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  1. Article ; Online: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

    2022  Volume 61, Issue 8, Page(s) 957–959

    Abstract: With its global spread and protracted threat, mounting morbidity and mortality, pervasive social and economic ramifications, vital public health measures, and often compromised risk communication, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk to children' ... ...

    Abstract With its global spread and protracted threat, mounting morbidity and mortality, pervasive social and economic ramifications, vital public health measures, and often compromised risk communication, the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the risk to children's emotional health relative to more common biological, natural, and man-made events. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptoms have been the primary focus of child disaster mental health research. The adult literature has questioned the appropriateness of focusing on PTSD in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, because most of the extensive adult research on PTSD has not appropriately assessed all diagnostic criteria for the disorder.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; COVID-19 ; Child ; Disasters ; Family ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 392535-3
    ISSN 1527-5418 ; 0890-8567
    ISSN (online) 1527-5418
    ISSN 0890-8567
    DOI 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.02.007
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  2. Article ; Online: Children's Psychological Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Current psychiatry reports

    2021  Volume 23, Issue 11, Page(s) 75

    Abstract: Purpose of review: This paper reviews the literature on the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and the reactions of vulnerable children.: Recent findings: Research reveals increases in clinically significant depression, ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: This paper reviews the literature on the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and the reactions of vulnerable children.
    Recent findings: Research reveals increases in clinically significant depression, suicidal ideation and behavior, and some anxiety symptoms. Substance use studies suggest an inadvertent decrease in substance use in some youth though findings are inconsistent across substances and for males and females. Children with pre-existing emotional and behavioral problems are especially vulnerable though some children appear to improve in the context of public health measures which have decreased the stresses associated with school and socialization. In addition, children with pre-existing problems are likely to have established resources and relationships that may protect them relative to other children. COVID-19 has had a major effect on the mental health of children around the world, but findings should be considered preliminary until more rigorous research has been conducted.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety ; COVID-19 ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Suicidal Ideation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055376-6
    ISSN 1535-1645 ; 1523-3812
    ISSN (online) 1535-1645
    ISSN 1523-3812
    DOI 10.1007/s11920-021-01289-x
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  3. Article ; Online: Challenges for Child Mental Health Raised by School Closure and Home Confinement During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Current psychiatry reports

    2021  Volume 23, Issue 10, Page(s) 65

    Abstract: Purpose of review: The closure of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the education of children worldwide. This paper reviews the psychological effects of this action on children and the impact on school-based services.: Recent ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: The closure of schools during the COVID-19 pandemic has interrupted the education of children worldwide. This paper reviews the psychological effects of this action on children and the impact on school-based services.
    Recent findings: Emerging epidemiologic findings have generated an intense debate about the need for, and potential benefit of, school closure in the context of COVID-19. International research reveals reactions in children that are not typically considered in the disaster literature as well as those that arise in other disasters. School closure also has curtailed the delivery of mental health services commonly offered in schools. The debate about school closure will likely persist depending on local disease conditions and school readiness. Moreover, school closure is a possibility in future epidemics and pandemics and other disasters. The benefit of school closure must be balanced against the risk to children's education and psychosocial development.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19 ; Child ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Schools
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055376-6
    ISSN 1535-1645 ; 1523-3812
    ISSN (online) 1535-1645
    ISSN 1523-3812
    DOI 10.1007/s11920-021-01279-z
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  4. Article ; Online: Children's Exposure to Single Incidents of Terrorism: Perspectives Over 25 Years Since the Oklahoma City Bombing.

    Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Current psychiatry reports

    2020  Volume 22, Issue 8, Page(s) 39

    Abstract: Purpose of review: This paper traces advances in our knowledge about children's exposure and reactions to terrorist events over the last 25 years, beginning with the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and offers observations about cross-cutting issues ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: This paper traces advances in our knowledge about children's exposure and reactions to terrorist events over the last 25 years, beginning with the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing, and offers observations about cross-cutting issues including implications for services.
    Recent findings: Direct and indirect interpersonal exposures have been examined in community samples and in samples of children selected because of their event experiences. Despite its present exclusion from the stressor criterion for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder, considerable research has documented an association between children's initial subjective reaction and outcomes. Few studies have examined the influence of community or distant effects on outcomes, but contact with media coverage has been well studied. This review confirms the central role of exposure in influencing children's reactions to terrorist incidents and supports recent efforts to distinguish specific experiences that constitute children's event exposures.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; Oklahoma/epidemiology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology ; Terrorism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055376-6
    ISSN 1535-1645 ; 1523-3812
    ISSN (online) 1535-1645
    ISSN 1523-3812
    DOI 10.1007/s11920-020-01163-2
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  5. Article ; Online: Parental Challenges During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Psychological Outcomes and Risk and Protective Factors.

    Whaley, Grace L / Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Current psychiatry reports

    2023  Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 165–174

    Abstract: Purpose of review: This review examines the challenges faced by parents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, their emotional reactions, and risk and protective factors in their adjustment. Clinical and policy implications are discussed, and ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: This review examines the challenges faced by parents in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, their emotional reactions, and risk and protective factors in their adjustment. Clinical and policy implications are discussed, and recommendations for future study are offered.
    Recent findings: The literature reveals numerous stresses experienced by parents during the pandemic. Many parents facing COVID-19-related challenges suffered traumatic stress, depression, and/or anxiety, though most have adapted well over time. Demographic factors, pre-existing vulnerabilities, employment and household responsibilities, and family structure and cohesion influenced psychological outcomes. The pandemic lockdown created obstacles to accessing medical, mental health, educational, social, recreational, and other supportive programs and services for families, further increasing the burden on parents. The pandemic has exacerbated existing vulnerabilities and triggered pervasive parental stress. The lockdown affected families differently based on their pre-existing vulnerabilities and available resources. Additional research using more rigorous methodological approaches is warranted to identify and address the needs of parents during public health crises like pandemics.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; COVID-19 ; Protective Factors ; Communicable Disease Control ; Pandemics ; Parents ; Stress, Psychological
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055376-6
    ISSN 1535-1645 ; 1523-3812
    ISSN (online) 1535-1645
    ISSN 1523-3812
    DOI 10.1007/s11920-023-01412-0
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  6. Article ; Online: Tobacco and Illicit Drug Use and Drug Use Disorders Among Employees of Businesses Affected by the 9/11 Attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City.

    North, Carol S / Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Journal of dual diagnosis

    2023  Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) 180–188

    Abstract: Objective: To study the New York City area population after the September 11, 2001, 9/11 attacks, focusing on tobacco and drug use and drug use disorders. An abundance of research has identified the important mental health sequelae stemming from ... ...

    Abstract Objective: To study the New York City area population after the September 11, 2001, 9/11 attacks, focusing on tobacco and drug use and drug use disorders. An abundance of research has identified the important mental health sequelae stemming from exposure to disasters, especially vulnerability to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). There also is a body of literature on the association of disaster exposure with alcohol use/misuse, but far less research on tobacco and other drug use/disorders.
    Methods: A terrorism-affected sample (
    Results: Tobacco use did not increase significantly, and no predictors of increased tobacco use could be found for any subgroups, including disaster trauma exposures. Drug use (largely cannabis) increased initially but decreased by 3 years after the attacks. Drug use disorders, which were associated with other psychiatric disorders, were rare and primarily began prior to 9/11.
    Conclusions: The overall lack of increase of tobacco use or predictors of increased use found after the disaster and the low rates of new drug use disorders suggest that universal screening for increased tobacco use and new drug use disorders by clinicians may have very low yield. Regardless, postdisaster settings provide suitable circumstances for general discussions about self-care including concern for increased tobacco use, avoiding drug use, and guidance on healthier means of managing stress than through substances. Additionally, because existing tobacco and drug use are endemic in populations, the postdisaster setting can serve as a reminder for clinicians to assess these problems generally and provide appropriate referrals when needed. Postdisaster circumstances offer opportunities to disseminate and promote public health messages and address issues of substance use and misuse.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Depressive Disorder, Major/epidemiology ; New York City/epidemiology ; September 11 Terrorist Attacks/psychology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology ; Substance-Related Disorders/complications ; Illicit Drugs
    Chemical Substances Illicit Drugs
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2179549-6
    ISSN 1550-4271 ; 1550-4263
    ISSN (online) 1550-4271
    ISSN 1550-4263
    DOI 10.1080/15504263.2023.2260328
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  7. Article ; Online: The need to clarify professional terminology in psychiatry.

    North, Carol S / Pfefferbaum, Betty

    Annals of clinical psychiatry : official journal of the American Academy of Clinical Psychiatrists

    2022  Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 149–151

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Psychiatry
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1025337-3
    ISSN 1547-3325 ; 1040-1237
    ISSN (online) 1547-3325
    ISSN 1040-1237
    DOI 10.12788/acp.0079
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    Zs.A 2779: Show issues Location:
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  8. Book: Stress in children

    Pfefferbaum, Betty

    (Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America ; 7,1)

    1998  

    Author's details Betty Pfefferbaum, guest ed
    Series title Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America ; 7,1
    Collection
    Keywords Stress, Psychological / in infancy & childhood ; Child Development
    Language English
    Size XVI, 246 S.
    Publisher Saunders
    Publishing place Philadelphia u.a.
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Book
    HBZ-ID HT008265144
    Database Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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    Shelf markLoan statusLocation
    Se 1345 -7,1- verfügbar in Königswinter Königswinter

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  9. Article ; Online: Children's Sleep and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

    Pfefferbaum, Betty / Tucker, Phebe / Ekambaram, Vijayabharathi / Van Horn, Richard L

    Current psychiatry reports

    2023  Volume 25, Issue 12, Page(s) 847–856

    Abstract: Purpose of review: The COVID-19 pandemic and protracted home confinement required adjustments to schedules and routines generating concern about children's sleep. This review describes general considerations regarding children's sleep, changes and ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: The COVID-19 pandemic and protracted home confinement required adjustments to schedules and routines generating concern about children's sleep. This review describes general considerations regarding children's sleep, changes and disturbances in their sleep during the pandemic, and the association of sleep measures with health and psychological outcomes in general and in the context of the pandemic.
    Recent findings: A number of studies found an increase in the duration of children's sleep with later bedtimes and waketimes for some children. The research also documented sleep disturbances and associations between children's sleep and psychological outcomes. The extent to which increased sleep duration and changed sleep behaviors translated into improved sleep quality and/or a change in sleep disturbances remains unclear. This review suggests the importance of considering children's sleep in other mass trauma situations including, for example, natural and man-made disasters, as well as pandemics.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Humans ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Mental Health ; Sleep ; Sleep Wake Disorders/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2055376-6
    ISSN 1535-1645 ; 1523-3812
    ISSN (online) 1535-1645
    ISSN 1523-3812
    DOI 10.1007/s11920-023-01475-z
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  10. Article ; Online: Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic.

    Pfefferbaum, Betty / North, Carol S

    The New England journal of medicine

    2020  Volume 383, Issue 6, Page(s) 510–512

    MeSH term(s) Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/psychology ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Mental Health Services/supply & distribution ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/psychology ; Quarantine/psychology ; Resilience, Psychological ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Stress, Psychological
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMp2008017
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