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Article ; Online: Distribution and Integration of Military Settlements’ Cultural Heritage in the Large Pass City of the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty

Yukun Zhang / Songyang Li / Lifeng Tan / Jiayin Zhou

Sustainability, Vol 13, Iss 7166, p

A Case Study of Juyong Pass Defense Area

2021 Volume 7166

Abstract: ... to Beijing during the Ming Dynasty when the Great Wall reached its peak. It consisted of five regions—south ...

Abstract	The Great Wall of China is more than a wall: it is an extensive cultural route. Pass cities, which are usually large defensive fortresses overseeing an entire fortified area, are an essential part of this heritage and are at the core of the Great Wall’s defense system. Juyong Pass was the closest Pass city to Beijing during the Ming Dynasty when the Great Wall reached its peak. It consisted of five regions—south, east, north, west, and central—that form three fortification levels: core castle, Bao city, and End facility. Based on the Juyong defense area military settlements database, this paper applied spatial analysis methods and found that more than half of the military’s resources for the whole defense area were focused on the western part of the wall, which formed another military core alongside Juyong Pass city. However, the current conservation strategy only focuses on Juyong Pass itself, neglecting the settlements in the western part, thereby destroying the integrity of the Great Wall’s heritage. By clarifying the distribution of cultural heritage in this area, we hope to encourage the preservation of many fortifications according to their authentic historical sphere of control and provide a reference for the sustainable integration of resources along the significant cultural routes of the Great Wall.
Keywords	the Great Wall during the Ming dynasty ; Juyong Pass ; Juyong defense area ; pass city ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	930
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Shanxi merchants' multilevel financial system in Ming and Qing Dynasties, China

Zhou, Jianbo / Hao, Yu / Jin, Fujie / Zhou, Jiantao

Emerging markets finance & trade : a journal of the Society for the Study of Emerging Markets Vol. 53, No. 2 , p. 376-386

2017 Volume 53, Issue 2, Page(s) 376–386

Author's details	Jianbo Zhou, Yu Hao, Fujie Jin and Jiantao Zhou
Keywords	financial system ; interest rate ; multilevel ; risk management ; Shanxi merchants
Language	English
Publisher	Routledge Taylor & Francis Group
Publishing place	Philadelphia, Pa
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2089472-7 ; 2095312-4
ISSN	1558-0938 ; 1540-496X
ISSN (online)	1558-0938
ISSN	1540-496X
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Article: Spatial-temporal variations of natural disasters during the Ming & Qing Dynasties (1368–1912AD) in Chaohu Lake Basin, East China

Wu, Li / Chao Ji / Hui Zhou / Linying Li / Mengcui Zhang / Shitao Zhang

Quaternary international. 2018 Feb. 22, v. 467

2018

Abstract: The Ming & Qing Dynasties experienced the Little Ice Age (LIA), a most abnormal climate event ... major natural disasters taking place in the Chaohu Lake Basin during the Ming & Qing Dynasties (1368 ... 1912AD). The results show that 753 major disasters took place in the Chaohu Lake Basin during the Ming ...

Abstract	The Ming & Qing Dynasties experienced the Little Ice Age (LIA), a most abnormal climate event in nearly 2000 years’ of Chinese history, in which various natural disasters took place frequently. On the basis of systematically collecting and collating historical documents related to natural disasters, and by adopting mathematical statistics, geological succession, correlation and other methods, analysis and comparison were made on the spatial-temporal differentiation of disasters and correlation between various major natural disasters taking place in the Chaohu Lake Basin during the Ming & Qing Dynasties (1368–1912AD). The results show that 753 major disasters took place in the Chaohu Lake Basin during the Ming & Qing Dynasties. Among these, floods and droughts accounted for the largest percentage, while other disasters occurred occasionally. The Little Ice Age (1550–1850AD) was the period with a high incidence of natural disasters, and in the years from 1701 to 1750 natural disasters took place most frequently; between 1651–1700AD there was a declining period of flood frequency, though there were historically high occurrences of droughts and earthquakes. There were more floods than droughts suffered by Hefei, Shucheng, Chaohu, Wuwei and Hexian, while more droughts than floods suffered by Hanshan and Lujiang. Earthquakes in the basin mainly occurred in Chaohu, Shucheng, Hexian and Hefei, which are all near the Tan-Lu Fracture. The opposite is true for changes in the time scale of floods and droughts; this was probably caused by intra-seasonal oscillations of the subtropical high. The correlation between hails and wind disasters is significant, while other disasters are weakly correlated. There exists a certain association between spatial differentiation of occurrence frequency of natural disasters and landforms in the basin. The disaster-prone environment features landforms including plains, hills, low mountains, and these have a significant impact on the spatial distribution of five major natural disasters in the Chaohu Lake Basin.
Keywords	basins ; climate ; disasters ; drought ; earthquakes ; floods ; hills ; intraseasonal oscillation ; mountains ; statistics ; watersheds ; wind ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0222
Size	p. 242-250.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	1040-6182
DOI	10.1016/j.quaint.2018.01.012
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Structural properties and protective effect of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharides against ultraviolet B radiation in hairless Kun Ming mice

Ye, Yuhui / Desheng Ji / Lijun You / Lin Zhou / Zhengang Zhao / Charles Brennan

Journal of functional foods. 2018 Apr., v. 43

2018

Abstract: ... protective effect against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in hairless Kun Ming (KM) mice by manipulating the skin ...

Abstract	Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide (SFP) was extracted from Sargassum fusiforme by hot water boiling, concentration and ethanol precipitation. The composition was determined as 58.10 ± 2.12% carbohydrate, 1.01 ± 0.15% protein, 9.85 ± 0.96% sulfate group and 17.66 ± 0.54% glucuronic acid. The average molecular weight of SFP was 224 kDa. The monosaccharide composition of SFP was 43.2% L-fucose, 3.5% rhamnose, 18.4% galactose, 1.5% glucose, 18.5% fructose, 5.9% xylose and 9.0% mannose respectively. SFP showed significant protective effect against ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation in hairless Kun Ming (KM) mice by manipulating the skin water content and thymus and spleen indexes. SFP could also alleviate UVB-induced oxidative stress by enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and reducing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and 9 were also suppressed in SFP treatments. These findings suggest that SFP could be used as a potential functional food supplement for skin protection.
Keywords	Sargassum fusiforme ; boiling ; catalase ; dietary supplements ; ethanol ; fructose ; fucose ; functional foods ; galactose ; glucose ; glucuronic acid ; malondialdehyde ; mannose ; metalloproteinases ; mice ; molecular weight ; oxidative stress ; polysaccharides ; protective effect ; protein content ; rhamnose ; spleen ; sulfates ; superoxide dismutase ; thymus gland ; ultraviolet radiation ; water content ; xylose
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-04
Size	p. 8-16.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2511964-3
ISSN	1756-4646
ISSN	1756-4646
DOI	10.1016/j.jff.2018.01.025
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Herbal formula Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin regulates differentiation of lymphocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in collagen-induced arthritis mice.

Li, Jinyu / Wei, Yi / Li, Xue / Zhu, Dashuai / Nie, Bo / Zhou, Jingwei / Lou, Lixia / Dong, Bin / Wu, Aiming / Che, Yongzhe / Chen, Meng / Zhu, Lingqun / Mu, Mingwei / Chai, Limin

BMC complementary and alternative medicine

2017 Volume 17, Issue 1, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Background: Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin (XFHM), a traditional herbal formula, has been used to treat ...

Abstract	Background: Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin (XFHM), a traditional herbal formula, has been used to treat sores and carbuncles for hundreds of years in Asia. Nowadays, its clinical effects in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been validated. In this study, we want to study its possible molecular mechanisms of regulating the differentiation of lymphocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice for RA treatment. Methods: A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI/MS Results: In our study. 21 different dominant chemical constituents were identified in XFHM. Treatment with XFHM suppressed the pathological changes in arthrosis of CIA. Additionally, XFHM down-regulated the proliferation and differentiation of CD3 Conclusions: XFHM can regulate and maintain the immunologic balance of lymphocytic immunity and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus suppressing the pathological changes of RA. Therefore, XFHM may be used as an application of traditional medicine against RA in modern complementary and alternative therapeutics.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Arthritis/drug therapy ; Arthritis/genetics ; Arthritis/immunology ; Arthritis/physiopathology ; Cell Differentiation ; Collagen/adverse effects ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/immunology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage ; Humans ; Janus Kinases/genetics ; Janus Kinases/immunology ; Lymphocytes/cytology ; Lymphocytes/immunology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred DBA ; NF-kappa B/genetics ; NF-kappa B/immunology
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; NF-kappa B ; Collagen (9007-34-5) ; Janus Kinases (EC 2.7.10.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050429-9
ISSN	1472-6882 ; 1472-6882
ISSN (online)	1472-6882
ISSN	1472-6882
DOI	10.1186/s12906-016-1526-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Short communication: Experimental toxocarosis in Chinese Kun Ming mice: Dose-dependent larval distribution and modulation of immune responses.

Ma, Guangxu / Tan, Yancai / Hu, Ling / Luo, Yongfang / Zhu, Honghong / Zhou, Rongqiong

Research in veterinary science

2015 Volume 103, Page(s) 16–19

Abstract: ... immune modulation in inbred Chinese Kun Ming (KM) mice, experimental infections were carried out with a range ...

Abstract	Toxocarosis is an important parasitic zoonosis which is mainly caused by the infective larvae of Toxocara canis. To identify whether there are correlations among the infectious dose, the larval migrans and immune modulation in inbred Chinese Kun Ming (KM) mice, experimental infections were carried out with a range of dosages of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 embryonated eggs (EE). Pathogenic reactions were observed in terms of physical and central nervous symptoms. Distributions of T. canis larvae in liver, lung, kidney, heart and brain organs were respectively detected by scanning tissue sections. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR was employed to identify the variations of Th2 immune response. The results showed that high inocula resulted in advanced larval emergences and arrested migrations in liver, lung, kidney and brain. However, no larvae were found in any of the histological sections of heart tissues. Higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were detected along with the increasing inoculation doses, but the heaviest inoculum (3000 EE in this study) resulted in the sharp reduction of these ILs. Although no neurological symptoms or mortalities were noticed, these results indicated dose-dependent distribution patterns and immune regulations of T. canis larvae infection in KM mice.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Immunity, Innate ; Larva/genetics ; Larva/physiology ; Larva Migrans, Visceral ; Mice ; Rodent Diseases/immunology ; Rodent Diseases/parasitology ; Toxocara canis/growth & development ; Toxocara canis/physiology ; Toxocariasis/immunology ; Toxocariasis/parasitology
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	840961-4
ISSN	1532-2661 ; 0034-5288
ISSN (online)	1532-2661
ISSN	0034-5288
DOI	10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.002
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Herbal formula Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin regulates differentiation of lymphocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in collagen-induced arthritis mice

Li, Jinyu / Wei, Yi / Li, Xue / Zhu, Dashuai / Nie, Bo / Zhou, Jingwei / Lou, Lixia / Dong, Bin / Wu, Aiming / Che, Yongzhe / Chen, Meng / Zhu, Lingqun / Mu, Mingwei / Chai, Limin

BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017 Dec., v. 17, no. 1 p.12-12

2017

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin (XFHM), a traditional herbal formula, has been used to treat ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Xian-Fang-Huo-Ming-Yin (XFHM), a traditional herbal formula, has been used to treat sores and carbuncles for hundreds of years in Asia. Nowadays, its clinical effects in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been validated. In this study, we want to study its possible molecular mechanisms of regulating the differentiation of lymphocytes and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice for RA treatment. METHODS: A high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI/MSⁿ) system was used to analyze the constituents of XFHM granules. An arthritics mouse model was induced by collagen and leflunomide (LEF) was used as a positive control medicine. Pathological changes at the metatarsophalangeal joint were studied through Safranin O and immunohistochemical staining. The differentiation of T, B and NK cells was examined by flow cytometry and pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed using an Inflammation Antibody Array assay. The expression of key molecules of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) signaling pathways in spleen were studied by western-blot analysis. RESULTS: In our study. 21 different dominant chemical constituents were identified in XFHM. Treatment with XFHM suppressed the pathological changes in arthrosis of CIA. Additionally, XFHM down-regulated the proliferation and differentiation of CD3⁺ T cells and CD3⁻CD19⁺ B cells significantly. However, XFHM had no significant effect on CD3⁻NK1.1⁺ NK cells. Further study showed that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines had been suppressed by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and JAK/STAT signaling. CONCLUSIONS: XFHM can regulate and maintain the immunologic balance of lymphocytic immunity and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, thus suppressing the pathological changes of RA. Therefore, XFHM may be used as an application of traditional medicine against RA in modern complementary and alternative therapeutics.
Keywords	antibodies ; collagen ; complement ; cytokines ; electrospray ionization mass spectrometry ; flow cytometry ; immunity ; immunohistochemistry ; inflammation ; mice ; models ; non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase ; rheumatoid arthritis ; spectrometers ; spleen ; therapeutics ; traditional medicine ; Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-12
Size	p. 12.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Resource is Open Access
ZDB-ID	2050429-9
ISSN	1472-6882
ISSN	1472-6882
DOI	10.1186/s12906-016-1526-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Short communication: Experimental toxocarosis in Chinese Kun Ming mice: Dose-dependent larval distribution and modulation of immune responses

Ma, Guangxu / Honghong Zhu / Ling Hu / Rongqiong Zhou / Yancai Tan / Yongfang Luo

Research in veterinary science. 2015 Dec., v. 103

2015

Abstract: ... immune modulation in inbred Chinese Kun Ming (KM) mice, experimental infections were carried out with a range ...

Abstract	Toxocarosis is an important parasitic zoonosis which is mainly caused by the infective larvae of Toxocara canis. To identify whether there are correlations among the infectious dose, the larval migrans and immune modulation in inbred Chinese Kun Ming (KM) mice, experimental infections were carried out with a range of dosages of 100, 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 embryonated eggs (EE). Pathogenic reactions were observed in terms of physical and central nervous symptoms. Distributions of T. canis larvae in liver, lung, kidney, heart and brain organs were respectively detected by scanning tissue sections. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR was employed to identify the variations of Th2 immune response. The results showed that high inocula resulted in advanced larval emergences and arrested migrations in liver, lung, kidney and brain. However, no larvae were found in any of the histological sections of heart tissues. Higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-10 were detected along with the increasing inoculation doses, but the heaviest inoculum (3000 EE in this study) resulted in the sharp reduction of these ILs. Although no neurological symptoms or mortalities were noticed, these results indicated dose-dependent distribution patterns and immune regulations of T. canis larvae infection in KM mice.
Keywords	brain ; dose response ; eggs ; heart ; immune response ; inoculum ; interleukin-10 ; interleukin-5 ; kidneys ; larvae ; liver ; mice ; mortality ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; tissues ; Toxocara canis ; toxocariasis ; zoonoses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-12
Size	p. 16-19.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	840961-4
ISSN	1532-2661 ; 0034-5288
ISSN (online)	1532-2661
ISSN	0034-5288
DOI	10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.002
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Book: Ming qing san wen shi

Zhou, Yinbin

2004

Author's details	Zhou yin bin zhu
Keywords	Chinese essays/History and criticism
Language	Chinese
Size	5, 324 p, 21 cm
Edition	Di 1 ban
Publisher	Hu nan ren min chu ban she
Publishing place	Chang sha
Document type	Book
ISBN	7543836408 ; 9787543836402
Database	Former special subject collection: coastal and deep sea fishing

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Book: Yuan Ming Qing ming cheng Hangzhou

Zhou, Feng

(Hangzhou li shi cong bian ; 5 ; 杭州历史丛编 ; 5)

1997

Author's details	Zhou Feng zhu bian
Series title	Hangzhou li shi cong bian ; 5 杭州历史丛编 ; 5
Keywords	Hangzhou Shi (China)
Language	Chinese
Size	5, 634 p, maps, 21 cm
Edition	Xiu ding ban, Di 1 ban
Publisher	Zhejiang ren min chu ban she
Publishing place	Hangzhou
Document type	Book
Note	Includes bibliographical references
ISBN	7213015079 ; 9787213015076
Database	Former special subject collection: coastal and deep sea fishing

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