preserved GEnGlx, and reduced MMP activity. Enzymatic degradation of the GEnGlx negated the benefits of MR antagonism, confirming their dependence on GEnGlx integrity. Exposing human glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC) to diabetic conditions in vitro increased MMPs and caused glycocalyx damage. Amelioration of these effects confirmed a direct effect of MR antagonism on GEnC. To confirm relevance to human disease, we used a potentially novel confocal imaging method to show loss of GEnGlx in renal biopsy specimens from patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). In addition, patients with DN randomized to receive an MR antagonist had reduced urinary MMP2 activity and albuminuria compared with placebo and baseline levels. Taken together, our work suggests that MR antagonists reduce MMP activity and thereby preserve GEnGlx, resulting in reduced glomerular permeability and albuminuria in diabetes.
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Animals ; Humans ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use ; Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists/metabolism ; Albuminuria/drug therapy ; Endothelial Cells/metabolism ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/metabolism ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid/therapeutic use ; Glycocalyx/metabolism ; Rats, Wistar ; Diabetic Nephropathies/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists ; Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2379-3708
    ISSN (online) 2379-3708
    DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.154164
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Practice makes perfect: Performance optimisation in 'arboreal' parkour athletes illuminates the evolutionary ecology of great ape anatomy.

    Halsey, Lewis G / Coward, Samuel R L / Crompton, Robin H / Thorpe, Susannah K S

    Journal of human evolution

    2017  Volume 103, Page(s) 45–52

    Abstract: An animal's size is central to its ecology, yet remarkably little is known about the selective pressures that drive this trait. A particularly compelling example is how ancestral apes evolved large body mass in such a physically and energetically ... ...

    Abstract An animal's size is central to its ecology, yet remarkably little is known about the selective pressures that drive this trait. A particularly compelling example is how ancestral apes evolved large body mass in such a physically and energetically challenging environment as the forest canopy, where weight-bearing branches and lianas are flexible, irregular and discontinuous, and the majority of preferred foods are situated on the most flexible branches at the periphery of tree crowns. To date the issue has been intractable due to a lack of relevant fossil material, the limited capacity of the fossil record to reconstruct an animal's behavioural ecology and the inability to measure energy consumption in freely moving apes. We studied the oxygen consumption of parkour athletes while they traversed an arboreal-like course as an elite model ape, to test the ecomorphological and behavioural mechanisms by which a large-bodied ape could optimize its energetic performance during tree-based locomotion. Our results show that familiarity with the arboreal-like course allowed the athletes to substantially reduce their energy expenditure. Furthermore, athletes with larger arm spans and shorter legs were particularly adept at finding energetic savings. Our results flesh out the scanty fossil record to offer evidence that long, strong arms, broad chests and a strong axial system, combined with the frequent use of uniform branch-to-branch arboreal pathways, were critical to off-setting the mechanical and energetic demands of large mass in ancestral apes.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Athletes ; Energy Metabolism/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Fossils ; Gorilla gorilla/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Muscle Contraction/physiology ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology ; Pan troglodytes/physiology ; Pongo abelii/physiology ; Weight-Bearing/physiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.11.005
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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