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  1. Article ; Online: Cannabis and stroke: is there a link?

    Thanvi, B R / Treadwell, S D

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2009  Volume 85, Issue 1000, Page(s) 80–83

    Abstract: Stroke associated with drug abuse has been frequently reported, particularly in young patients. The most commonly implicated drugs include cocaine, heroine, and amphetamines. Despite its widespread abuse, cannabis associated stroke is only infrequently ... ...

    Abstract Stroke associated with drug abuse has been frequently reported, particularly in young patients. The most commonly implicated drugs include cocaine, heroine, and amphetamines. Despite its widespread abuse, cannabis associated stroke is only infrequently reported. The cause and effect association between cannabis use and stroke is not firmly established. Presuming that cannabis may cause stroke, potential pathophysiologic mechanisms are not known. In this paper, we shall review the literature linking cannabis use and stroke and possible mechanisms supporting this link.
    MeSH term(s) Acute Disease ; Cannabinoids/adverse effects ; Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Cannabis/adverse effects ; Chronic Disease ; Humans ; Hypertension/etiology ; Marijuana Abuse/complications ; Stroke/etiology ; Vasoconstriction/drug effects ; Vasospasm, Intracranial/etiology
    Chemical Substances Cannabinoids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2009-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2008.070425
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Advances in spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage.

    Thanvi, B R / Sprigg, N / Munshi, S K

    International journal of clinical practice

    2012  Volume 66, Issue 6, Page(s) 556–564

    Abstract: Objectives:   To assess the evidence and available literature on the clinical, pathogenetic, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of intracerebral haemorrhage.: Methods:   The most important manuscripts and reviews on the subject were considered. ... ...

    Abstract Objectives:   To assess the evidence and available literature on the clinical, pathogenetic, prognostic and therapeutic aspects of intracerebral haemorrhage.
    Methods:   The most important manuscripts and reviews on the subject were considered. Information was collected from Medline, Embase & National Library of Medicine over the last 40 years up to Oct 2011. The bibliographies of relevant articles were searched for additional references. The most up to date and randomised trials were given preference. Clinical guidelines including AHA/ASA, Royal college of Physicians, NICE, Scottish Intercollegiate guidelines and several others were taken into consideration.
    Findings:   There are numerous advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis and management, but hardly any change in the overall mortality in the last few decades. There is a poor understanding of the results of surgical trials that has resulted in a large drop in surgical intervention since 2007. INTERPRETATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS:  Advances in neuroimaging and neurophysiology have improved our understanding of the mechanisms of neuronal injury and existence of perihaematomal 'tissue at risk'. Numerous new therapeutic targets have been identified. There is a lot of misunderstanding of the results of the newer surgical trials which need to be clarified. The importance of cerebral amyloid angiopathy and microbleeds in older patients is increasingly recognised. Control of hypertension is the most important public health measure. Stroke units provide the best outcomes for the patients.
    MeSH term(s) Anticonvulsants/therapeutic use ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use ; Biomarkers ; Brain Edema/therapy ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnosis ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/therapy ; Diuretics, Osmotic/therapeutic use ; Hemostatics/therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hypertension/prevention & control ; Mannitol/therapeutic use ; Prognosis ; Risk Assessment ; Thrombectomy/methods
    Chemical Substances Anticonvulsants ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Biomarkers ; Diuretics, Osmotic ; Hemostatics ; Mannitol (3OWL53L36A)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1386246-7
    ISSN 1742-1241 ; 1368-5031
    ISSN (online) 1742-1241
    ISSN 1368-5031
    DOI 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02925.x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Haemorrhagic transformation in acute ischaemic stroke following thrombolysis therapy: classification, pathogenesis and risk factors.

    Thanvi, B R / Treadwell, S / Robinson, T

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2008  Volume 84, Issue 993, Page(s) 361–367

    Abstract: Haemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction is a common and potentially serious occurrence following acute ischaemic stroke. Though often a "natural" evolution, particularly in acute embolic stroke, haemorrhagic transformation is a prime concern ... ...

    Abstract Haemorrhagic transformation of cerebral infarction is a common and potentially serious occurrence following acute ischaemic stroke. Though often a "natural" evolution, particularly in acute embolic stroke, haemorrhagic transformation is a prime concern with the use of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischaemic stroke. The severity of haemorrhage may range from a few petechiae to a large haematoma with space occupying effect. The pathogenesis of haemorrhagic transformation is not well established, though ischaemia and reperfusion have been proposed to cause disruption of the blood-brain barrier leading to extravasation of blood. At the molecular level, free radicals and proteolotic enzymes (metalloproteinases) may cause tissue injury. Studies have identified a number of clinical, radiological, and biochemical parameters that may serve as potential predictors of increased risk for haemorrhagic transformation. The knowledge of these factors may help in improving patient selection for thrombolytic therapy.
    MeSH term(s) Cerebral Hemorrhage/diagnosis ; Cerebral Hemorrhage/etiology ; Cerebral Infarction/diagnosis ; Cerebral Infarction/etiology ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors ; Stroke/therapy ; Thrombolytic Therapy/adverse effects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2008-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2007.067058
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Psychosis in Parkinson's disease.

    Thanvi, B R / Lo, T C N / Harsh, D P

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2005  Volume 81, Issue 960, Page(s) 644–646

    Abstract: Psychosis is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in its later stages. The symptoms range from comparatively minor illusions, vivid dreams, and occasional, non-disturbing visual hallucinations to frank psychosis. The pathogenesis of psychosis ...

    Abstract Psychosis is common in Parkinson's disease (PD), particularly in its later stages. The symptoms range from comparatively minor illusions, vivid dreams, and occasional, non-disturbing visual hallucinations to frank psychosis. The pathogenesis of psychosis in PD is not fully known. Management of psychosis in PD requires a multidisciplinary approach. Some of the newer atypical antipsychotics are effective against psychosis with no significant worsening of PD. Psychosis in PD is associated with poor quality of life for patients and the carers.
    MeSH term(s) Antipsychotic Agents/therapeutic use ; Electroconvulsive Therapy/methods ; Hallucinations/etiology ; Humans ; Parkinson Disease/psychology ; Psychotic Disorders/etiology ; Psychotic Disorders/therapy ; Risk Factors
    Chemical Substances Antipsychotic Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2004.032029
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Update on myasthenia gravis.

    Thanvi, B R / Lo, T C N

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2004  Volume 80, Issue 950, Page(s) 690–700

    Abstract: Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction and characterised by weakness and fatigability of the voluntary muscles. It has a ...

    Abstract Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the postsynaptic membrane at the neuromuscular junction and characterised by weakness and fatigability of the voluntary muscles. It has a bimodal peak of incidence with first peak in the third decade and the second peak in the sixth decade. It is probably underdiagnosed in the very old population. Our understanding of the pathogenesis, immunology, and molecular biology of myasthenia gravis has greatly improved in last three decades. It is almost always possible to establish the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis with the current tests. The modern treatment is highly successful and the mortality of treated myasthenia gravis is practically zero. However, there are still important gaps in our knowledge of the origin of myasthenia gravis, the factors that contribute to chronic disease, and the way to cure the disease. In this article the current knowledge of the various aspects of myasthenia gravis are outlined.
    MeSH term(s) Age of Onset ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Female ; Humans ; Myasthenia Gravis/diagnosis ; Myasthenia Gravis/etiology ; Myasthenia Gravis/therapy ; Neuromuscular Junction/anatomy & histology ; Neuromuscular Junction/physiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications/etiology ; Prognosis
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2004.018903
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Long term motor complications of levodopa: clinical features, mechanisms, and management strategies.

    Thanvi, B R / Lo, T C N

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2004  Volume 80, Issue 946, Page(s) 452–458

    Abstract: Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, after an initial period of dramatic benefit, several limitations become apparent including, "dopa resistant" motor symptoms (postural abnormalities, freezing episodes, ... ...

    Abstract Levodopa is the most effective symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, after an initial period of dramatic benefit, several limitations become apparent including, "dopa resistant" motor symptoms (postural abnormalities, freezing episodes, speech impairment), "dopa resistant" non-motor signs (autonomic dysfunction, mood and cognitive impairment, etc), and/or drug related side effects (especially psychosis, motor fluctuations, and dyskinesias). Motor complications include fluctuations, dyskinesias, and dystonias. They can be very disabling and difficult to treat. Therefore, strategies should ideally be developed to prevent them. Though mechanisms underlying motor complications are only partially understood, recent work has revealed the importance of pulsatile stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors and the disease severity. As a result of intermittent stimulation there occurs a cascade of changes in cell signalling leading to upregulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate subtype of gamma-aminobutryric acid-ergic neurones. Modified preparations of levodopa (controlled release preparations, liquid levodopa), catecholamine-o-methyltransferase inhibitors, dopamine agonists, amantidine, and various neurosurgical approaches have been used in the prevention and/or treatment of motor complications. Current management of motor complications is less than satisfactory. With better understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms, it is hoped that future therapeutic strategies will provide a safer and targeted treatment.
    MeSH term(s) Antiparkinson Agents/adverse effects ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/drug therapy ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/etiology ; Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced/surgery ; Dystonia/chemically induced ; Dystonia/drug therapy ; Dystonia/surgery ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Levodopa/adverse effects ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy
    Chemical Substances Antiparkinson Agents ; Levodopa (46627O600J)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2004-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pgmj.2003.013912
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Neuropsychiatric non-motor aspects of Parkinson's disease.

    Thanvi, B R / Munshi, S K / Vijaykumar, N / Lo, T C N

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2003  Volume 79, Issue 936, Page(s) 561–565

    Abstract: Parkinson's disease is often recognised as a motor disease characterised by rest tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural disturbances. However, there are several non-motor aspects of the disease that are of at least equal importance in the ... ...

    Abstract Parkinson's disease is often recognised as a motor disease characterised by rest tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural disturbances. However, there are several non-motor aspects of the disease that are of at least equal importance in the management of patients with Parkinson's disease. They include depression, cognitive impairment, anxiety, and psychosis among others. It is important to recognise them, as they are common and they contribute significantly to patients' morbidity, quality of life, and institutionalisation to long term care homes. In addition to the disease duration and severity, other factors including drugs may contribute to their occurrence. Pathogenesis of these aspects is not fully understood, though there has been a significant increase in the knowledge in recent years. Management of these aspects involves a multidisciplinary approach.
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety Disorders/etiology ; Anxiety Disorders/therapy ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Cognition Disorders/therapy ; Dementia/etiology ; Dementia/therapy ; Depressive Disorder/etiology ; Depressive Disorder/therapy ; Humans ; Mental Disorders/etiology ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; Parkinson Disease/psychology ; Parkinson Disease/therapy ; Psychotic Disorders/etiology ; Psychotic Disorders/therapy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-10-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pmj.79.936.561
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article: Acceptability of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy without intravenous sedation: patients' versus endoscopist's perception with special reference to older patients.

    Thanvi, B R / Munshi, S K / Vijayakumar, N / Taub, N / Lo, T C N

    Postgraduate medical journal

    2003  Volume 79, Issue 937, Page(s) 650–651

    Abstract: Background: Unsedated oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) is considered by most endoscopists to be a quick, safe, and well tolerated procedure. Older patients are said to tolerate it better than younger patients. However, patients' perception of the ... ...

    Abstract Background: Unsedated oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) is considered by most endoscopists to be a quick, safe, and well tolerated procedure. Older patients are said to tolerate it better than younger patients. However, patients' perception of the discomfort for the unsedated OGD has not been well studied.
    Objective: This study was undertaken to compare (1) patients' perception of discomfort with the endoscopist's perception of patients' discomfort for the unsedated OGD, (2) tolerability between older (> or =75 years) and younger (<75 years) patients.
    Design and subjects: A total of 130 consecutive patients attending a day case endoscopy unit were recruited for the study. The patients and endoscopist recorded their assessment using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The results were analysed using non-parametric tests. Thirty patients were excluded from the study based on exclusion criteria. Sixty three (57%) patients were aged > or =75 years and 37 (43%) were <75 years.
    Results: A significant difference was noted between patients' perception of the discomfort and the endoscopist's assessment of the patient's discomfort as suggested by the overall higher VAS scores for patients (median 4.9, SD 2.6) than those of the endoscopist (median 2.2, SD 1.2), giving a significant difference in median VAS score of 3.4 (p<0.001). Older and younger patients had similar scores, with median (SD) VAS scores of 4.8 (2.5) for > or =75 years and 4.9 (2.8) for <75 years. The endoscopist's median scores for these two groups were 2.2 (1.2) and 2.1 (1.3), respectively.
    Conclusions: Patients' discomfort during OGD performed without sedation was greatly underestimated by the endoscopist. There was no significant difference in acceptability between old and the young patients.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Conscious Sedation/methods ; Conscious Sedation/psychology ; Endoscopy, Digestive System/methods ; Endoscopy, Digestive System/psychology ; England ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Patient Satisfaction ; Perception
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-10-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80325-x
    ISSN 1469-0756 ; 0032-5473
    ISSN (online) 1469-0756
    ISSN 0032-5473
    DOI 10.1136/pmj.79.937.650
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  9. Article: Paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis--case report and review of literature.

    Munshi, Sunil K / Thanvi, Bhomraj / Chin, Su Kiun / Hubbard, Irene / Fletcher, Alan / Vallance, Tony R

    Age and ageing

    2005  Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 190–193

    Abstract: We report a 77-year old man who presented with a sub-acute dementia associated with aggressive behaviour, ataxia, rapid progression and death. No cause for his illness could be detected in his lifetime, but at post mortem he was found to have ... ...

    Abstract We report a 77-year old man who presented with a sub-acute dementia associated with aggressive behaviour, ataxia, rapid progression and death. No cause for his illness could be detected in his lifetime, but at post mortem he was found to have paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis and a bronchogenic tumour. A diagnosis of paraneoplastic limbic encephalitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unexplained dementias and appropriate investigations performed to diagnose the condition.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Brain/pathology ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/diagnosis ; Carcinoma, Small Cell/pathology ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Fatal Outcome ; Humans ; Limbic Encephalitis/diagnosis ; Limbic Encephalitis/pathology ; Lung/pathology ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology ; Male
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 186788-x
    ISSN 1468-2834 ; 0002-0729
    ISSN (online) 1468-2834
    ISSN 0002-0729
    DOI 10.1093/ageing/afi017
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Cerebral malaria in Indian adults: a prospective study of 441 patients from Bikaner, north-west India.

    Kochar, D K / Shubhakaran / Kumawat, B L / Kochar, S K / Halwai, M / Makkar, R K / Joshi, A / Thanvi, Indu

    The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India

    2002  Volume 50, Page(s) 234–241

    Abstract: Aims of the study: As per WHO (1993) the assessment and analysis of local problems and an appropriate epidemiological information system is an essential part of a control programme before embarking any control activity.: Methodology: Four hundred and ...

    Abstract Aims of the study: As per WHO (1993) the assessment and analysis of local problems and an appropriate epidemiological information system is an essential part of a control programme before embarking any control activity.
    Methodology: Four hundred and fourty one (441) adults of strictly defined admitted cerebral malaria patients were studied. Detailed clinical/neurological examination was done at the time of admission, daily thereafter, at the time of regaining consciousness, at the time of discharge and at weekly intervals in those having neurological sequelae. All patients were treated by i.v./oral quinine and specific syndromes were managed according to WHO guidelines.
    Results: Apart from fever and unconsciousness in all the patients, other features were convulsion (21.31%), neck rigidity (19%), psychosis (5.21%), conjugate deviation of eyes (2.26%), extrapyramidal rigidity (2.25%), trismus (1.31%), decorticate rigidity (1.13%) and decerebrate rigidity (0.90%). One hundred forty five (32.87%) patients expired and mortality was highest in pregnant ladies (39.28%). The important neurological sequelae in survivors were psychosis in 15 (5.06%), cerebellar ataxia in 14 (4.72%), hemiplegia in five (1.68%), extrapyramidal rigidity (EPR) in four (1.35%), peripheral neuropathy in three (1.01%), EPR with trismus in one (0.33%) and isolated sixth nerve palsy in one (0.33%) patients and all showed complete recovery in further follow up.
    Conclusion: The important observations of this study were stormy presentation, increased incidence of haemoglobinuria and jaundice, presence of neck rigidity, no prognostic relation to fundus abnormalities and high incidence of cerebellar ataxia and psychosis as neurological sequelae in survivors. Knowledge of self-limiting course of neurological sequelae may be helpful in reducing economic strain of expensive investigations and treatment.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Chi-Square Distribution ; Child ; Data Interpretation, Statistical ; Female ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Malaria, Cerebral/complications ; Malaria, Cerebral/diagnosis ; Malaria, Cerebral/epidemiology ; Malaria, Cerebral/mortality ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/epidemiology ; Prospective Studies ; Sex Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2002-02
    Publishing country India
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 800766-4
    ISSN 0004-5772
    ISSN 0004-5772
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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