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Article ; Online: Editorial: Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Transmission Dynamics.

Du, Zhanwei / Luo, Wei / Sippy, Rachel / Wang, Lin

2023 Volume 15, Issue 1

Abstract: Infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 [ ... ]. ...

Abstract	Infectious diseases, such as COVID-19 [...].
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v15010246
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Assessing critical gaps in COVID-19 testing capacity: the case of delayed results in Ecuador.

Torres, Irene / Sippy, Rachel / Sacoto, Fernando

BMC public health

2021 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 637

Abstract: Background: Testing is crucial for COVID-19 response and management, however, WHO's preparedness index omits estimations of actual testing capabilities, which influence the ability to contain, mitigate and clinically manage infectious diseases. With one ...

Abstract	Background: Testing is crucial for COVID-19 response and management, however, WHO's preparedness index omits estimations of actual testing capabilities, which influence the ability to contain, mitigate and clinically manage infectious diseases. With one of the highest excess death rates globally, Ecuador had a comparatively low number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, which may have been influenced by limited availability of data for decision-making due to low laboratory capacity. Methods: We examine de-identified data on 55,063 individuals with suspected COVID-19 between February 27 and April 30, 2020 included in the RT-PCR testing database collected by the Ministry of Health. Processing times and rates per province, and the number of pending tests, were tallied cumulatively. We assessed the relationship between sample shipping, laboratory capacity and case completion using a negative binomial generalized linear model. Results: The national average time for case completion was 3 days; 12.1% of samples took ≥10 days to complete; the national average daily backlog was 29.1 tests per 100,000 people. Only 8 out of 24 provinces had authorized COVID-19 processing laboratories but not all processed samples. There was an association between samples coming from outside the processing laboratory province, the number of other samples present at the laboratory during processing, and the amount of time needed to process a sample. Samples from another province took 1.29 times as long to process, on average. The percentage of pending results on April 30 was 67.1%. Conclusion: A centralized RT-PCR testing system contributes to critical delays in processing, which may mask a case burden higher than reported, impeding timely awareness, and adequate clinical care and vaccination strategies and subsequent monitoring. Although Ecuador adapted or authorized existing facilities to address limitations in laboratory capacity for COVID-19, this study highlights the need to estimate and augment laboratory capabilities for improved decision making and policies on diagnostic guidelines and availability. Support is needed to procure the necessary human and physical resources at all phases of diagnostic testing, including transportation of samples and supplies, and information management. Strengthening emergency preparedness enables a clear understanding of COVID-19 disparities within and across the country.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19/diagnosis ; COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Health Policy ; Humans ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2458
ISSN (online)	1471-2458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-021-10715-x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Increasing arbovirus risk in Chile and neighboring countries in the Southern Cone of South America.

Estallo, Elizabet L / Sippy, Rachel / Robert, Michael A / Ayala, Salvador / Barboza Pizard, Carlos J / Pérez-Estigarribia, Pastor E / Stewart-Ibarra, Anna M

Lancet regional health. Americas

2023 Volume 23, Page(s) 100542

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2667-193X
ISSN (online)	2667-193X
DOI	10.1016/j.lana.2023.100542
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Trends in mosquito species distribution modeling: insights for vector surveillance and disease control.

Lippi, Catherine A / Mundis, Stephanie J / Sippy, Rachel / Flenniken, J Matthew / Chaudhary, Anusha / Hecht, Gavriella / Carlson, Colin J / Ryan, Sadie J

Parasites & vectors

2023 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 302

Abstract: Species distribution modeling (SDM) has become an increasingly common approach to explore questions about ecology, geography, outbreak risk, and global change as they relate to infectious disease vectors. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the ... ...

Abstract	Species distribution modeling (SDM) has become an increasingly common approach to explore questions about ecology, geography, outbreak risk, and global change as they relate to infectious disease vectors. Here, we conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature, screening 563 abstracts and identifying 204 studies that used SDMs to produce distribution estimates for mosquito species. While the number of studies employing SDM methods has increased markedly over the past decade, the overwhelming majority used a single method (maximum entropy modeling; MaxEnt) and focused on human infectious disease vectors or their close relatives. The majority of regional models were developed for areas in Africa and Asia, while more localized modeling efforts were most common for North America and Europe. Findings from this study highlight gaps in taxonomic, geographic, and methodological foci of current SDM literature for mosquitoes that can guide future efforts to study the geography of mosquito-borne disease risk.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Mosquito Vectors ; Africa/epidemiology ; Asia/epidemiology ; Culicidae ; Disease Outbreaks
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2409480-8
ISSN	1756-3305 ; 1756-3305
ISSN (online)	1756-3305
ISSN	1756-3305
DOI	10.1186/s13071-023-05912-z
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Article ; Online: Assessing critical gaps in COVID-19 testing capacity

Irene Torres / Rachel Sippy / Fernando Sacoto

BMC Public Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

the case of delayed results in Ecuador

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Abstract Background Testing is crucial for COVID-19 response and management, however, WHO’s preparedness index omits estimations of actual testing capabilities, which influence the ability to contain, mitigate and clinically manage infectious diseases. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Testing is crucial for COVID-19 response and management, however, WHO’s preparedness index omits estimations of actual testing capabilities, which influence the ability to contain, mitigate and clinically manage infectious diseases. With one of the highest excess death rates globally, Ecuador had a comparatively low number of confirmed COVID-19 cases, which may have been influenced by limited availability of data for decision-making due to low laboratory capacity. Methods We examine de-identified data on 55,063 individuals with suspected COVID-19 between February 27 and April 30, 2020 included in the RT-PCR testing database collected by the Ministry of Health. Processing times and rates per province, and the number of pending tests, were tallied cumulatively. We assessed the relationship between sample shipping, laboratory capacity and case completion using a negative binomial generalized linear model. Results The national average time for case completion was 3 days; 12.1% of samples took ≥10 days to complete; the national average daily backlog was 29.1 tests per 100,000 people. Only 8 out of 24 provinces had authorized COVID-19 processing laboratories but not all processed samples. There was an association between samples coming from outside the processing laboratory province, the number of other samples present at the laboratory during processing, and the amount of time needed to process a sample. Samples from another province took 1.29 times as long to process, on average. The percentage of pending results on April 30 was 67.1%. Conclusion A centralized RT-PCR testing system contributes to critical delays in processing, which may mask a case burden higher than reported, impeding timely awareness, and adequate clinical care and vaccination strategies and subsequent monitoring. Although Ecuador adapted or authorized existing facilities to address limitations in laboratory capacity for COVID-19, this study highlights the need to estimate and augment laboratory capabilities for improved decision making and policies on diagnostic guidelines and availability. Support is needed to procure the necessary human and physical resources at all phases of diagnostic testing, including transportation of samples and supplies, and information management. Strengthening emergency preparedness enables a clear understanding of COVID-19 disparities within and across the country.
Keywords	Covid-19 ; Testing ; Health policy ; Inequality ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Allergies, body mass, and hospitalization due to arbovirus infection: A prospective surveillance study in Machala, Ecuador.

Hargrave, Anita S / Sippy, Rachel / Cueva, Cinthya / Polhemus, Mark / Beltran, Efrain / Abbott, Mark A / Stewart-Ibarra, Anna M

Epidemiology and infection

2023 Volume 151, Page(s) e181

Abstract: Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are arboviruses that cause 390 million infections annually. Risk factors for hospitalization are poorly understood. Communities affected by these diseases have an escalating prevalence of allergies and obesity, which are ... ...

Abstract	Dengue, chikungunya, and Zika are arboviruses that cause 390 million infections annually. Risk factors for hospitalization are poorly understood. Communities affected by these diseases have an escalating prevalence of allergies and obesity, which are linked to immune dysfunction. We assessed the association of allergies or body mass with hospitalization for an arbovirus infection. From 2014 to 2017, we recruited participants with a clinical diagnosis of arbovirus infection. Arbovirus infections were laboratory-confirmed and allergies were self-reported. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight, and height were measured. We used two logistic regression models to assess the relationships between hospitalization and allergies and between hospitalization and body mass (MUAC for participants <20 years old and body mass index (BMI) for adults ≥20 years old). Models were stratified by age group and adjusted for confounders. For allergies, 41 of 265 were hospitalized. There was no association between allergies and hospitalization. For body mass, 34 of 251 were hospitalized. There was a 43% decrease in hospitalization odds for each additional centimetre MUAC among children (aOR 0.566, 95% CI 0.252-1.019) and a 12% decrease in hospitalization odds for each additional BMI unit among adults (aOR 0.877, 95% CI 0.752-0.998). Our work encourages the exploration of the underlying mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Child ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Prospective Studies ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Body Mass Index ; Hospitalization ; Arbovirus Infections ; Zika Virus Infection ; Hypersensitivity ; Zika Virus
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	632982-2
ISSN	1469-4409 ; 0950-2688
ISSN (online)	1469-4409
ISSN	0950-2688
DOI	10.1017/S0950268823001656
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Article ; Online: High prevalence of Zika virus infection in populations of Aedes aegypti from South-western Ecuador.

López-Rosero, Andrea / Sippy, Rachel / Stewart-Ibarra, Anna M / Ryan, Sadie J / Mordecai, Erin / Heras, Froilán / Beltrán, Efraín / Costales, Jaime A / Neira, Marco

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2024 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) e0011908

Abstract: We performed an arboviral survey in mosquitoes from four endemic Ecuadorian cities (Huaquillas, Machala, Portovelo and Zaruma) during the epidemic period 2016-2018. Collections were performed during the pre-rainy season (2016), peak transmission season ( ... ...

Abstract	We performed an arboviral survey in mosquitoes from four endemic Ecuadorian cities (Huaquillas, Machala, Portovelo and Zaruma) during the epidemic period 2016-2018. Collections were performed during the pre-rainy season (2016), peak transmission season (2017) and post-rainy season (2018). Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were pooled by date, location and sex. Pools were screened by RT-PCR for the presence of ZIKV RNA, and infection rates (IRs) per 1,000 specimens were calculated. A total of 2,592 pools (comprising 6,197 mosquitoes) were screened. Our results reveal high IRs in all cities and periods sampled. Overall IRs among female mosquitoes were highest in Machala (89.2), followed by Portovelo (66.4), Zaruma (47.4) and Huaquillas (41.9). Among male mosquitoes, overall IRs were highest in Machala (35.6), followed by Portovelo (33.1), Huaquillas (31.9) and Zaruma (27.9), suggesting that alternative transmission routes (vertical/venereal) can play important roles for ZIKV maintenance in the vector population of these areas. Additionally, we propose that the stabilization of ZIKV vertical transmission in the vector population could help explain the presence of high IRs in field-caught mosquitoes during inter-epidemic periods.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Zika Virus Infection ; Zika Virus/genetics ; Aedes ; Ecuador/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Mosquito Vectors
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2735
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2735
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0011908
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Article ; Online: Endemic and Emerging Arboviruses of Mosquitoes in Ecuador

Rachel Sippy / Cat Lippi / Anna Stewart / Sadie Ryan

Práctica Familiar Rural, Vol 5, Iss

2020 Volume 2

Abstract: Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that include many viruses of public health concern found in Ecuador. Dengue virus, yellow fever virus and Zika virus are in the Flaviridae family (1), while chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus are in the Togaviridae ...

Abstract	Arboviruses are arthropod-borne viruses that include many viruses of public health concern found in Ecuador. Dengue virus, yellow fever virus and Zika virus are in the Flaviridae family (1), while chikungunya virus and Mayaro virus are in the Togaviridae family (1). Yellow fever has circulated throughout the tropics since at least the17th century, with the first recorded outbreak in Latin America in 1647 (2), with the virus being identified in 1927 (3). Dengue virus is also a long-time source of global outbreaks and was identified in 1943 (4). Dengue has four virus serotypes (DENV 1-4), allowing for repeated infection of individuals. Chikungunya, Zika and Mayaro were identified as causes of febrile disease more recently: the Zika virus was isolated from a monkey in 1947 in Uganda (5), chikungunya virus during an outbreak in south-eastern Africa in 1952 (1), and Mayaro virus from a patient in Trinidad in 1954 (6). Chikungunya has four genotypes: East/Central/South African, Western African, Indian Ocean and Asian (1), while Zika has two genetics lineages: Asian and African (7). Ecuador is susceptible to introductions of arboviruses transmitted by several mosquito vectors that are either well established or recently introduced and has thus experienced multiple and repeated introductions of these diseases. Of these, at present, only yellow fever has a widely available and licensed vaccine.
Keywords	Arboviruses ; Endemic and Emerging ; Ecuador ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Fundación Salud y Desarrollo Andino, Saludesa Ecuador
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Aedes albopictus en América del Sur y su relación con la distribución, y mantenimiento de enfermedades

Rachel Sippy / Fernando Moreira

Práctica Familiar Rural, Vol 1, Iss

2016 Volume 3

Abstract: Introducción: Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus son los vectores responsables de la transmisión de arbovirus en América Central y América del Sur. Objetivo: ERevisar los principales aspectos acerca de los vectores de arbovirus (Dengue, Chikungunya, y Zika), ... ...

Abstract	Introducción: Ae. aegypti y Ae. albopictus son los vectores responsables de la transmisión de arbovirus en América Central y América del Sur. Objetivo: ERevisar los principales aspectos acerca de los vectores de arbovirus (Dengue, Chikungunya, y Zika), su llegada al continente, y los métodos de control de los dos vectores. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión de bibliografía utilizando los términos: vector, arbovirus, central america, south america. Resultados: 21 estudios fueron revisados. Existen diferencias importantes entre las dos especies de mosquitos con relación a los tres arbovirus de mayor impacto en la salud pública de la región: Dengue, Chikungunya, y Zika. Dengue se transmite en las Américas desde hace 35 años a través de Ae. aegypti. En cambio, Ae. albopictus llegó recién a Brasil en 1986 y América Central en 1988 por medio de mercancías, específicamente con el transporte de neumáticos usados. Ha habido un éxito limitado en el control de la transmisión de los arbovirus por parte de los dos vectores con la introducción de la bacteria Wolbachia Conclusiones: Se requieren más estudios para profundizar la relación entre vectores y los arbovirus para mejorar estrategias de control de transmisión de estas enfermedades cuyo impacto en la salud pública sigue creciendo.
Keywords	vector ; arbovirus ; américa central ; américa del sur ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	Spanish
Publishing date	2016-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Fundación Salud y Desarrollo Andino, Saludesa Ecuador
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Increasing arbovirus risk in Chile and neighboring countries in the Southern Cone of South America

Elizabet L. Estallo / Rachel Sippy / Michael A. Robert / Salvador Ayala / Carlos J. Barboza Pizard / Pastor E. Pérez-Estigarribia / Anna M. Stewart-Ibarra

The Lancet Regional Health. Americas, Vol 23, Iss , Pp 100542- (2023)

2023

Keywords	Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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