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Article: Epidemiology of Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus in Greek pig farms indicates high prevalence of Mamastrovirus suggesting the potential need for systematic surveillance.

Stamelou, Efthymia / Giantsis, Ioannis A / Papageorgiou, Konstantinos V / Petridou, Evanthia / Davidson, Irit / Polizopοulou, Zoe S / Papa, Anna / Kritas, Spyridon K

Porcine health management

2022 Volume 8, Issue 1, Page(s) 5

Abstract: Backround: Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus exhibit a wide distribution in swine pig herds worldwide. However, the association of porcine Astrovirus (PAstV), porcine Norovirus (PoNoV) and porcine Sapovirus (PoSaV) with disease in pigs remains ... ...

Abstract	Backround: Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus exhibit a wide distribution in swine pig herds worldwide. However, the association of porcine Astrovirus (PAstV), porcine Norovirus (PoNoV) and porcine Sapovirus (PoSaV) with disease in pigs remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of PAstV, PoNoV and PoSaV in Greek pig farms using both conventional RT-PCR and SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR in an effort to compare the sensitivity of the two methods. We examined 1400 stool samples of asymptomatic pigs originating from 28 swine farms throughout Greece in pools of five. Results: PAstV was detected in all 28 swine farms examined, with an overall prevalence of 267/280 positive pools (95.4%). Porcine Caliciviruses prevalence was found at 36 and 57 out of the 280 examined samples, by the conventional and SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples revealed that the detected PAstV sequences are clustered within PAstV1, 3 and 4 lineages, with PAstV3 being the predominant haplotype (91.2%). Interestingly, sequencing of the Calicivirus positive samples demonstrated the presence of non-target viruses, i.e. Sapovirus, Kobuvirus and Sapelovirus sequences and one sequence highly similar to bat Astrovirus, while no Norovirus sequence was detected. Conclusions: The high prevalence of PAstV in Greek pig farms poses a necessity for further investigation of the pathogenicity of this virus and its inclusion in surveillance programs in case that it proves to be important. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of these viruses in pig farms in Greece.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835354-7
ISSN	2055-5660
ISSN	2055-5660
DOI	10.1186/s40813-021-00245-8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: First report of canine Astrovirus and Sapovirus in Greece, hosting both asymptomatic and gastroenteritis symptomatic dogs.

Stamelou, Efthymia / Giantsis, Ioannis A / Papageorgiou, Konstantinos V / Petridou, Evanthia / Davidson, Irit / Polizopοulou, Zoe S / Papa, Anna / Kritas, Spyridon K

Virology journal

2022 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 58

Abstract: Background: Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus are widely distributed viruses in humans and animals worldwide. They have frequently been associated with disease, mainly of gastroenteric nature. In dogs, these viruses have been detected both in ... ...

Abstract	Background: Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus are widely distributed viruses in humans and animals worldwide. They have frequently been associated with disease, mainly of gastroenteric nature. In dogs, these viruses have been detected both in symptomatic and asymptomatic animals, mainly of young age. Methods: In the present epidemiologic study, we investigated the presence of canine Astrovirus (CAstV), canine Norovirus (canine NoV) and canine Sapovirus (Canine SaV) in saliva and stools of 201 domestic dogs originating from throughout Greece, based on two different molecular methods, i.e. conventional and SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR. The samples derived from young and adult asymptomatic and symptomatic animals. CAstV was detected in 15/201 (7.5%) and 29/201 (15%) of the examined dogs using conventional RT-PCR and SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR, respectively. Results: The prevalence of the virus was higher at healthy dogs, with a slight discrepancy of the two methods on the aspect of age (67% young dogs with the method of conventional RT-PCR, versus 52% adult positive dogs with the method of SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR). Canine SaV was detected in 52/201 (23%) of the dogs (mainly young and asymptomatic), with the method of SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR only, while canine NoV was not detected in any sample with either of the two methods applied. Sequencing of the CAstV positive samples resulted in the acquisition of one CAstV sequence. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the results, clustering the CAstV sequence with homologous canine hosting sequences from other countries. Conclusions: CAstV and Canine SaV were proved to circulate in Greek dogs. SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR showed greater sensitivity in the detection of these viruses. Additionally, we were able to specify the CAstV strain that circulates in Greece, through phylogenetic analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of CAstV and canine SaV in dogs in Greece, as well as the first time detected in dogs from Greece.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dogs ; Gastroenteritis/diagnosis ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis/veterinary ; Greece/epidemiology ; Mamastrovirus ; Phylogeny ; Sapovirus/genetics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-31
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2160640-7
ISSN	1743-422X ; 1743-422X
ISSN (online)	1743-422X
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-022-01787-1
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Article: Mast cells contribute to coronavirus-induced inflammation: new anti-inflammatory strategy.

Kritas, S K / Ronconi, G / Caraffa, Al / Gallenga, C E / Ross, R / Conti, P

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2020 Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 9–14

Abstract: Coronavirus can cause respiratory syndrome which to date has affected about twelve thousand individuals, especially in China. Coronavirus is interspecies and can also be transmitted from man to man, with an incubation ranging from 1 to 14 days. Human ... ...

Abstract	Coronavirus can cause respiratory syndrome which to date has affected about twelve thousand individuals, especially in China. Coronavirus is interspecies and can also be transmitted from man to man, with an incubation ranging from 1 to 14 days. Human coronavirus infections can induce not only mild to severe respiratory diseases, but also inflammation, high fever, cough, acute respiratory tract infection and dysfunction of internal organs that may lead to death. Coronavirus infection (regardless of the various types of corona virus) is primarily attacked by immune cells including mast cells (MCs), which are located in the submucosa of the respiratory tract and in the nasal cavity and represent a barrier of protection against microorganisms. Viral activate MCs release early inflammatory chemical copounds including histamine and protease; while late activation provoke the generation of pro-inflammatory IL-1 family members including IL-1, IL-6 and IL-33. Here, we propose for the first time that inflammation by coronavirus maybe inhibited by anti-inflammatory cytokines belonging to the IL-1 family members.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-04
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
DOI	10.23812/20-Editorial-Kritas
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Article: CAR-T cell therapy causes inflammation by IL-1 which activates inflammatory cytokine mast cells: anti-inflammatory role of IL-37.

Caraffa, Al / Gallenga, C E / Kritas, S K / Ronconi, G / Di Emidio, P / Conti, P

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2020 Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) 1981–1985

Abstract: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically modified T cells that act against cancer. When CAR-T cells are administered they can trigger inflammatory cytokines and increase toxicity. Interleukin (IL)-1 is the classic cytokine that mediates ... ...

Abstract	Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are genetically modified T cells that act against cancer. When CAR-T cells are administered they can trigger inflammatory cytokines and increase toxicity. Interleukin (IL)-1 is the classic cytokine that mediates inflammatory reactions including those that occur in CAR-T-cell therapy. IL-1 also induces IL-33 in mast cells (MCs), amplifying the allergic reaction. IL- 37 (ILF7) is an IL-1 family member which binds IL-18 receptor alpha (IL-18Rα) chain and suppresses innate and acquired immunity. IL-37 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine which inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1 and IL-33. Here, we hypothesize that inflammation and toxicity generated in tumor CAR-T therapy could be inhibited by IL-37, contributing to an improvement in the treatment of tumors with CAR-T therapy.
MeSH term(s)	Cell- and Tissue-Based Therapy ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Inflammation/immunology ; Interleukin-1/immunology ; Interleukin-33/immunology ; Mast Cells/cytology ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen
Chemical Substances	IL33 protein, human ; IL37 protein, human ; Interleukin-1 ; Interleukin-33 ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-09
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
DOI	10.23812/EditorialCaraffa
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Article: Monoclonal antibody therapy in COVID-19.

Conti, P / Pregliasco, F E / Calvisi, V / Caraffa, Al / Gallenga, C E / Kritas, S K / Ronconi, G

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2021 Volume 35, Issue 2, Page(s) 423–427

Abstract: ... These antibodies have a well-predetermined target, they bind mainly to the protein S (formed by the S1A, B, C and D ...

Abstract	Acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) which is associated with inflammation, thrombosis edema, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, and vascular and pulmonary damage. In COVID-19, the coronavirus activates macrophages by inducing the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF] that can damage endothelial cells, activate platelets and neutrophils to produce thromboxane A2 (TxA2), and mediate thrombus generation. In severe cases, all these phenomena can lead to patient death. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the Toll Like Receptor (TLR) results in the release of pro-IL-1β that is cleaved by caspase-1, followed by the production of active mature IL-1β which is the most important cytokine in causing fever and inflammation. Its activation in COVID-19 can cause a "cytokine storm" with serious biological and clinical consequences. Blockade of IL-1 with inhibitory and anti-inflammatory cytokines represents a new therapeutic strategy also for COVID-19. Recently, very rare allergic reactions to vaccines have been reported, with phenomena of pulmonary thrombosis. These side effects have raised substantial concern in the population. Highly allergic subjects should therefore be vaccinated under strict medical supervision. COVID-19 has accelerated vaccine therapy but also the use of drugs and monoclonal antibodies (mABs) which have been used in COVID-19 therapy. They are primarily adopted to treat high-risk mild-to-moderate non-hospitalized patients, and it has been noted that the administration of two mABs gave better results. mABs, other than polyclonal plasma antibodies from infected subjects with SARS-CoV-2, are produced in the laboratory and are intended to fight SARS-CoV-2. They bind specifically to the antigenic determinant of the spike protein, inhibiting the pathogenicity of the virus. The most suitable individuals for mAB therapy are people at particular risk, such as the elderly and those with serious chronic diseases including diabetics, hypertension and obesity, including subjects suffering from cardiovascular diseases. These antibodies have a well-predetermined target, they bind mainly to the protein S (formed by the S1A, B, C and D subtypes), located on the viral surface, and to the S2 protein that acts as a fuser between the virus and the cell membrane. Since mABs are derived from a single splenic immune cell, they are identical and form a cell clone which can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by binding to the epitope of the virus. However, this COVID-19 therapy may cause several side effects such as mild pain, bleeding, bruising of the skin, soreness, swelling, thrombotic-type episodes, arterial hypertension, changes in heart activity, slowed bone marrow activity, impaired renal function, diarrhea, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, allergic reaction, fever, and possible subsequent infection may occur at the site of injection. In conclusion, the studies promoting mAB therapy in COVID-19 are very promising but the results are not yet definitive and more investigations are needed to certify both their good neutralizing effects of SARS-CoV-2, and to eliminate, or at least mitigate, the harmful side effects.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; COVID-19 ; Cytokine Release Syndrome ; Endothelial Cells ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-27
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
DOI	10.23812/Conti_Edit_35_2_1
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Article: Impact of mast cells in systemic lupus erythematosus: can inflammation be inhibited?

Caraffa, Al / Gallenga, C E / Kritas, S K / Ronconi, G / Conti, P

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2019 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 669–673

Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, with rheumatological manifestations, which afflicts mainly women. SLE presents various heterogeneous clinical aspects and different pathogeneses and involves the ... ...

Abstract	Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, with rheumatological manifestations, which afflicts mainly women. SLE presents various heterogeneous clinical aspects and different pathogeneses and involves the production of anti- DNA autoantibodies which are deposited as immune complexes in various organs and tissues, provoking inflammation. These diseases cause multiple tissue and organ damage in arthritis, skin lesions, hematologic changes, renal and neurologic disorders, and others (Table I). In SLE, serum contains anti-nucleus antibodies and anti-DNA antibodies that can be important biomarkers for patients suffering from this disease.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood ; Biomarkers/blood ; Humans ; Inflammation/pathology ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/pathology ; Mast Cells/cytology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Antinuclear ; Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-10
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
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Article ; Online: Epidemiology of Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus in Greek pig farms indicates high prevalence of Mamastrovirus suggesting the potential need for systematic surveillance

Efthymia Stamelou / Ioannis A. Giantsis / Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou / Evanthia Petridou / Irit Davidson / Zoe S. Polizopοulou / Anna Papa / Spyridon K. Kritas

Porcine Health Management, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 15

Abstract: Abstract Backround Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus exhibit a wide distribution in swine pig herds worldwide. However, the association of porcine Astrovirus (PAstV), porcine Norovirus (PoNoV) and porcine Sapovirus (PoSaV) with disease in pigs remains ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Backround Astrovirus, Norovirus and Sapovirus exhibit a wide distribution in swine pig herds worldwide. However, the association of porcine Astrovirus (PAstV), porcine Norovirus (PoNoV) and porcine Sapovirus (PoSaV) with disease in pigs remains uncertain. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of PAstV, PoNoV and PoSaV in Greek pig farms using both conventional RT-PCR and SYBR-Green Real-time RT-PCR in an effort to compare the sensitivity of the two methods. We examined 1400 stool samples of asymptomatic pigs originating from 28 swine farms throughout Greece in pools of five. Results PAstV was detected in all 28 swine farms examined, with an overall prevalence of 267/280 positive pools (95.4%). Porcine Caliciviruses prevalence was found at 36 and 57 out of the 280 examined samples, by the conventional and SYBR-Green Real time RT-PCR, respectively. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the positive samples revealed that the detected PAstV sequences are clustered within PAstV1, 3 and 4 lineages, with PAstV3 being the predominant haplotype (91.2%). Interestingly, sequencing of the Calicivirus positive samples demonstrated the presence of non-target viruses, i.e. Sapovirus, Kobuvirus and Sapelovirus sequences and one sequence highly similar to bat Astrovirus, while no Norovirus sequence was detected. Conclusions The high prevalence of PAstV in Greek pig farms poses a necessity for further investigation of the pathogenicity of this virus and its inclusion in surveillance programs in case that it proves to be important. To our knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study of these viruses in pig farms in Greece.
Keywords	Astrovirus ; Norovirus ; Sapovirus ; Kobuvirus ; Sapelovirus ; Pigs ; Animal culture ; SF1-1100 ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: SARS-CoV-2, which induces COVID-19, causes kawasaki-like disease in children: role of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

Ronconi, G / Teté, G / Kritas, S K / Gallenga, C E / Caraffa, Al / Ross, R / Conti, P

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2020 Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 767–773

Abstract: Acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In humans, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome which presents edema, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar ... ...

Abstract	Acute severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a global pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In humans, SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome which presents edema, hemorrhage, intra-alveolar fibrin deposition, and vascular changes characterized by thrombus formation, micro-angiopathy and thrombosis. These clinical signs are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. In recent studies it has been noted that COVID-19 pandemic can affect patients of all ages, including children (even if less severely) who were initially thought to be immune. Kawasaki disease is an autoimmune acute febrile inflammatory condition, which primarily affects young children. The disease can present immunodeficiency with the inability of the immune system to fight inflammatory pathogens and leads to fever, rash, alterations of the mucous membranes, conjunctiva infection, pharyngeal erythema, adenopathy, and inflammation. In the COVID-19 period, virus infection aggravates the condition of Kawasaki disease, but it has also been noted that children affected by SARS-V-2 may develop a disease similar to Kawasaki's illness. However, it is uncertain whether the virus alone can give Kawasaki disease-like forms. As in COVID-19, Kawasaki disease and its similar forms are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by innate immunity cells such as macrophages and mast cells (MCs). In light of the above, it is therefore pertinent to think that by blocking pro-inflammatory cytokines with new anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-37 and IL-38, it is possible to alleviate the symptoms of the disease and have a new available therapeutic tool. However, since Kawasaki and Kawasaki-like diseases present immunodeficiency, treatment with anti-inflammatory/immunosuppressant molecules must be applied very carefully.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Child ; Coronavirus Infections/complications ; Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors ; Cytokines/physiology ; Humans ; Interleukin-1 ; Interleukins ; Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome/virology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; IL-38 protein, human ; IL37 protein, human ; Interleukin-1 ; Interleukins
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
DOI	10.23812/EDITORIAL-RONCONI-E-59
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Article: Coronavirus-19 (SARS-CoV-2) induces acute severe lung inflammation via IL-1 causing cytokine storm in COVID-19: a promising inhibitory strategy.

Conti, P / Caraffa, Al / Gallenga, C E / Ross, R / Kritas, S K / Frydas, I / Younes, A / Ronconi, G

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2020 Volume 34, Issue 6, Page(s) 1971–1975

Abstract: SARS-Cov-2 infection causes local and systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 eicosanoid products with metabolic dysfunction and tissue damage that can lead to patient death. These effects are primarily induced by IL-1 ... ...

Abstract	SARS-Cov-2 infection causes local and systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and COX-2 eicosanoid products with metabolic dysfunction and tissue damage that can lead to patient death. These effects are primarily induced by IL-1 cytokines, which are involved in the elevation of hepatic acute phase proteins and fever. IL-1 has a broad spectrum of biological activities and participates in both innate and acquired immunity. In infections, IL-1 induces gene expression and synthesis of several cytokines/chemokines in both macrophages and mast cells (MCs). The activation of MCs triggers the secretion of mediators stored in the granules, and the de novo synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In microorganism infections, the release of IL-1 macrophage acts on adhesion molecules and endothelial cells leading to hypotension and septic shock syndrome. IL-1 activated by SARS-CoV-2 stimulates the secretion of TNF, IL-6 and other cytokines, a pro-inflammatory complex that can lead to cytokine storm and be deleterious in both lung and systemically. In SARS-CoV-2 septic shock, severe metabolic cellular abnormalities occur which can lead to death. Here, we report that SARS-CoV-2 induces IL-1 in macrophages and MCs causing the induction of gene expression and activation of other pro-inflammatory cytokines. Since IL-1 is toxic, its production from ubiquitous MCs and macrophages activated by SARS-CoV-2 can also provokes both gastrointestinal and brain disorders. Furthermore, in these immune cells, IL-1 also elevates nitric oxide, and the release of inflammatory arachidonic acid products such as prostaglndins and thromboxane A2. All together these effects can generate cytokine storm and be the primary cause of severe inflammation with respiratory distress and death. Although, IL-1 administered in low doses may be protective; when it is produced in high doses in infectious diseases can be detrimental, therefore, IL-1 blockade has been studied in many human diseases including sepsis, resulting that blocking it is absolutely necessary. This definitely nurtures hope for a new effective therapeutic treatment. Recently, two interesting anti-IL-1 cytokines have been widely described: IL-37 and IL-1Ra. IL-37, by blocking IL-1, has been observed to have anti-inflammatory action in rodents in vivo and in transfected cells. It has been reported that IL-37 is a very powerful protein which inhibits inflammation and its inhibition can be a valid therapeutic strategy. IL-37 is a natural suppressor of inflammation that is generated through a caspase-1 that cleaves pro-IL-37 into mature IL-37 which translocates to the nucleus and inhibits the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes; while IL-1Ra inhibits inflammation by binding IL-1 to its IL-1R (receptor). We firmly believe that blocking IL-1 with an anti-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-37 and/or IL-1Ra is an effective valid therapy in a wide spectrum of inflammatory disorders including SARS-CoV-2-induced COVID-19. Here, we propose for the first time that IL-37, by blocking IL-1, may have an important role in the therapy of COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/immunology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Humans ; Interleukin-1/immunology ; Macrophages/virology ; Mast Cells/virology
Chemical Substances	Cytokines ; IL37 protein, human ; Interleukin-1
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-18
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
DOI	10.23812/20-1-E
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Article: How to reduce the likelihood of coronavirus-19 (CoV-19 or SARS-CoV-2) infection and lung inflammation mediated by IL-1.

Conti, P / Gallenga, C E / Tetè, G / Caraffa, Al / Ronconi, G / Younes, A / Toniato, E / Ross, R / Kritas, S K

Journal of biological regulators and homeostatic agents

2020 Volume 34, Issue 2, Page(s) 333–338

Abstract: SARS-CoV-2, also referred to as CoV-19, is an RNA virus which can cause severe acute respiratory diseases (COVID-19), with serious infection of the lower respiratory tract followed by bronchitis, pneumonia and fibrosis. The severity of the disease ... ...

Abstract	SARS-CoV-2, also referred to as CoV-19, is an RNA virus which can cause severe acute respiratory diseases (COVID-19), with serious infection of the lower respiratory tract followed by bronchitis, pneumonia and fibrosis. The severity of the disease depends on the efficiency of the immune system which, if it is weak, cannot stem the infection and its symptoms. The new CoV-19 spreads in the population at a rate of 0.8-3% more than normal flu and mostly affects men, since immune genes are more expressed on the X chromosome. If CoV-19 would spread with a higher incidence rate (over 10%), and affect the people who live in closed communities such as islands, it would cause many more deaths. Moreover, people from the poorest classes are most at risk because of lack of health care and should be given more assistance by the competent authorities. To avoid the aggravation of CoV-19 infection, and the collapse of the health system, individuals should remain at home in quarantine for a period of approximately one month in order to limit viral transmission. In the case of a pandemic, the severe shortage of respirators and protective clothing, due to the enormous demand and insufficient production, could lead the CoV-19 to kill a large number of individuals. At present, there is no drug capable of treating CoV-19 flu, the only therapeutic remedies are those aimed at the side effects caused by the virus, such as inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, recognized as the first causes of death. One of the COVID-19 treatments involves inhaling a mixture of gaseous hydrogen and oxygen, obtaining better results than with oxygen alone. It was also noted that individuals vaccinated for viral and/or bacterial infectious diseases were less likely to become infected. In addition, germicidal UV radiation "breaks down" the oxygen O2 which then aggregate into O3 (ozone) molecules creating the ozone layer, capable of inhibiting viral replication and improving lung respiration. All these precautions should be taken into consideration to lower the risk of infection by CoV-19. New anti-viral therapies with new drugs should also be taken into consideration. For example, microbes are known to bind TLR, inducing IL-1, a pleiotropic cytokine, highly inflammatory, mediator of fever and fibrosis. Therefore, drugs that suppress IL-1 or IL-1R, also used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis are to be taken into consideration to treat COVID-19. We strongly believe that all these devices described above can lead to greater survival and. therefore, reduction in mortality in patients infected with CoV-19.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/immunology ; Coronavirus Infections/therapy ; Humans ; Inflammation/immunology ; Interleukin-1/immunology ; Lung/pathology ; Lung/virology ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/immunology ; Pneumonia, Viral/therapy ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-1
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-21
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	639196-5
ISSN	1724-6083 ; 0393-974X
ISSN (online)	1724-6083
ISSN	0393-974X
DOI	10.23812/Editorial-Conti-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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