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Article ; Online: The Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid B Receptor in Depression and Reward.

Jacobson, Laura H / Vlachou, Styliani / Slattery, David A / Li, Xia / Cryan, John F

2018 Volume 83, Issue 11, Page(s) 963–976

Abstract: The metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA ...

Abstract	The metabotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid B (GABA
MeSH term(s)	Allosteric Regulation/drug effects ; Anhedonia ; Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology ; Brain/drug effects ; Brain/metabolism ; Depression/drug therapy ; Depression/metabolism ; Depressive Disorder, Major/drug therapy ; Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism ; GABA-B Receptor Agonists/pharmacology ; Humans ; Nicotine/administration & dosage ; Receptors, GABA-B/metabolism ; Reward ; Stress, Psychological ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome/psychology
Chemical Substances	Antidepressive Agents ; GABA-B Receptor Agonists ; Receptors, GABA-B ; Nicotine (6M3C89ZY6R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	209434-4
ISSN	1873-2402 ; 0006-3223
ISSN (online)	1873-2402
ISSN	0006-3223
DOI	10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.02.006
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Article ; Online: A mouse model for visualization of GABA(B) receptors.

Casanova, Emilio / Guetg, Nicole / Vigot, Réjan / Seddik, Riad / Julio-Pieper, Marcela / Hyland, Niall P / Cryan, John F / Gassmann, Martin / Bettler, Bernhard

Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)

2009 Volume 47, Issue 9, Page(s) 595–602

Abstract: GABA(B) receptors are the G-protein-coupled receptors for the neurotransmitter ... restores pre and postsynaptic GABA(B) functions, showing that the GABA(B1)-eGFP fusion proteins substitute ... replicate the temporal expression patterns of native GABA(B) receptors in cultured neurons. These transgenic ...

Abstract	GABA(B) receptors are the G-protein-coupled receptors for the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Receptor subtypes are based on the subunit isoforms GABA(B1a) and GABA(B1b), which combine with GABA(B2) subunits to form heteromeric receptors. Here, we used a modified bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the GABA(B1) gene to generate transgenic mice expressing GABA(B1a) and GABA(B1b) subunits fused to the enhanced green fluorescence protein (eGFP). We demonstrate that the GABA(B1)-eGFP fusion proteins reproduce the cellular expression patterns of endogenous GABA(B1) proteins in the brain and in peripheral tissue. Crossing the GABA(B1)-eGFP BAC transgene into the GABA(B1) (-/-) background restores pre and postsynaptic GABA(B) functions, showing that the GABA(B1)-eGFP fusion proteins substitute for the lack of endogenous GABA(B1) proteins. Finally, we demonstrate that the GABA(B1)-eGFP fusion proteins replicate the temporal expression patterns of native GABA(B) receptors in cultured neurons. These transgenic mice therefore provide a validated tool for direct visualization of native GABA(B) receptors.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Blotting, Western ; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial ; DNA Primers/genetics ; Electrophysiology ; Gene Components ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism ; Immunohistochemistry ; Immunoprecipitation ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Models, Animal ; Receptors, GABA-B/genetics ; Receptors, GABA-B/metabolism
Chemical Substances	DNA Primers ; Receptors, GABA-B ; enhanced green fluorescent protein ; Green Fluorescent Proteins (147336-22-9)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2004544-X
ISSN	1526-968X ; 1526-954X
ISSN (online)	1526-968X
ISSN	1526-954X
DOI	10.1002/dvg.20535
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Article ; Online: A Gut Feeling about GABA: Focus on GABA(B) Receptors.

Hyland, Niall P / Cryan, John F

Frontiers in pharmacology

2010 Volume 1, Page(s) 124

Abstract: ... GABA(B). The latter which respond to the agonist baclofen have been least characterized ... however accumulating data suggest that they play a key role in GI function in health and disease. Like GABA, GABA(B ... suggest GABA(B) receptors inhibit GI carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Therefore, the diversity of GI ...

Abstract	γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the body and hence GABA-mediated neurotransmission regulates many physiological functions, including those in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. GABA is located throughout the GI tract and is found in enteric nerves as well as in endocrine-like cells, implicating GABA as both a neurotransmitter and an endocrine mediator influencing GI function. GABA mediates its effects via GABA receptors which are either ionotropic GABA(A) or metabotropic GABA(B). The latter which respond to the agonist baclofen have been least characterized, however accumulating data suggest that they play a key role in GI function in health and disease. Like GABA, GABA(B) receptors have been detected throughout the gut of several species in the enteric nervous system, muscle, epithelial layers as well as on endocrine-like cells. Such widespread distribution of this metabotropic GABA receptor is consistent with its significant modulatory role over intestinal motility, gastric emptying, gastric acid secretion, transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and visceral sensation of painful colonic stimuli. More intriguing findings, the mechanisms underlying which have yet to be determined, suggest GABA(B) receptors inhibit GI carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Therefore, the diversity of GI functions regulated by GABA(B) receptors makes it a potentially useful target in the treatment of several GI disorders. In light of the development of novel compounds such as peripherally acting GABA(B) receptor agonists, positive allosteric modulators of the GABA(B) receptor and GABA producing enteric bacteria, we review and summarize current knowledge on the function of GABA(B) receptors within the GI tract.
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-10-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2587355-6
ISSN	1663-9812 ; 1663-9812
ISSN (online)	1663-9812
ISSN	1663-9812
DOI	10.3389/fphar.2010.00124
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Article ; Online: Emergence of group B Streptococcus serotype IV in women of child-bearing age in Ireland.

Kiely, R A / Cotter, L / Mollaghan, A M / Cryan, B / Coffey, A / Lucey, B

Epidemiology and infection

2011 Volume 139, Issue 2, Page(s) 236–238

Abstract: This study determined the carriage rate and serotype distribution of group B Streptococcus (GBS ...

Abstract	This study determined the carriage rate and serotype distribution of group B Streptococcus (GBS) in women of child-bearing age in the southern region of Ireland. A total of 2000 vaginal swabs collected in two periods in 2004 and 2006 were examined and revealed a GBS carriage rate of 16·1%. Serotyping of isolates showed that serotypes Ia, II, III, IV, and V were the most prevalent. A high prevalence of serotype IV was found, increasing from 7·6% to 15·2% between 2004 and 2006. Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis demonstrated considerable genetic heterogeneity in the serotype IV isolates. This serotype should be considered for inclusion in potential vaccines for use in Ireland.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging ; Female ; Humans ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632982-2
ISSN	1469-4409 ; 0950-2688
ISSN (online)	1469-4409
ISSN	0950-2688
DOI	10.1017/S0950268810001275
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Article: Specific roles of GABA(B(1)) receptor isoforms in cognition.

Jacobson, Laura H / Kelly, Peter H / Bettler, Bernhard / Kaupmann, Klemens / Cryan, John F

Behavioural brain research

2007 Volume 181, Issue 1, Page(s) 158–162

Abstract: The GABA(B) receptor is a heterodimer of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. There are two isoforms ... of the GABA(B(1)) subunit: GABA(B(1a)) and GABA(B(1b)). Recent studies with mutant mice suggest a differential ... role for the two GABA(B(1)) isoforms in behavioural processes. As pharmacological and genetic studies ...

Abstract	The GABA(B) receptor is a heterodimer of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. There are two isoforms of the GABA(B(1)) subunit: GABA(B(1a)) and GABA(B(1b)). Recent studies with mutant mice suggest a differential role for the two GABA(B(1)) isoforms in behavioural processes. As pharmacological and genetic studies have implicated GABA(B) receptors in cognition we investigated the behaviour of GABA(B(1a))(-/-) and GABA(B(1b))(-/-) mice in different types of cognitive paradigms. GABA(B(1a))(-/-) and GABA(B(1b))(-/-) mice were both impaired relative to wildtype controls in a continuous spontaneous alternation behaviour test of working spatial memory. In contrast to the reported phenotype of GABA(B(1))(-/-) mice, however, neither GABA(B(1a))(-/-) nor GABA(B(1b))(-/-) mice were deficient in a passive avoidance task. On the other hand, GABA(B(1a))(-/-) mice were impaired in familiar and novel object recognition. We conclude that GABA(B(1)) isoforms contribute differentially to GABA(B) receptor-mediated cognitive processes.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Exploratory Behavior/physiology ; Male ; Maze Learning/physiology ; Memory/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Mice, Knockout ; Protein Isoforms/deficiency ; Protein Isoforms/physiology ; Reaction Time/genetics ; Receptors, GABA-B/deficiency ; Receptors, GABA-B/physiology
Chemical Substances	Protein Isoforms ; Receptors, GABA-B
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-04-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	449927-x
ISSN	1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
ISSN (online)	1872-7549
ISSN	0166-4328
DOI	10.1016/j.bbr.2007.03.033
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Article: Don't worry 'B' happy!: a role for GABA(B) receptors in anxiety and depression.

Cryan, John F / Kaupmann, Klemens

Trends in pharmacological sciences

2005 Volume 26, Issue 1, Page(s) 36–43

Abstract: ... of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. However, the role of GABA(B) receptors in behavioural ... processes related to these disorders has not been resolved. GABA(B) receptors are G-protein-coupled ... receptors that function as heterodimers of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. In addition to highly ...

Abstract	GABA, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, regulates many physiological and psychological processes. Thus, dysfunction of the GABA system is implicated in the pathophysiology of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. However, the role of GABA(B) receptors in behavioural processes related to these disorders has not been resolved. GABA(B) receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that function as heterodimers of GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)) subunits. In addition to highly selective agonists and antagonists, novel GABA(B) receptor tools have been developed recently to further assist elucidation of the role of GABA(B) receptors in CNS function. These include mice that lack functional GABA(B) receptors, and novel positive modulators of the GABA(B) receptor. In this review, we discuss evidence that points to a role of GABA(B) receptors in anxiety and depression.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anxiety/etiology ; Anxiety/metabolism ; Anxiety/physiopathology ; Depression/etiology ; Depression/metabolism ; Depression/physiopathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; GABA Agents/chemistry ; GABA Agents/pharmacology ; Humans ; Receptors, GABA-B/classification ; Receptors, GABA-B/drug effects ; Receptors, GABA-B/physiology ; Switzerland
Chemical Substances	GABA Agents ; Receptors, GABA-B
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	282846-7
ISSN	1873-3735 ; 0165-6147
ISSN (online)	1873-3735
ISSN	0165-6147
DOI	10.1016/j.tips.2004.11.004
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Article: Behavioral evaluation of mice deficient in GABA(B(1)) receptor isoforms in tests of unconditioned anxiety.

Jacobson, Laura H / Bettler, Bernhard / Kaupmann, Klemens / Cryan, John F

Psychopharmacology

2006 Volume 190, Issue 4, Page(s) 541–553

Abstract: Rationale: Emerging data support a role for GABA(B) receptors in anxiety. GABA(B) receptors are ... GABA(B1) receptor isoforms are GABA(B(1a)) and GABA(B(1b)). Recent findings indicate specific roles ... anxiety is unknown.: Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the role of the GABA(B(1 ...

Abstract	Rationale: Emerging data support a role for GABA(B) receptors in anxiety. GABA(B) receptors are comprised of a heterodimeric complex of GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) receptor subunits. The predominant neuronal GABA(B1) receptor isoforms are GABA(B(1a)) and GABA(B(1b)). Recent findings indicate specific roles for these isoforms in conditioned fear responses, although their influence on behavior in tests of unconditioned anxiety is unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the role of the GABA(B(1)) isoforms in unconditioned anxiety. Materials and methods: Mice deficient in the GABA(B(1a)) or GABA(B(1b)) receptor isoforms were examined in a battery of anxiety tests. Results: In most tests, genotype did not significantly affect anxious behavior, including the elevated plus maze, marble burying, and stress-induced hypothermia tests. Corticosterone and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels were similarly unaffected by genotype. Female, but not male, GABA(-/-)B(1a) and GABA(-/-)B(1b) mice showed increased anxiety relative to wild-type controls in the elevated zero maze. In the staircase test, male GABA(-/-)B(1b) mice defecated more than male GABA(-/-)B(1a) mice, although no other test parameter was influenced by genotype. In the light-dark box, female GABA(-/-)B(1a) mice spent less time in the light compartment compared to the GABA(-/-)B(1b) females, whereas male GABA(-/-)B(1b) mice made fewer light-dark transitions than GABA(-/-)B(1a) males. Conclusions: Specific roles for either GABA(B(1)) isoform in unconditioned anxiety were not explicit. This differs from their contribution in conditioned anxiety and from the anxious phenotype of GABA(B1) and GABA(B2) subunit knockout mice. The findings suggest that the GABA(B(1)) isoforms have specific relevance for anxiety with a cognitive component, rather than for innate anxiety per se.
MeSH term(s)	Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood ; Animals ; Anxiety/blood ; Anxiety/metabolism ; Anxiety/psychology ; Behavior, Animal ; Corticosterone/blood ; Disease Models, Animal ; Exploratory Behavior ; Female ; Fever/etiology ; Fever/metabolism ; Genotype ; Male ; Maze Learning ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity ; Psychomotor Performance ; Reaction Time ; Receptors, GABA-B/deficiency ; Receptors, GABA-B/genetics ; Stress, Psychological/complications
Chemical Substances	Receptors, GABA-B ; Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (9002-60-2) ; Corticosterone (W980KJ009P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-12-15
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	130601-7
ISSN	1432-2072 ; 0033-3158
ISSN (online)	1432-2072
ISSN	0033-3158
DOI	10.1007/s00213-006-0631-9
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Article ; Online: Blockade of the GABA(B) receptor increases neurogenesis in the ventral but not dorsal adult hippocampus: relevance to antidepressant action.

Felice, Daniela / O'Leary, Olivia F / Pizzo, Riccardo C / Cryan, John F

Neuropharmacology

2012 Volume 63, Issue 8, Page(s) 1380–1388

Abstract: GABA(B) receptor antagonists have been shown to have antidepressant-like properties ... neurons) is thought to play a role in antidepressant drug action. However, the ability of GABA(B ... unexplored. Therefore, we investigated whether the GABA(B) receptor antagonist, CGP 52432, can induce ...

Abstract	GABA(B) receptor antagonists have been shown to have antidepressant-like properties in animal models and thus, could represent a novel approach for the treatment of depression. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying these effects are currently unknown. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (the birth of new neurons) is thought to play a role in antidepressant drug action. However, the ability of GABA(B) receptors to modulate the proliferation and survival of newly-born cells in the adult hippocampus remains unexplored. Therefore, we investigated whether the GABA(B) receptor antagonist, CGP 52432, can induce antidepressant-like behaviour and increase hippocampal neurogenesis in the stress-sensitive mouse strain, BALB/c. Male mice were treated with CGP 52432 either acutely (one injection, 3; 10; 30 mg/kg, i.p.), subchronically (7 days, 3; 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or chronically (21 days, 3; 10 mg/kg, i.p.) and antidepressant-like behaviour was assessed using the forced swim test (FST). The effects of CGP 52432 on the proliferation and survival of newly-born cells in the hippocampus were assessed using BrdU immunohistochemistry. Acute, subchronic and chronic treatment with CGP 52432 induced antidepressant-like behavioural effects in the FST. Moreover, chronic but not acute or subchronic treatment with CGP 52432 increased hippocampal cell proliferation but had no effect on the survival of newly-born cells. This temporal effect is consistent with the time course for the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Interestingly, CGP 52432-induced increases in cell proliferation occurred in the ventral but not in the dorsal hippocampus. This topographical segregation concurs with the hypothesis that the ventral hippocampus is primarily involved in the regulation of stress and emotionality. Taken together, our data suggest that increased hippocampal cell proliferation is a plausible mechanism for the antidepressant-like effects of GABA(B) receptor antagonists following chronic but not acute treatments. Moreover, altered behavioural effects in the FST does not correlate with changes in neurogenesis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antidepressive Agents ; Antimetabolites ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Benzylamines/pharmacology ; Bromodeoxyuridine ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Dentate Gyrus/cytology ; Dentate Gyrus/drug effects ; GABA Antagonists/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/growth & development ; Immunohistochemistry ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neurogenesis/drug effects ; Phosphinic Acids/pharmacology ; Receptors, GABA-B/drug effects ; Receptors, GABA-B/metabolism ; Swimming/psychology
Chemical Substances	Antidepressive Agents ; Antimetabolites ; Benzylamines ; GABA Antagonists ; Phosphinic Acids ; Receptors, GABA-B ; CGP 52432 (139667-74-6) ; Bromodeoxyuridine (G34N38R2N1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218272-5
ISSN	1873-7064 ; 0028-3908
ISSN (online)	1873-7064
ISSN	0028-3908
DOI	10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.066
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Article: Self-collected versus health professional-collected genital swabs to identify the prevalence of group B streptococcus: a comparison of patient preference and efficacy.

Arya, Anna / Cryan, Bartley / O'Sullivan, Kathleen / Greene, Richard A / Higgins, John R

European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology

2008 Volume 139, Issue 1, Page(s) 43–45

Abstract: Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of genital tract group B streptococcus (GBS ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aims to determine the prevalence of genital tract group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization in a cohort of pregnant Irish women and to compare patient preference and efficacy of self-collected versus health professional-collected swabs. Study design: In this prospective cohort study, 600 pregnant women attending public and private antenatal clinics at the Unified Maternity Services, Cork were included. At 35-37 weeks of pregnancy, these women self-collected an ano-vaginal swab and a health professional-collected a second swab on same clinic visit. The women filled a questionnaire to indicate their preferences. Statistical analysis was performed on SPSS Version 13. Result: The cumulative prevalence of maternal GBS colonization was 11.7% (95% CI, 9.3-14.6). The sensitivity of the self-collected swab was 84.3% (95% CI, 73.2-91.5) and that of health professional-collected swab was 94.3% (95% CI, 85.3-98.2). While good agreement in efficacy was found between health professional and patient-collected swabs (Kappa=0.87, p<0.001, 97.5% measure of concordance), only 28.5% women preferred self-collection, while 43.2% preferred a health professional to collect the swab and 28.3% had no preference. Conclusion: In our study the concordance between health professional and self-collected swab was excellent. However, pregnant women mainly prefer a health professional to collect their ano-vaginal swabs.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Carrier State/diagnosis ; Carrier State/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Ireland/epidemiology ; Patient Satisfaction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/diagnosis ; Prenatal Diagnosis/methods ; Prevalence ; Self Care/methods ; Specimen Handling/methods ; Streptococcal Infections/diagnosis ; Streptococcus agalactiae/isolation & purification
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-07
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	190605-7
ISSN	1872-7654 ; 0301-2115 ; 0028-2243
ISSN (online)	1872-7654
ISSN	0301-2115 ; 0028-2243
DOI	10.1016/j.ejogrb.2007.12.005
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Article ; Online: GABA(B(1)) receptor isoforms differentially mediate the acquisition and extinction of aversive taste memories.

Jacobson, Laura H / Kelly, Peter H / Bettler, Bernhard / Kaupmann, Klemens / Cryan, John F

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2005 Volume 26, Issue 34, Page(s) 8800–8803

Abstract: ... receptor systems. In particular, the potential functions of metabotropic GABA(B) receptors in CTA have not ... yet been fully explored. GABA(B) receptors are metabotropic GABA receptors that are comprised of two ... subunits, GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)), which form heterodimers. The Gabbr1 gene is transcribed into two ...

Abstract	Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of aversive memory in which an association is made between a consumed substance and a subsequent malaise. CTA is a critical mechanism for the successful survival, and hence evolution, of most animal species. The role of excitatory neurotransmitters in the neurochemical mechanisms of CTA is well recognized; however, less is known about the involvement of inhibitory receptor systems. In particular, the potential functions of metabotropic GABA(B) receptors in CTA have not yet been fully explored. GABA(B) receptors are metabotropic GABA receptors that are comprised of two subunits, GABA(B(1)) and GABA(B(2)), which form heterodimers. The Gabbr1 gene is transcribed into two predominant isoforms, GABA(B(1a)) and GABA(B(1b)), which differ in sequence primarily by the inclusion of a pair of sushi domains (also known as short consensus repeats) in the GABA(B(1a)) N terminus. The behavioral function of mammalian GABA(B(1)) receptor isoforms is currently unknown. Here, using a point mutation strategy in mice, we demonstrate that these two GABA(B(1)) receptor isoforms are differentially involved in critical components of CTA. In contrast to GABA(B(1b))-/- and wild-type mice, GABA(B(1a))-/- mice failed to acquire CTA. In contrast, GABA(B(1b))-/- mice robustly acquired CTA but failed to show any extinction of this aversion. The data demonstrate that GABA(B) receptors are involved in both the acquisition and extinction of CTA; however, receptors containing the GABA(B(1a)) or the GABA(B(1b)) isoform differentially contribute to the mechanisms used to learn and remember the salience of aversive stimuli.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Extinction, Psychological/physiology ; Male ; Memory/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mice, Knockout ; Point Mutation ; Protein Isoforms/physiology ; Receptors, GABA-B/genetics ; Receptors, GABA-B/physiology ; Taste/physiology
Chemical Substances	Protein Isoforms ; Receptors, GABA-B
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-10-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2076-06.2006
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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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