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Article ; Online: Activity-Dependent Ectopic Spiking in Parvalbumin-Expressing Interneurons of the Neocortex.

Theyel, Brian B / Stevenson, Rachel J / Connors, Barry W

2024

Abstract: Canonically, action potentials of most mammalian neurons initiate at the axon initial segment and propagate bidirectionally: orthodromically along the distal axon, and retrogradely into the soma and dendrites. Under some circumstances action potentials ... ...

Abstract	Canonically, action potentials of most mammalian neurons initiate at the axon initial segment and propagate bidirectionally: orthodromically along the distal axon, and retrogradely into the soma and dendrites. Under some circumstances action potentials may initiate ectopically, at sites distal to the axon initial segment, and propagate antidromically along the axon. These 'ectopic action potentials' (EAPs) have been observed in experimental models of seizures and chronic pain, and more rarely in nonpathological forebrain neurons. Here we report that a large majority of parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons in upper layers of mouse neocortex, from both orbitofrontal and primary somatosensory areas, fire EAPs after sufficient activation of their somata. Somatostatin-expressing interneurons also fire EAPs, though less robustly. Ectopic firing in PV+ cells occurs in varying temporal patterns and can persist for several seconds. PV+ cells evoke strong synaptic inhibition in pyramidal neurons and interneurons and play critical roles in cortical function. Our results suggest that ectopic spiking of PV+ interneurons is common, and may contribute to both normal and pathological network functions of the neocortex.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2800598-3
ISSN	2373-2822 ; 2373-2822
ISSN (online)	2373-2822
ISSN	2373-2822
DOI	10.1523/ENEURO.0314-23.2024
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Article: Activity-dependent ectopic action potentials in regular-spiking neurons of the neocortex.

Zhang, Yizhen Z / Sapantzi, Stella / Lin, Alice / Doelfel, Savannah R / Connors, Barry W / Theyel, Brian B

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

2023 Volume 17, Page(s) 1267687

Abstract: Introduction: Action potentials usually travel orthodromically along a neuron's axon, from the axon initial segment (AIS) toward the presynaptic terminals. Under some circumstances action potentials also travel in the opposite direction, antidromically, ...

Abstract	Introduction: Action potentials usually travel orthodromically along a neuron's axon, from the axon initial segment (AIS) toward the presynaptic terminals. Under some circumstances action potentials also travel in the opposite direction, antidromically, after being initiated at a distal location. Given their initiation at an atypical site, we refer to these events as "ectopic action potentials." Ectopic action potentials (EAPs) were initially observed in pathological conditions including seizures and nerve injury. Several studies have described regular-spiking (RS) pyramidal neurons firing EAPs in seizure models. Under nonpathological conditions, EAPs were reported in a few populations of neurons, and our group has found that EAPs can be induced in a large proportion of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons in the neocortex. Nevertheless, to our knowledge there have been no prior reports of ectopic firing in the largest population of neurons in the neocortex, pyramidal neurons, under nonpathological conditions. Methods: We performed in vitro recordings utilizing the whole-cell patch clamp technique. To elicit EAPs, we triggered orthodromic action potentialswith either long, progressively increasing current steps, or with trains of brief pulses at 30, 60, or 100 Hz delivered in 3 different ways, varying in stimulus and resting period duration. Results: We found that a large proportion (72.7%) of neocortical RS cells from mice can fire EAPs after a specific stimulus in vitro, and that most RS cells (56.1%) are capable of firing EAPs across a broad range of stimulus conditions. Of the 37 RS neurons in which we were able to elicit EAPs, it took an average of 863.8 orthodromic action potentials delivered over the course of an average of ~81.4 s before the first EAP was seen. We observed that some cells responded to specific stimulus frequencies while less selective, suggesting frequency tuning in a subset of the cells. Discussion: Our findings suggest that pyramidal cells can integrate information over long time-scales before briefly entering a mode of self-generated firing that originates in distal axons. The surprising ubiquity of EAP generation in RS cells raises interesting questions about the potential roles of ectopic spiking in information processing, cortical oscillations, and seizure susceptibility.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452963-1
ISSN	1662-5102
ISSN	1662-5102
DOI	10.3389/fncel.2023.1267687
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of the Current Status of Artificial Intelligence for Endourology Patient Education: A Blind Comparison of ChatGPT and Google Bard against Traditional Information Resources.

Connors, Christopher / Gupta, Kavita / Khusid, Johnathan Alexander / Khargi, Raymond / Yaghoubian, Alan / Levy, Micah / Gallante, Blair / Atallah, William / Gupta, Mantu

Journal of endourology

2024

Abstract: Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms such as ChatGPT and Bard are increasingly utilized to answer patient healthcare questions. We present the first study to blindly evaluate AI-generated responses to common endourology patient questions ... ...

Abstract	Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) platforms such as ChatGPT and Bard are increasingly utilized to answer patient healthcare questions. We present the first study to blindly evaluate AI-generated responses to common endourology patient questions against official patient education materials. Methods 32 questions and answers spanning kidney stones, ureteral stents, BPH, and UTUC were extracted from official Urology Care Foundation (UCF) patient education documents. The same questions were input into ChatGPT 4.0 and Bard, limiting responses to within  10% of the word count of the corresponding UCF response to ensure fair comparison. Six endourologists blindly evaluated responses from each platform using Likert scales for accuracy, clarity, comprehensiveness, and patient utility. Reviewers identified which response they believed was not AI-generated. Lastly, Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade Level formulas assessed the readability of each platform response. Ratings were compared using ANOVA and Chi-Square tests. Results ChatGPT responses were rated the highest across all categories including accuracy, comprehensiveness, clarity, and patient utility while UCF answers were consistently scored the lowest, all p<0.01. Sub-analysis revealed that this trend was consistent across question categories (i.e., kidney stones, BPH, etc.). However, AI-generated responses were more likely to be classified at an advanced reading level while UCF responses showed improved readability (college or higher reading level: ChatGPT = 100%, Bard = 66%, UCF = 19%), p<0.001. When asked to identify which answer was not AI-generated, 54.2% of responses indicated ChatGPT, 26.6% indicated Bard, and only 19.3% correctly identified it as the UCF response. Conclusions In a blind evaluation, AI-generated responses from ChatGPT and Bard surpassed the quality of official patient education materials in endourology, suggesting that current AI platforms are already a reliable resource for basic urologic care information. AI-generated responses do, however, tend to require a higher reading level, which may limit their applicability to a broader audience.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	356931-7
ISSN	1557-900X ; 0892-7790
ISSN (online)	1557-900X
ISSN	0892-7790
DOI	10.1089/end.2023.0696
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Article: Risk Factors Associated With Poor Outcomes After Quadriceps Tendon Repair.

Coladonato, Carlo / Hanna, Adeeb Jacob / Patel, Neel K / Sonnier, John Hayden / Connors, Gregory / Sabitsky, Matthew / Johnson, Emma / Mazur, Donald W / Brahmabhatt, Shyam / Freedman, Kevin B

Orthopaedic journal of sports medicine

2024 Volume 12, Issue 2, Page(s) 23259671241229105

Abstract: Background: Ruptures of the quadriceps tendon present most frequently in older adults and individuals with underlying medical conditions.: Purpose: To examine the relationship between patient-specific factors and tear characteristics with outcomes ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ruptures of the quadriceps tendon present most frequently in older adults and individuals with underlying medical conditions. Purpose: To examine the relationship between patient-specific factors and tear characteristics with outcomes after quadriceps tendon repair. Study design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted on all patients who underwent quadriceps tendon repair between January 1, 2016, and January 1, 2021, at a single institution. Patients <18 years and those with chronic quadriceps tendon tears (>6 weeks to surgery) were excluded. Information was collected regarding patient characteristics, presenting symptoms, tear characteristics, physical examination findings, and postoperative outcomes. Poor outcome was defined as a need for revision surgery, complications, postoperative range of motion of (ROM) <110° of knee flexion, and extensor lag of >5°. Results: A total of 191 patients met the inclusion criteria. Patients were aged 58.5 ± 13.2 years at the time of surgery, were predominantly men (90.6%), and had a mean body mass index (BMI) of 32.2 ± 6.3 kg/m Conclusion: Patient-specific characteristics-such as increasing age, greater BMI, female sex, retinacular involvement, and current smoking status-were found to be risk factors for poor outcomes after quadriceps tendon repair. Further studies are needed to identify potentially modifiable risk factors that can be used to set patient expectations and improve outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2706251-X
ISSN	2325-9671
ISSN	2325-9671
DOI	10.1177/23259671241229105
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Article ; Online: Rates of Reporting and Analyzing Patient Sex in Sports Medicine Research: A Systematic Review.

Sonnier, John Hayden / Paul, Ryan W / Hall, Anya T / Johnson, Emma E / Connors, Gregory / Freedman, Kevin B / Bishop, Meghan E

The American journal of sports medicine

2022 Volume 51, Issue 11, Page(s) 3035–3041

Abstract: Background: Sex differences in sports medicine are well documented. However, no studies to date have reviewed the rate at which sex is reported and analyzed in the athlete-specific orthopaedic sports medicine literature.: Purpose: To determine the ... ...

Abstract	Background: Sex differences in sports medicine are well documented. However, no studies to date have reviewed the rate at which sex is reported and analyzed in the athlete-specific orthopaedic sports medicine literature. Purpose: To determine the rates of reporting and analyzing patient sex in athlete-specific sports medicine literature. Study design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Articles published by the 3 journals of the AOSSM ( Results: Of the 5140 publications screened, 559 met the inclusion criteria. In total, 93.9% of all studies reported patient sex, and 34.7% of all studies analyzed patient sex. However, 143 studies only included males and 50 studies only included females (n = 193). When excluding these single-sex studies, analysis of the remaining 366 studies found that the rate of sex-specific analysis increased to 53.0%. Rates of reporting patient sex did not significantly differ by journal or by year. Similarly, rates of analyzing patient sex did not differ by year, but Conclusion: Patient sex is well reported in the athlete-specific sports medicine literature (93.9% of included studies reported sex), demonstrating that most studies include sex as a demographic variable. However, patient sex was analyzed only in 53.0% of studies that included both male and female patients. Given that athlete-specific sex differences are known to exist within the field of sports medicine, many studies that could benefit from using patient sex as a variable for analysis likely fail to do so.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; United States ; Adolescent ; Sports Medicine ; Orthopedics ; Football ; Baseball
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	197482-8
ISSN	1552-3365 ; 0363-5465
ISSN (online)	1552-3365
ISSN	0363-5465
DOI	10.1177/03635465221128909
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Article ; Online: Inequalities in the Evaluation of Male Versus Female Athletes in Sports Medicine Research: A Systematic Review.

Paul, Ryan W / Sonnier, John Hayden / Johnson, Emma E / Hall, Anya T / Osman, Alim / Connors, Gregory M / Freedman, Kevin B / Bishop, Meghan E

The American journal of sports medicine

2022 Volume 51, Issue 12, Page(s) 3335–3342

Abstract: Background: Female sports participation continues to rise; however, inequalities between male and female athletes still exist in many areas and may extend into medical research.: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) compare the number of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Female sports participation continues to rise; however, inequalities between male and female athletes still exist in many areas and may extend into medical research. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to (1) compare the number of published studies evaluating male versus female athletes in various sports and (2) identify which co-ed sports currently underrepresent female athletes in the sports medicine literature. Study design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All nonreview research studies published from 2017 to 2021 in 6 top sports medicine journals were considered for inclusion. Sports medicine studies were included that isolated athletes, reported study outcomes specific to male and/or female patients, provided study outcomes for specific sports, and evaluated ≤3 different sports. The total number of studies reporting on male and/or female athletes were compared for all sports, and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated. Comparisons of study design, level of sports participation, outcomes assessed, and study quality were also made according to participant sex. Results: Overall, 669 studies were included the systematic review. Most studies isolated male athletes (70.7%), while 8.8% isolated female athletes and 20.5% included male and female athletes. Female athletes were more frequently studied in softball and volleyball, while male athletes were more commonly researched in baseball, soccer, American football, basketball, rugby, hockey, and Australian football. Notably, male athletes were largely favored in baseball/softball (91% vs 5%; OR = 18.2), rugby (72% vs 5%; OR = 14.4), soccer (65% vs 15%; OR = 4.3), and basketball (58% vs 18%; OR = 3.2). Conclusion: Sports medicine research has favored the evaluation of male athletes in most sports, including the majority of co-ed sports. Potential reasons for this inequality of research evaluation include availability of public data and database data, financial and promotional incentives, a high percentage of male sports medicine clinicians and researchers, and sex biases in sport. While the causes of these differences are multifaceted, researchers should consider both sexes for study inclusion whenever possible, and journals should support a more balanced representation of research publications regarding male and female athletes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Athletic Injuries/diagnosis ; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology ; Athletic Injuries/etiology ; Australia ; Soccer ; Sports Medicine ; Athletes
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	197482-8
ISSN	1552-3365 ; 0363-5465
ISSN (online)	1552-3365
ISSN	0363-5465
DOI	10.1177/03635465221131281
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Article: Immunomodulatory Effects of Non-Thermal Plasma in a Model for Latent HIV-1 Infection: Implications for an HIV-1-Specific Immunotherapy.

Mohamed, Hager / Berman, Rachel / Connors, Jennifer / Haddad, Elias K / Miller, Vandana / Nonnemacher, Michael R / Dampier, Will / Wigdahl, Brian / Krebs, Fred C

Biomedicines

2023 Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract: In people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), antiretroviral therapy (ART) eventually becomes necessary to suppress the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication from latent reservoirs because HIV-1-specific immune responses in PLWH are ... ...

Abstract	In people living with HIV-1 (PLWH), antiretroviral therapy (ART) eventually becomes necessary to suppress the emergence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication from latent reservoirs because HIV-1-specific immune responses in PLWH are suboptimal. Immunotherapies that enhance anti-HIV-1 immune responses for better control of virus reemergence from latent reservoirs are postulated to offer ART-free control of HIV-1. Toward the goal of developing an HIV-1-specific immunotherapy based on non-thermal plasma (NTP), the early immunological responses to NTP-exposed latently infected T lymphocytes were examined. Application of NTP to the J-Lat T-lymphocyte cell line (clones 10.6 and 15.4) stimulated monocyte recruitment and macrophage maturation, which are key steps in initiation of an immune response. In contrast, CD8+ T lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay were not stimulated by the presence of NTP-exposed J-Lat cells. Furthermore, co-culture of NTP-exposed J-Lat cells with mature phagocytes did not modulate their antigen presentation to primary CD8+ T lymphocytes (cross-presentation). However, reactivation from latency was stimulated in a clone-specific manner by NTP. Overall, these studies, which demonstrated that ex vivo application of NTP to latently infected lymphocytes can stimulate key immune cell responses, advance the development of an NTP-based immunotherapy that will provide ART-free control of HIV-1 reactivation in PLWH.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2720867-9
ISSN	2227-9059
ISSN	2227-9059
DOI	10.3390/biomedicines11010122
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Article ; Online: Opioid-free percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an initial experience.

Khargi, Raymond / Yaghoubian, Alan J / Blake, Ryan M / Ricapito, Anna / Connors, Christopher / Gallante, Blair / Khusid, Johnathan A / Atallah, William / Gupta, Mantu

World journal of urology

2023 Volume 41, Issue 11, Page(s) 3113–3119

Abstract: Introduction: The opioid epidemic in the United States is an ongoing public health crisis that is in part fueled by excessive prescribing by physicians. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a procedure that conventionally involves opioid prescriptions ...

Abstract	Introduction: The opioid epidemic in the United States is an ongoing public health crisis that is in part fueled by excessive prescribing by physicians. Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is a procedure that conventionally involves opioid prescriptions for adequate post-operative pain control. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a non-opioid pain regimen by evaluating post-operative outcomes in PCNL patients discharged without opioids. Materials and methods: As a quality improvement measure to reduce opioid consumption our department began routinely prescribing oral ketorolac instead of oxycodone-acetaminophen for pain control after PCNL. We retrospectively compared patients undergoing PCNL who had received ketorolac prescriptions (NSAID) to those who received oxycodone-acetaminophen prescriptions (NARC). Demographic, operative, and post-operative factors were obtained and compared in both groups. Peri-operative factors and demographics were compared using either Chi-squared tests, Mann-Whitney U tests. Surgical outcomes were compared between the two groups using Chi-squared tests and Fisher's exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine whether ketorolac use was an independent predictor of post-surgical pain-related encounters. Primary outcome was unplanned pain-related healthcare encounters inclusive of office phone calls, unscheduled office visits, and emergency department (ED) visits. Secondary outcome measures were non-pain-related healthcare encounters, hospital readmissions, pain-related rescue medications prescribed, and post-op complications. Results: There were similar demographics and peri-operative characteristics amongst patients in both cohorts. There was no significant difference identified between NSAID and NARC regarding unplanned pain-related encounters (8/70, 11.4% vs. 10/70, 14.3%, p = 0.614). However, NARC experienced more unplanned phone calls (42, 60% vs. 24, 34.3%, p = 0.004). Multivariate analysis revealed only prior stone surgery was predictive of pain-related encounters after PCNL (p = 0.035). Conclusion: Our results show that there were no significant differences in pain-related encounters between those who received ketorolac and oxycodone-acetaminophen following PCNL. A non-opioid pathway may mitigate the potential risk associated with opioid prescription without compromising analgesia. Prospective comparative studies are warranted to confirm feasibility.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use ; Ketorolac/therapeutic use ; Nephrolithotomy, Percutaneous/adverse effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use ; Pain, Postoperative/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Analgesics, Opioid ; Ketorolac (YZI5105V0L) ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-21
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	380333-8
ISSN	1433-8726 ; 0724-4983
ISSN (online)	1433-8726
ISSN	0724-4983
DOI	10.1007/s00345-023-04600-y
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Article ; Online: Assessment of Temporary Warfarin Reversal in Patients With Left Ventricular Assist Devices: the KVAD Study.

Sylvester, Katelyn W / Grandoni, Jessica / Rhoten, Megan / Coakley, Lara / Matiello-Lyons, Erin / Frankel, Katie / Fortin, Brooke / Jolley, Kate / Park, Hae Soo / Freedman, Revital Y / Mehra, Mandeep R / Givertz, Michael M / Connors, Jean M

Journal of cardiac failure

2024

Abstract: Background: Patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) require interruption of warfarin for invasive procedures, but parenteral bridging is associated with many complications. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) can ... ...

Abstract	Background: Patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) require interruption of warfarin for invasive procedures, but parenteral bridging is associated with many complications. Four-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) can temporarily restore hemostasis in patients undergoing anticoagulation with warfarin. Objectives: This pilot study evaluated the strategy of using variable-dose 4F-PCC to immediately and temporarily reverse warfarin before invasive procedures without holding warfarin in patients with LVADs. The duration of effect of 4F-PCC on factor levels and time to reestablish therapeutic anticoagulation post procedure were assessed. Methods: Adult patients with LVADs and planned invasive procedures were enrolled from a single center. Warfarin was continued uninterrupted. The 4F-PCC dose administered immediately pre-procedure was based on study protocol. International normalized ratio (INR)- and vitamin K-dependent factor levels were collected before and during the 48 hours after 4F-PCC administration. The use of parenteral bridging, International Society for Thrombosis and Haemostasis major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding (CRNMB) and thromboembolic events at 7 and 30 days were collected. Results: In 21 episodes of 4F-PCC reversal, median baseline INR was 2.7 (IQR 2.2-3.2). The median dosage of 4F-PCC administered was 1794 units (IQR 1536-2130). At 24 and 48 hours post 4F-PCC administration, median INRs were 1.8 (IQR 1.7-2.0) and 2.0 (IQR 1.9-2.4). Two patients required postoperative bridging. One patient experienced major bleeding within 72 hours, and 2 experienced CRNMB within 30 days. There were no thromboembolic events. Baseline and post 4F-PCC vitamin K-dependent factor levels corresponded with changes in INR values. The median time to achieve therapeutic INR post-procedure was 2.5 days (IQR, 1-4). Conclusion: Administration of 4F-PCC for temporary reversal of warfarin for invasive procedures in patients with LVADs allowed for continued warfarin dosing with minimal use of post-intervention bridging, limited bleeding and no thromboembolic events.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1281194-4
ISSN	1532-8414 ; 1071-9164
ISSN (online)	1532-8414
ISSN	1071-9164
DOI	10.1016/j.cardfail.2024.02.022
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of bacterial burden on macroscopic contaminants of orthopaedic surgical instruments following sterilization.

Wellington, I J / Schneider, T J / Hawthorne, B C / McCarthy, M B / Stelzer, J W / Connors, J P / Dorsey, C / Williams, V / Lindsay, A / Solovyova, O

The Journal of hospital infection

2022 Volume 130, Page(s) 52–55

Abstract: Background: Macroscopic contamination of orthopaedic instruments with particulates, including cortical bone and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, that have previously undergone pre-operative sterilization is frequently encountered peri- or ... ...

Abstract	Background: Macroscopic contamination of orthopaedic instruments with particulates, including cortical bone and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) bone cement, that have previously undergone pre-operative sterilization is frequently encountered peri- or intraoperatively, calling into question the sterility of such instruments. Aim: To determine if macroscopic contaminants of orthopaedic surgical instrumentation maintain a bacterial burden following sterile processing, and to determine the most commonly contaminated instruments and the most common contaminants. Methods: Macroscopic contaminants in orthopaedic instrument trays were collected prospectively at a single tertiary referral centre over a 6-month period from August 2021 to May 2022. When identified, these specimens were swabbed and plated on sheep blood agar. All specimens were incubated at 37 °C for 14 days, and inspected visually for colony formation. When bacterial colony formation was identified, samples were sent for species identification. Results: In total, 33 contaminants were tested, and only one contaminant was found to be growing bacterial colonies (Corynebacterium sp.). The items most commonly found to have macroscopic contamination were surgical trays (N=9) and cannulated drills (N=7). The identifiable contaminants were bone (N=10), PMMA bone cement (N=4) and hair (N=4). Eleven macroscopic contaminants were not identifiable. Conclusion: This study found that 97% of macroscopic orthopaedic surgical instrument contaminants that underwent sterile processing did not possess a bacterial burden. Contaminants discovered during a procedure are likely to be sterile, and do not pose a substantially increased risk of infection to a patient.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Sheep ; Orthopedics/methods ; Polymethyl Methacrylate ; Bone Cements ; Prevalence ; Sterilization/methods ; Surgical Instruments/microbiology ; Bacteria
Chemical Substances	Polymethyl Methacrylate (9011-14-7) ; Bone Cements
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	779366-2
ISSN	1532-2939 ; 0195-6701
ISSN (online)	1532-2939
ISSN	0195-6701
DOI	10.1016/j.jhin.2022.08.010
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