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Article ; Online: Health and Environment

Annalaura Carducci

Medical Sciences Forum, Vol 4, Iss 51, p

A Changing Paradigm in the COVID-19 Era

2021 Volume 51

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply impacted our relationship with the environment and the achievement of sustainable development goals, occasionally in opposite ways. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the urgent need to adopt the “one health” ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has deeply impacted our relationship with the environment and the achievement of sustainable development goals, occasionally in opposite ways. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has demonstrated the urgent need to adopt the “one health” approach in every future action involving health and the environment, and its spread has highlighted the importance of research about the environmental determinants of its transmission. Increasing knowledge about the viru’s presence in different environmental matrices and conditions is revealing the significant diffusion of its RNA, although its actual viability in these circumstances remains to be demonstrated. Moreover, some epidemiological findings suggest that environmental conditions may be associated with the spread and related mortality of the virus. COVID-19 prevention still relies on measures linked to the environment: the use of masks, social distancing, hygiene and disinfection. On the other hand, some of these measures can exacerbate environmental pollution, such as increased waste (gloves and masks) and the generalized use of disinfectants: This can produce an apparent conflict of interest between infective and chemical risks. Therefore, the COVID-19 pandemic should change our approach to environmental risk assessment, focusing not only on chemicals but also on biological agents, with the analysis and comparison of these substances using quantitative methods. Efforts made toward recovering from the socio-economic impact of the pandemic should also be focused on environmental preservation and protection. In conclusion, the pandemic provides us with the opportunity to rethink the coupling of health and the environment from a wider and more comprehensive perspective.
Keywords	health and environment ; COVID-19 ; one health approach ; environmental transmission ; chemical and biological risk assessment ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Editorial: Bioaerosol emission characteristics and the epidemiological, occupational, and public health risk assessment of waste and wastewater management.

Yan, Cheng / Viegas, Carla / Han, Yunping / Carducci, Annalaura

Frontiers in public health

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 1111457

MeSH term(s)	Wastewater ; Aerosols/adverse effects ; Public Health ; Risk Assessment
Chemical Substances	Wastewater ; Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2711781-9
ISSN	2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
ISSN (online)	2296-2565
ISSN	2296-2565
DOI	10.3389/fpubh.2023.1111457
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Article ; Online: Editorial

Cheng Yan / Carla Viegas / Yunping Han / Annalaura Carducci

Frontiers in Public Health, Vol

Bioaerosol emission characteristics and the epidemiological, occupational, and public health risk assessment of waste and wastewater management

2023 Volume 11

Keywords	wastewater treatment ; bioaerosol ; source apportionment ; emission release principle ; occupational and public health risk assessment ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Organic Pollutants Associated with Plastic Debris in Marine Environment: A Systematic Review of Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Characteristics.

Zhao, Hongrui / Federigi, Ileana / Verani, Marco / Carducci, Annalaura

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 6

Abstract: Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems, and microplastics (MPs, particles < 5 mm size) may behave as a vehicle of organic pollutants, causing detrimental effects to the environment. Studies on MP-sorbed organic ... ...

Abstract	Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems, and microplastics (MPs, particles < 5 mm size) may behave as a vehicle of organic pollutants, causing detrimental effects to the environment. Studies on MP-sorbed organic pollutants lack methodological standardization, resulting in a low comparability and replicability. In this work, we reviewed 40 field studies of MP-sorbed organic contaminants using PRISMA guidelines for acquiring information on sampling and analytical protocols. The papers were also scored for their reliability on the basis of 7 criteria, from 0 (minimum) to 21 (maximum). Our results showed a great heterogeneity of the methods used for the sample collection, MPs extraction, and instruments for chemicals' identification. Measures for cross-contamination control during MPs analysis were strictly applied only in 13% of the studies, indicating a need for quality control in MPs-related research. The most frequently detected MP-sorbed chemicals were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Most of the studies showed a good reliability (>75% of the total score), with 32 papers scoring 16 or higher. On the basis of the collected information, a standardizable protocol for the detection of MPs and MP-sorbed chemicals has been suggested for improving the reliability of MPs monitoring studies.
MeSH term(s)	Plastics/analysis ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; Reproducibility of Results ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons/analysis
Chemical Substances	Plastics ; Environmental Pollutants ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Polychlorinated Biphenyls (DFC2HB4I0K) ; Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20064892
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Article ; Online: Organic Pollutants Associated with Plastic Debris in Marine Environment

Hongrui Zhao / Ileana Federigi / Marco Verani / Annalaura Carducci

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 20, Iss 4892, p

A Systematic Review of Analytical Methods, Occurrence, and Characteristics

2023 Volume 4892

Abstract	Plastic pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems, and microplastics (MPs, particles < 5 mm size) may behave as a vehicle of organic pollutants, causing detrimental effects to the environment. Studies on MP-sorbed organic pollutants lack methodological standardization, resulting in a low comparability and replicability. In this work, we reviewed 40 field studies of MP-sorbed organic contaminants using PRISMA guidelines for acquiring information on sampling and analytical protocols. The papers were also scored for their reliability on the basis of 7 criteria, from 0 (minimum) to 21 (maximum). Our results showed a great heterogeneity of the methods used for the sample collection, MPs extraction, and instruments for chemicals’ identification. Measures for cross-contamination control during MPs analysis were strictly applied only in 13% of the studies, indicating a need for quality control in MPs-related research. The most frequently detected MP-sorbed chemicals were polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Most of the studies showed a good reliability (>75% of the total score), with 32 papers scoring 16 or higher. On the basis of the collected information, a standardizable protocol for the detection of MPs and MP-sorbed chemicals has been suggested for improving the reliability of MPs monitoring studies.
Keywords	microplastics ; organic pollutants ; beach ; seawater ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: How to Evaluate If Microorganisms Isolated From Sterile Drug Production Environments Monitoring Are Undesirable.

Ceccanti, Stefano / Vecchiani, Sandra / Leonangeli, Giulia / Burgalassi, Susi / Federigi, Ileana / Carducci, Annalaura / Verani, Marco

Journal of pharmaceutical sciences

2024

Abstract: This study addresses the identification of undesirable microorganisms (MOs) recovered during the environmental monitoring in manufacture of sterile medicinal products. We developed a methodology evaluation based on a decision tree; then, such approach ... ...

Abstract	This study addresses the identification of undesirable microorganisms (MOs) recovered during the environmental monitoring in manufacture of sterile medicinal products. We developed a methodology evaluation based on a decision tree; then, such approach was applied to hypothetical scenarios of uncommon MOs isolation in sterile drugs production settings. The scenarios were formulated on the basis of our field experience, in terms of both MOs selection and types of sampling site. The MOs were chosen in order to include emerging pathogens and MOs responsible for drug recall, and several sampling sites were considered for their detection (air, surfaces, and personnel). The classification of the unusual MOs revealed that most of them were undesirable, because they represented the loss of environmental control or a potential impact on the quality of the product. In some cases, the uncommon MOs were not considered as undesirable. Therefore, our results demonstrated the importance of a methodology, also in terms of recovery rate of unusual MOs and of the threshold probability for the unacceptability (e.g., 1% or 5%). The proposed methodology allowed an easy and documented evaluation for the undesirable MOs isolated from the environment of the analyzed settings for sterile drugs production.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3151-3
ISSN	1520-6017 ; 0022-3549
ISSN (online)	1520-6017
ISSN	0022-3549
DOI	10.1016/j.xphs.2024.01.019
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Article ; Online: Critical Needs for Integrated Surveillance: Wastewater-Based and Clinical Epidemiology in Evolving Scenarios with Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV-2.

Carducci, Annalaura / Federigi, Ileana / Lauretani, Giulia / Muzio, Sara / Pagani, Alessandra / Atomsa, Nebiyu Tariku / Verani, Marco

Food and environmental virology

2024 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 38–49

Abstract: During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and clinical surveillance have been used as tools for analyzing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, but both approaches can be strongly influenced by some sources of ... ...

Abstract	During the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and clinical surveillance have been used as tools for analyzing the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in the community, but both approaches can be strongly influenced by some sources of variability. From the challenging perspective of integrating environmental and clinical data, we performed a correlation analysis between SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in raw sewage and incident COVID-19 cases in areas served by medium-size wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) from 2021 to 2023. To this aim, both datasets were adjusted for several sources of variability: WBE data were adjusted for factors including the analytical protocol, sewage flow, and population size, while clinical data adjustments considered the demographic composition of the served population. Then, we addressed the impact on the correlation of differences among sewerage networks and variations in the frequency and type of swab tests due to changes in political and regulatory scenarios. Wastewater and clinical data were significantly correlated when restrictive containment measures and limited movements were in effect (ρ = 0.50) and when COVID-19 cases were confirmed exclusively through molecular testing (ρ = 0.49). Moreover, a positive (although weak) correlation arose for WWTPs located in densely populated areas (ρ = 0.37) and with shorter sewerage lengths (ρ = 0.28). This study provides methodological approaches for interpreting WBE and clinical surveillance data, which could also be useful for other infections. Data adjustments and evaluation of possible sources of bias need to be carefully considered from the perspective of integrated environmental and clinical surveillance of infections.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Wastewater ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Sewage ; Pandemics ; RNA, Viral
Chemical Substances	Wastewater ; Sewage ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487173-4
ISSN	1867-0342 ; 1867-0334
ISSN (online)	1867-0342
ISSN	1867-0334
DOI	10.1007/s12560-023-09573-0
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Article ; Online: Wastewater-Based Epidemiology for Viral Surveillance from an Endemic Perspective: Evidence and Challenges.

Verani, Marco / Pagani, Alessandra / Federigi, Ileana / Lauretani, Giulia / Atomsa, Nebiyu Tariku / Rossi, Virginia / Viviani, Luca / Carducci, Annalaura

Viruses

2024 Volume 16, Issue 3

Abstract: Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is currently used to monitor not only the spread of the viral SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but also that of other viruses in endemic conditions, particularly in the absence of syndromic surveillance. The continuous monitoring ... ...

Abstract	Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is currently used to monitor not only the spread of the viral SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but also that of other viruses in endemic conditions, particularly in the absence of syndromic surveillance. The continuous monitoring of sewage requires high expenditure and significant time investments, highlighting the need for standardized methods and structured monitoring strategies. In this context, we conducted weekly wastewater monitoring in northwestern Tuscany (Italy) and targeted human adenovirus (HAdV), norovirus genogroup II (NoVggII), enterovirus (EV), and SARS-CoV-2. Samples were collected at the entrances of treatment plants and concentrated using PEG/NaCl precipitation, and viral nucleic acids were extracted and detected through real-time reverse transcription qPCR. NoVggII was the most identified target (84.4%), followed by HAdV, SARS-CoV-2, and EV. Only HAdV and EV exhibited seasonal peaks in spring and summer. Compared with data that were previously collected in the same study area (from February 2021 to September 2021), the results for SARS-CoV-2 revealed a shift from an epidemic to an endemic pattern, at least in the region under investigation, which was likely due to viral mutations that led to the spreading of new variants with increased resistance to summer environmental conditions. In conclusion, using standardized methods and an efficient monitoring strategy, WBE proves valuable for viral surveillance in pandemic and epidemic scenarios, enabling the identification of temporal-local distribution patterns that are useful for making informed public health decisions.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring ; Enterovirus Infections ; Adenoviruses, Human ; Antigens, Viral ; Norovirus ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; RNA, Viral
Chemical Substances	Antigens, Viral ; RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v16030482
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Article: In Vitro Potential Virucidal Effect Evaluation of Xibornol on Human Adenovirus Type 5, Human Rhinovirus Type 13, Human Coronavirus 229E, Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 1, and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Verani, Marco / Federigi, Ileana / Lauretani, Giulia / Muzio, Sara / Carducci, Annalaura

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2022 Volume 1370, Page(s) 19–28

Abstract: The availability of virucidal compounds to reduce the impact of respiratory viruses is a relevant topic for public health, especially during the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Antimicrobial properties of Xibornol are known since the ... ...

Abstract	The availability of virucidal compounds to reduce the impact of respiratory viruses is a relevant topic for public health, especially during the recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Antimicrobial properties of Xibornol are known since the 1970s, but its activity on viruses is currently little explored. In this study, Xibornol activity at a fixed concentration of 0.03 mg/100 ml has been evaluated on five respiratory viruses (Human Adenovirus 5, Human Rhinovirus type 13, Human Coronavirus 229E, Human Parainfluenza Virus type 1, and Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus) through in vitro experiments based on adapted European standard UNI EN 14476-20019. The experiments were carried out under two different environmental conditions, one with the addition of fetal bovine serum to simulate an in vivo condition (dirty condition) and the other without the addition of any organic substances (clean condition). The viral abatement of Xibornol (expressed as Log
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human ; Coronavirus 229E, Human ; Rhinovirus ; Adenoviruses, Human ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; COVID-19
Chemical Substances	xibornol (RQ12GMY0FZ)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
ISSN (online)	2214-8019
ISSN	0065-2598
DOI	10.1007/5584_2022_722
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Article ; Online: Covid-19 Airborne Transmission and Its Prevention

Annalaura Carducci / Ileana Federigi / Marco Verani

Waiting for Evidence or Applying the Precautionary Principle?

2020

Abstract: Besides the predominant ways of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (namely, contacts and large droplets) the airborne one is increasingly taken into consideration as a result of latest research findings. Nevertheless, this possibility has been already suggested ... ...

Abstract	Besides the predominant ways of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (namely, contacts and large droplets) the airborne one is increasingly taken into consideration as a result of latest research findings. Nevertheless, this possibility has been already suggested by previous studies on other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. To describe the state of the art of coronaviruses and airborne transmission, a systematic review was carried out using the PRISMA methodology. Overall, 64 papers were selected and classified into three main groups: laboratory experiments (12 papers), air monitoring (22) and epidemiological and airflow model studies (30). The airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is suggested by the studies of the three groups, but none has yet obtained complete evidence. The sampling and detection methods have not been validated, therefore monitoring results are affected by a possible underestimation. Then, epidemiological investigations only hypothesize the airborne transmission as a possible explanation for some illness cases, but without estimating its attributable risk. Nevertheless, while waiting for more evidence, it is urgent to base advice on preventive measures, such as the use of masks, safe distancing and air ventilation, on the precautionary principle.
Keywords	COVID-19 ; Atmospheric Science ; Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ; covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01
Publishing country	it
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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