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Article: Methicillin-resistant

Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Wahlström, Helene / Molander, Benedicta / Bengtsson, Björn

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 1313068

Abstract: Introduction: ...

Abstract	Introduction:
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-04-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2627673-2
ISSN	2000-8686
ISSN	2000-8686
DOI	10.1080/20008686.2017.1313068
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: High occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden.

Bengtsson, Björn / Persson, Lotta / Ekström, Kerstin / Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Uhlhorn, Henrik / Börjesson, Stefan

Veterinary microbiology

2017 Volume 207, Page(s) 103–107

Abstract: We investigated the occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden and characterized the obtained isolates. Samples from 55 hedgehogs from five counties of Sweden were cultivated selectively for MRSA and putative isolates were ... ...

Abstract	We investigated the occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden and characterized the obtained isolates. Samples from 55 hedgehogs from five counties of Sweden were cultivated selectively for MRSA and putative isolates were confirmed by real-time PCR detecting mecA, mecC, nuc and PVL genes. mecC-MRSA was confirmed in 35 (64%) animals from three geographically separated counties. Confirmed isolates were spa-typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Eight different spa-types were identified (t843, t978, t3391, t9111, t10751, t10893, t11015, t15312) of which t843 (49%) was the most common. The spa-types t843, t3391 and t978 were found in isolates from two counties. The study shows that mecC-MRSA is common in wild hedgehogs in two counties of Sweden but occurs in hedgehogs also in other parts of the country. Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. In addition, similar spa-types of isolates from hedgehogs and isolates previously described in domesticated animals and in humans indicates transfer between these populations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.004
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Article ; Online: Occurrence and Spread of Quinolone-Resistant Escherichia coli on Dairy Farms.

Duse, Anna / Persson Waller, Karin / Emanuelson, Ulf / Ericsson Unnerstad, Helle / Persson, Ylva / Bengtsson, Björn

Applied and environmental microbiology

2016 Volume 82, Issue 13, Page(s) 3765–3773

Abstract: Unlabelled: Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) is common in feces from young calves, but the prevalence and genetic diversity of QREC in groups of cattle of other ages and the farm environment are unknown. The aims of the study were to obtain ... ...

Abstract	Unlabelled: Quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) is common in feces from young calves, but the prevalence and genetic diversity of QREC in groups of cattle of other ages and the farm environment are unknown. The aims of the study were to obtain knowledge about the occurrence of QREC on dairy farms, the genetic diversity of QREC within and between farms, and how these relate to the number of purchased animals and geographic distances between farms. We analyzed the within-sample prevalence of QREC in individual fecal samples from preweaned dairy calves and postpartum cows and in environmental samples from 23 Swedish dairy farms. The genetic diversity of the QREC isolates on 10 of these farms was assessed. In general, QREC was more prevalent in the dairy farm environment and in postpartum cows if QREC was commonly found in calves than if QREC was rare in calves. In particular, we found more QREC organisms in feed and water troughs and in environments that may come into contact with young calves. Thus, the results suggest that QREC circulates between cattle and the farm environment and that calves are important for the maintenance of QREC. Some genotypes of QREC were widespread both within and between farms, indicating that QREC has spread within the farms and likely also between farms, possibly through purchased animals. Farms that had purchased many animals over the years had greater within-farm diversity than farms with more closed animal populations. Finally, animals on more closely located farms were more likely to share the same genotype than animals on farms located far apart. Importance: This study investigates the occurrence of a specific type of antimicrobial-resistant bacterium on dairy farms. It contributes to increased knowledge about the occurrence and spread of these bacteria, and the results pave the way for actions or further studies that could help mitigate the spread of these bacteria on dairy farms and in the community as a whole.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Dairying ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Environmental Microbiology ; Escherichia coli/classification ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Farms ; Feces/microbiology ; Genetic Variation ; Prevalence ; Quinolones/pharmacology ; Sweden/epidemiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Quinolones
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-07-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	223011-2
ISSN	1098-5336 ; 0099-2240
ISSN (online)	1098-5336
ISSN	0099-2240
DOI	10.1128/AEM.03061-15
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Article ; Online: Suspected transmission and subsequent spread of MRSA from farmer to dairy cows.

Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Mieziewska, Kristina / Börjesson, Stefan / Hedbäck, Helena / Strand, Karin / Hallgren, Thorild / Landin, Håkan / Skarin, Joakim / Bengtsson, Björn

Veterinary microbiology

2018 Volume 225, Page(s) 114–119

Abstract: In the present study we describe an outbreak where PVL positive MRSA belonging to spa-type t002 and multi-locus sequence type ST2659 persisted in a Swedish dairy herd for at least two years, despite efforts to hinder transmission between animals and ... ...

Abstract	In the present study we describe an outbreak where PVL positive MRSA belonging to spa-type t002 and multi-locus sequence type ST2659 persisted in a Swedish dairy herd for at least two years, despite efforts to hinder transmission between animals and between the farmer and his animals. This is the first description of persistence and spread of MRSA in a dairy herd in Sweden. Sampling of animals in the herd was initiated by the finding of MRSA in the farmer and was performed at eight occasions from November 2012 to September 2014. In total, MRSA was detected in 25 animals and in 16 of these MRSA was detected in milk samples. In addition, MRSA was also detected in bulk milk samples. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of twelve isolates from farmer (n = 1), animals (n = 9) and bulk milk (n = 2) revealed high relatedness, implying a common source. MRSA may initially have been transmitted from humans to cows with further spread within the herd. WGS showed minor differences in one isolate (loss of phage ΦN315) which could indicate adaption of the strain to an animal host.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Cattle Diseases/transmission ; Dairying ; Farmers ; Female ; Genome, Bacterial ; Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Milk/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/transmission ; Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ; Sweden/epidemiology ; Whole Genome Sequencing
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.017
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of bacterial genotypes and outcome of bovine clinical mastitis due to Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis.

Lundberg, Åsa / Nyman, Ann / Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Waller, Karin Persson

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica

2014 Volume 56, Page(s) 80

Abstract: Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis are common causes of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows. In the present study genotype variation of S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis was investigated, as well as the influence of bacterial ... ...

Abstract	Background: Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Streptococcus uberis are common causes of clinical mastitis (CM) in dairy cows. In the present study genotype variation of S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis was investigated, as well as the influence of bacterial species, or genotype within species, on the outcome of veterinary-treated CM (VTCM). Isolates of S. dysgalactiae (n = 132) and S. uberis (n = 97) were genotyped using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Identical banding patterns were called pulsotypes. Outcome measurements used were cow composite SCC, milk yield, additional registered VTCMs and culling rate during a four-month follow-up period. Results: In total, 71 S. dysgalactiae pulsotypes were identified. Nineteen of the pulsotypes were isolated from more than one herd; the remaining pulsotypes were only found once each in the material. All S. uberis isolates were of different pulsotypes. During the follow-up period, the SCC of S. dysgalactiae-cows was significantly lower than the SCC of S. uberis-cows (P <0.05). Median SCC of S. dysgalactiae-cows was 71 500 cells/ml and of S. uberis-cows 108 000 cells/ml. No other differences in outcome parameters could be identified between species or genotypes. Conclusions: Identical S. dysgalactiae genotypes were isolated from more than one herd, suggesting some spread of this pathogen between Swedish dairy herds. The genetic variation among S. uberis isolates was substantial, and we found no evidence of spread of this pathogen between herds. The milk SCC was lower during the follow-up period if S. dysgalactiae rather than S. uberis was isolated from the case, indicating differences in treatment response between bacterial species.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; Female ; Genotype ; Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy ; Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology ; Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ; Prevalence ; Seasons ; Species Specificity ; Streptococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Streptococcal Infections/veterinary ; Streptococcus/genetics ; Sweden/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/s13028-014-0080-0
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: High occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden

Bengtsson, Björn / Helle Ericsson Unnerstad / Henrik Uhlhorn / Kerstin Ekström / Lotta Persson / Stefan Börjesson

Veterinary microbiology. 2017 Aug., v. 207

2017

Abstract	We investigated the occurrence of mecC-MRSA in wild hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) in Sweden and characterized the obtained isolates. Samples from 55 hedgehogs from five counties of Sweden were cultivated selectively for MRSA and putative isolates were confirmed by real-time PCR detecting mecA, mecC, nuc and PVL genes. mecC-MRSA was confirmed in 35 (64%) animals from three geographically separated counties. Confirmed isolates were spa-typed and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility by broth microdilution. Eight different spa-types were identified (t843, t978, t3391, t9111, t10751, t10893, t11015, t15312) of which t843 (49%) was the most common. The spa-types t843, t3391 and t978 were found in isolates from two counties. The study shows that mecC-MRSA is common in wild hedgehogs in two counties of Sweden but occurs in hedgehogs also in other parts of the country. Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be a reservoir for mecC-MRSA. In addition, similar spa-types of isolates from hedgehogs and isolates previously described in domesticated animals and in humans indicates transfer between these populations.
Keywords	antibiotic resistance ; domestic animals ; Erinaceus europaeus ; genes ; humans ; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; minimum inhibitory concentration ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; Sweden
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-08
Size	p. 103-107.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.06.004
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Article ; Online: A longitudinal cohort study of acute puerperal metritis cases in Swedish dairy cows.

Ordell, Anna / Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Nyman, Ann / Gustafsson, Hans / Båge, Renée

Acta veterinaria Scandinavica

2016 Volume 58, Issue 1, Page(s) 79

Abstract: Background: Acute puerperal metritis affects cows during the early postpartum period and causes fever, fetid vaginal discharge and general depression. The disease is severe and treatment with antimicrobials is often required. This study followed 79 ... ...

Abstract	Background: Acute puerperal metritis affects cows during the early postpartum period and causes fever, fetid vaginal discharge and general depression. The disease is severe and treatment with antimicrobials is often required. This study followed 79 Swedish dairy cows with acute puerperal metritis with registered treatment and outcome in terms of recovery. Bacteria isolated from the uterus and their susceptibility to penicillin were studied. Clinical cases were assigned by participating practitioners who examined the cows, performed uterine swab sampling, decided treatment and provided information about cow health and calving conditions. Fertility and culling data were collected from the official Swedish milk and health recording scheme. Recovery from disease was defined in four levels; as a cow that survived 1 or 4 months, was inseminated and subsequently became pregnant. Intervals from dates of first and latest calving to insemination date were studied. Results: The most common bacterial findings were a mixed culture of Escherichia coli and bacteria such as Gram positive cocci, Fusobacterium necrophorum, Clostridium spp. or Trueperella pyogenes. The Gram positive cocci, Pasteurella spp. and F. necrophorum were generally susceptible to penicillin. The majority of cows (70%) were treated with penicillin in accordance with the Swedish policy on treatment of metritis while 19% were treated with tetracycline and 8% were not treated with antimicrobials. Recovery rates were similar between treatments. Besides "calving to last insemination" interval (CLI) that was 5 days shorter than the national mean, fertility was slightly reduced compared to national means. "Calving to first insemination" interval (CFI) was 4 days longer than national mean and number of inseminations/cow increased from 1.9 to 2.1. Escherichia coli culture positive cows did not become pregnant to the same extent as cows without E. coli in the uterus (P = 0.046). Twin births resulted in a longer CFI (P = 0.034). The culling rate was generally high (42% within 300 days after occurrence of metritis), though death associated with acute disease was low (6%). Conclusions: Escherichia coli was the most common bacterial pathogen isolated from cases of acute puerperal metritis in the present study. This bacterium is inherently resistant to penicillin, but although most cows were treated with penicillin, death due to acute disease was low and recovery and final fertility results were acceptable. In times of emerging antimicrobial resistance and demand for prudent antimicrobial use, we suggest that penicillin is a "good enough" choice if antimicrobial treatment of acute puerperal metritis is needed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/drug therapy ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Cohort Studies ; Dairying ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Endometritis/drug therapy ; Endometritis/microbiology ; Endometritis/veterinary ; Female ; Longitudinal Studies ; Penicillins/pharmacology ; Penicillins/therapeutic use ; Puerperal Infection/drug therapy ; Puerperal Infection/microbiology ; Puerperal Infection/veterinary ; Sweden
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Penicillins
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	40137-7
ISSN	1751-0147 ; 0044-605X
ISSN (online)	1751-0147
ISSN	0044-605X
DOI	10.1186/s13028-016-0257-9
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Article: Suspected transmission and subsequent spread of MRSA from farmer to dairy cows

Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Björn Bengtsson / Håkan Landin / Helena Hedbäck / Joakim Skarin / Karin Strand / Kristina Mieziewska / Stefan Börjesson / Thorild Hallgren

Veterinary microbiology. 2018 Nov., v. 225

2018

Abstract	In the present study we describe an outbreak where PVL positive MRSA belonging to spa-type t002 and multi-locus sequence type ST2659 persisted in a Swedish dairy herd for at least two years, despite efforts to hinder transmission between animals and between the farmer and his animals. This is the first description of persistence and spread of MRSA in a dairy herd in Sweden. Sampling of animals in the herd was initiated by the finding of MRSA in the farmer and was performed at eight occasions from November 2012 to September 2014. In total, MRSA was detected in 25 animals and in 16 of these MRSA was detected in milk samples. In addition, MRSA was also detected in bulk milk samples. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of twelve isolates from farmer (n = 1), animals (n = 9) and bulk milk (n = 2) revealed high relatedness, implying a common source. MRSA may initially have been transmitted from humans to cows with further spread within the herd. WGS showed minor differences in one isolate (loss of phage ΦN315) which could indicate adaption of the strain to an animal host.
Keywords	bacteriophages ; bulk milk ; dairy cows ; dairy herds ; farmers ; humans ; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; milk ; multilocus sequence typing ; Sweden
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-11
Size	p. 114-119.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.09.017
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Article ; Online: Risk factors for quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in feces from preweaned dairy calves and postpartum dairy cows.

Duse, Anna / Waller, Karin Persson / Emanuelson, Ulf / Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Persson, Ylva / Bengtsson, Björn

Journal of dairy science

2015 Volume 98, Issue 9, Page(s) 6387–6398

Abstract: Quinolone resistance may emerge in gut bacteria (e.g., in Escherichia coli) of animals. Such bacteria could cause infections in the animal itself or be transmitted to humans via the food chain. Quinolone resistance is also observed in fecal E. coli of ... ...

Abstract	Quinolone resistance may emerge in gut bacteria (e.g., in Escherichia coli) of animals. Such bacteria could cause infections in the animal itself or be transmitted to humans via the food chain. Quinolone resistance is also observed in fecal E. coli of healthy dairy cattle, but the prevalence varies between farms, not solely as a result of varying degree of fluoroquinolone exposure. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for the fecal shedding of quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC) from dairy calves and postpartum cows. Rectal swabs from 15 preweaned calves and 5 postpartum cows per farm were collected on 23 Swedish dairy farms to determine the prevalence of QREC. Risk factors for the shedding of QREC were investigated using multivariable statistical models. Quinolone-resistant E. coli were found on all but one farm. Factors associated with QREC shedding by calves were being younger than 18 d, being fed milk from cows treated with antimicrobials, recent use of fluoroquinolones in the herd, carriage of QREC by postpartum cows, and using the calving area never or rarely as a sick pen compared with often. Factors associated with QREC shedding by cows were calving in group pens or freestalls compared with single pens or tiestalls, purchasing cattle, sharing animal transports with other farmers, and poor farm hygiene. Proper biosecurity and improved hygiene, as well as minimizing fluoroquinolone exposure and waste milk feeding, may be important factors to reduce the burden of QREC on dairy farms.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cattle ; Dairying ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/growth & development ; Feces/microbiology ; Female ; Postpartum Period/drug effects ; Quinolones/pharmacology ; Risk Factors ; Weaning
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Quinolones
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2015-9453
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Article ; Online: Risk factors for antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli from preweaned dairy calves.

Duse, Anna / Waller, Karin Persson / Emanuelson, Ulf / Unnerstad, Helle Ericsson / Persson, Ylva / Bengtsson, Björn

Journal of dairy science

2015 Volume 98, Issue 1, Page(s) 500–516

Abstract: The primary objective of this study was to investigate calf and farm factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in the feces of preweaned dairy calves in Sweden. In particular, we investigated the effects of feeding calves colostrum ...

Abstract	The primary objective of this study was to investigate calf and farm factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli in the feces of preweaned dairy calves in Sweden. In particular, we investigated the effects of feeding calves colostrum and milk from cows treated with antimicrobials. The secondary objective was to describe the prevalence of resistant E. coli in feces of preweaned dairy calves in Sweden. Fecal samples from 3 calves, aged 7 to 28d, from 243 farms were analyzed for the within-sample prevalence of E. coli resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and cefotaxime using selective agars supplemented with antimicrobials. In addition, resistance to 12 antimicrobials was tested in one randomly selected E. coli isolate per calf. Information was collected from the farmers via questionnaires regarding the use of colostrum and milk from cows treated with antimicrobials as calf feed and other uses of antimicrobials in the herd. Multivariable zero-inflated negative binomial and logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of various risk factors for shedding of resistant E. coli. Escherichia coli resistant to streptomycin, nalidixic acid, or cefotaxime were isolated from 90, 49, and 11% of the calves, respectively. Resistance to at least one antimicrobial was found in a random isolate of E. coli from 48% of the calves. Feeding colostrum from cows treated with antimicrobials at drying off did not affect the prevalence of resistant E. coli. In contrast, feeding milk from cows treated with antimicrobials during lactation resulted in significantly more nalidixic acid- and streptomycin-resistant E. coli than when such milk was discarded; no significant effect was seen for other resistance traits. Furthermore, an interaction was found between feeding milk from cows treated with antimicrobials and use of fluoroquinolones in cows. In general, the prevalence of resistance was lower for older calves and calves on small farms. Other factors that were associated with the shedding of resistant E. coli were administration of oral dihydrostreptomycin to calves, administration of systemic tetracycline and ceftiofur to cows and calves, housing of the calves, predominant breed of the herd, and geographic location of the farm. The presence of resistant E. coli in calves was clearly due to multiple factors, but minimizing the feeding of milk from cows treated with antimicrobials during lactation should lower the prevalence of resistant E. coli in the gastrointestinal tract of the calves.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Shedding ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ; Cattle Diseases/microbiology ; Colostrum/metabolism ; Diet/veterinary ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/veterinary ; Feces/microbiology ; Milk/metabolism ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Sweden/epidemiology ; Weaning
Chemical Substances	Anti-Infective Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2014-8432
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