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Article ; Online: Induction of plant disease resistance by mixed oligosaccharide elicitors prepared from plant cell wall and crustacean shells.

Pring, Sreynich / Kato, Hiroaki / Imano, Sayaka / Camagna, Maurizio / Tanaka, Aiko / Kimoto, Hisashi / Chen, Pengru / Shrotri, Abhijit / Kobayashi, Hirokazu / Fukuoka, Atsushi / Saito, Makoto / Suzuki, Takamasa / Terauchi, Ryohei / Sato, Ikuo / Chiba, Sotaro / Takemoto, Daigo

Physiologia plantarum

2023 Volume 175, Issue 5, Page(s) e14052

Abstract: Basal plant immune responses are activated by the recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or breakdown molecules released from the plants after damage by pathogen penetration, so-called damage-associated molecular patterns ...

Abstract	Basal plant immune responses are activated by the recognition of conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), or breakdown molecules released from the plants after damage by pathogen penetration, so-called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). While chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS), a primary component of fungal cell walls, is most known as MAMP, plant cell wall-derived oligosaccharides, cello-oligosaccharides (COS) from cellulose, and xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) from hemicellulose are representative DAMPs. In this study, elicitor activities of COS prepared from cotton linters, XOS prepared from corn cobs, and chitin-oligosaccharide (CHOS) from crustacean shells were comparatively investigated. In Arabidopsis, COS, XOS, or CHOS treatment triggered typical defense responses such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, phosphorylation of MAP kinases, callose deposition, and activation of the defense-related transcription factor WRKY33 promoter. When COS, XOS, and CHOS were used at concentrations with similar activity in inducing ROS production and callose depositions, CHOS was particularly potent in activating the MAPK kinases and WRKY33 promoters. Among the COS and XOS with different degrees of polymerization, cellotriose and xylotetraose showed the highest activity for the activation of WRKY33 promoter. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of RNAseq data revealed that simultaneous treatment of COS, XOS, and CHOS (oligo-mix) effectively activates plant disease resistance. In practice, treatment with the oligo-mix enhanced the resistance of tomato to powdery mildew, but plant growth was not inhibited but rather tended to be promoted, providing evidence that treatment with the oligo-mix has beneficial effects on improving disease resistance in plants, making them a promising class of compounds for practical application.
MeSH term(s)	Disease Resistance ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Plants/metabolism ; Arabidopsis/metabolism ; Cell Wall/metabolism ; Oligosaccharides/pharmacology ; Oligosaccharides/metabolism ; Chitin/pharmacology ; Chitin/metabolism ; Plant Diseases/genetics ; Plant Immunity
Chemical Substances	Reactive Oxygen Species ; Oligosaccharides ; Chitin (1398-61-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-03
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2020837-6
ISSN	1399-3054 ; 0031-9317
ISSN (online)	1399-3054
ISSN	0031-9317
DOI	10.1111/ppl.14052
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Article ; Online: Symptom profiles of community cases infected by influenza, RSV, rhinovirus, seasonal coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.

Geismar, Cyril / Nguyen, Vincent / Fragaszy, Ellen / Shrotri, Madhumita / Navaratnam, Annalan M D / Beale, Sarah / Byrne, Thomas E / Fong, Wing Lam Erica / Yavlinsky, Alexei / Kovar, Jana / Hoskins, Susan / Braithwaite, Isobel / Aldridge, Robert W / Hayward, Andrew C

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 12511

Abstract: Respiratory viruses that were suppressed through previous lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic have recently started to co-circulate with SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the clinical characteristics and symptomatology of different respiratory viral ... ...

Abstract	Respiratory viruses that were suppressed through previous lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic have recently started to co-circulate with SARS-CoV-2. Understanding the clinical characteristics and symptomatology of different respiratory viral infections can help address the challenges related to the identification of cases and the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 variants' evolutionary patterns. Flu Watch (2006-2011) and Virus Watch (2020-2022) are household community cohort studies monitoring the epidemiology of influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, seasonal coronavirus, and SARS-CoV-2, in England and Wales. This study describes and compares the proportion of symptoms reported during illnesses infected by common respiratory viruses. The SARS-CoV-2 symptom profile increasingly resembles that of other respiratory viruses as new strains emerge. Increased cough, sore throat, runny nose, and sneezing are associated with the emergence of the Omicron strains. As SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic, monitoring the evolution of its symptomatology associated with new variants will be critical for clinical surveillance.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Rhinovirus/genetics ; Influenza, Human/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Seasons ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control ; Enterovirus Infections ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-38869-1
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Article ; Online: Functional analysis of Rickettsia monacensis strain humboldt folA dihydrofolate reductase gene via complementation assay.

Hill, Brandon / Schafer, Ben / Vargas, Nolan / Zamora, Danny / Shrotri, Rohan / Perez, Sarahi / Farmer, Geoffrey / Avon, Aren / Pai, Anirudh / Mori, Hirotada / Zhong, Jianmin

Ticks and tick-borne diseases

2023 Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 102217

Abstract: Nutritive symbiosis between bacteria and ticks is observed across a range of ecological contexts; however, little characterization on the molecular components responsible for this symbiosis has been done. Previous studies in our lab demonstrated that ... ...

Abstract	Nutritive symbiosis between bacteria and ticks is observed across a range of ecological contexts; however, little characterization on the molecular components responsible for this symbiosis has been done. Previous studies in our lab demonstrated that Rickettsia monacensis str. Humboldt (strain Humboldt) can synthesize folate de novo via the folate biosynthesis pathway involving folA, folC, folE, folKP, and ptpS genes. In this study, expression of the strain Humboldt folA gene within a folA mutant Escherichia coli construct was used to functionally characterize the strain Humboldt folA folate gene in vivo. The strain Humboldt folA folate gene was subcloned into a TransBac vector and transformed into a folA mutant E. coli construct. The mutant containing strain Humboldt folA subclone and a pFE604 clone of the knocked-out folA gene was cured of pFE604. Curing of the folA mutant E. coli construct was successful using acridine orange and 43.5 °C incubation temperature. The plasmid curing assay showed curing efficiency of the folA mutant at 100%. Functional complementation was assessed by growth phenotype on minimal media with and without IPTG between strain Humboldt folA and E. coli folA. Large and homogenous wild-type colony growth was observed for both strain Humboldt and E. coli folA on minimal media with 0.1 mM IPTG, wild-type growth for strain Humboldt folA and pin-point growth for E. coli folA on 0.01 mM IPTG, and pin-point growth without IPTG for both strain Humboldt and E. coli folA. This study provides evidence substantiating the in vivo functionality of strain Humboldt folA in producing functional gene products for folate biosynthesis.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase/genetics ; Isopropyl Thiogalactoside ; Rickettsia/genetics ; Folic Acid
Chemical Substances	Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.3) ; Isopropyl Thiogalactoside (367-93-1) ; Folic Acid (935E97BOY8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-26
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2541872-5
ISSN	1877-9603 ; 1877-959X
ISSN (online)	1877-9603
ISSN	1877-959X
DOI	10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102217
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Article: Role of ethics committees in medical research.

Shrotri, D S

Indian journal of medical ethics

2004 Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) 121

MeSH term(s)	Ethical Review/standards ; Ethics Committees, Research ; Human Experimentation/ethics ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2004-10
Publishing country	India
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	0974-8466
ISSN	0974-8466
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Article ; Online: Eyeglasses and risk of COVID-19 transmission-analysis of the Virus Watch Community Cohort study.

Navaratnam, Annalan M D / O'Callaghan, Christopher / Beale, Sarah / Nguyen, Vincent / Aryee, Anna / Braithwaite, Isobel / Byrne, Thomas E / Fong, Wing Lam Erica / Fragaszy, Ellen / Geismar, Cyril / Hoskins, Susan / Kovar, Jana / Patel, Parth / Shrotri, Madhumita / Weber, Sophie / Yavlinsky, Alexei / Aldridge, Robert W / Hayward, Andrew C

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2023 Volume 139, Page(s) 28–33

Abstract: Objectives: The importance of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via the eyes is unknown, with previous studies mainly focusing on protective eyewear in healthcare settings. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that wearing eyeglasses is associated with a lower ...

Abstract	Objectives: The importance of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via the eyes is unknown, with previous studies mainly focusing on protective eyewear in healthcare settings. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that wearing eyeglasses is associated with a lower risk of COVID-19. Methods: Participants from the Virus Watch prospective community cohort study responded to a questionnaire on the use of eyeglasses and contact lenses. Infection was confirmed through data linkage, self-reported positive results, and, for a subgroup, monthly capillary antibody testing. Multivariable logistic regression models, controlling for age, sex, income, and occupation, were used to identify the odds of infection depending on frequency and purpose of eyeglasses or contact lenses use. Results: A total of 19,166 participants responded to the questionnaire, with 13,681 (71.3%, CI 70.7-72.0) reporting they wore eyeglasses. Multivariable logistic regression model showed a 15% lower odds of infection for those who reported using eyeglasses always for general use (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% 0.77-0.95, P = 0.002) compared to those who never wore eyeglasses. The protective effect was reduced for those who said wearing eyeglasses interfered with mask-wearing and was absent for contact lens wearers. Conclusions: People who wear eyeglasses have a moderate reduction in risk of COVID-19 infection, highlighting that eye protection may make a valuable contribution to the reduction of transmission in community and healthcare settings.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Cohort Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Eyeglasses
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-25
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2023.10.021
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Article ; Online: Comparative effectiveness of different primary vaccination courses on mRNA-based booster vaccines against SARs-COV-2 infections: a time-varying cohort analysis using trial emulation in the Virus Watch community cohort.

Nguyen, Vincent Grigori / Yavlinsky, Alexei / Beale, Sarah / Hoskins, Susan / Byrne, Thomas E / Lampos, Vasileios / Braithwaite, Isobel / Fong, Wing Lam Erica / Fragaszy, Ellen / Geismar, Cyril / Kovar, Jana / Navaratnam, Annalan M D / Patel, Parth / Shrotri, Madhumita / Weber, Sophie / Hayward, Andrew C / Aldridge, Robert W

International journal of epidemiology

2023 Volume 52, Issue 2, Page(s) 342–354

Abstract: Background: The Omicron B.1.1.529 variant increased severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in doubly vaccinated individuals, particularly in the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1) recipients. To tackle ... ...

Abstract	Background: The Omicron B.1.1.529 variant increased severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections in doubly vaccinated individuals, particularly in the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (ChAdOx1) recipients. To tackle infections, the UK's booster vaccination programmes used messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines irrespective of an individual's primary course vaccine type, and prioritized the clinically vulnerable. These mRNA vaccines included the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (mRNA-1273). There is limited understanding of the effectiveness of different primary vaccination courses on mRNA booster vaccines against SARs-COV-2 infections and how time-varying confounders affect these evaluations. Methods: Trial emulation was applied to a prospective community observational cohort in England and Wales to reduce time-varying confounding-by-indication driven by prioritizing vaccination based upon age, vulnerability and exposure. Trial emulation was conducted by meta-analysing eight adult cohort results whose booster vaccinations were staggered between 16 September 2021 and 05 January 2022 and followed until 23 January 2022. Time from booster vaccination until SARS-CoV-2 infection, loss of follow-up or end of study was modelled using Cox proportional hazard models and adjusted for age, sex, minority ethnic status, clinically vulnerability and deprivation. Results: A total of 19 159 participants were analysed, with 11 709 ChAdOx1 primary courses and 7450 BNT162b2 primary courses. Median age, clinical vulnerability status and infection rates fluctuate through time. In mRNA-boosted adults, 7.4% (n = 863) of boosted adults with a ChAdOx1 primary course experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with 7.7% (n = 571) of those who had BNT162b2 as a primary course. The pooled adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) was 1.01 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of: 0.90 to 1.13. Conclusion: After an mRNA booster dose, we found no difference in protection comparing those with a primary course of BNT162b2 with those with a ChAdOx1 primary course. This contrasts with pre-booster findings where previous research shows greater effectiveness of BNT162b2 than ChAdOx1 in preventing infection.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Prospective Studies ; RNA, Messenger ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 (EPK39PL4R4) ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; RNA, Messenger
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Observational Study ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	187909-1
ISSN	1464-3685 ; 0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
ISSN	0300-5771
DOI	10.1093/ije/dyad002
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Article ; Online: Inequalities in access to paid sick leave among workers in England and Wales.

Patel, Parth / Beale, Sarah / Nguyen, Vincent / Braithwaite, Isobel / Byrne, Thomas E / Erica Fong, Wing Lam / Fragaszy, Ellen / Geismar, Cyril / Hoskins, Susan / Navaratnam, Annalan M D / Shrotri, Madhumita / Kovar, Jana / Aryee, Anna / Hayward, Andrew C / Aldridge, Robert W

The International journal of health planning and management

2023 Volume 38, Issue 6, Page(s) 1864–1876

Abstract: Background: It is poorly understood which workers lack access to sick pay in England and Wales. This evidence gap has been of particular interest in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic given the relationship between presenteeism and infectious disease ... ...

Abstract	Background: It is poorly understood which workers lack access to sick pay in England and Wales. This evidence gap has been of particular interest in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic given the relationship between presenteeism and infectious disease transmission. Method: This cross-sectional analysis (n = 8874) was nested within a large community cohort study based across England and Wales (Virus Watch). An online survey in February 2021 asked participants in work if they had access to paid sick leave. We used logistic regression to examine sociodemographic factors associated with lacking access to sick pay. Results: Only 66% (n = 5864) of participants reported access to sick pay. South Asian workers (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.83) and those from Other minority ethnic backgrounds (OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.54-5.59) were more likely to lack access to sick pay compared to White British workers. Older workers (OR range 1.72 [1.53-1.93]-5.26 [4.42-6.26]), workers in low-income households (OR 2.53, 95% CI 2.15-2.98) and those in transport, trade, and service occupations (OR range 2.03 [1.58-2.61]-5.29 [3.67-7.72]) were also more likely to lack access to sick pay compared respectively to workers aged 25-44, those in high income households and managerial occupations. Discussion: Unwarranted age and ethnic inequalities in sick pay access are suggestive of labour market discrimination. Occupational differences are also cause for concern. Policymakers should consider expanding access to sick pay to mitigate transmission of Covid-19 and other endemic respiratory infections in the community, and in the context of pandemic preparation.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Sick Leave ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; Wales/epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; COVID-19 ; England/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632786-2
ISSN	1099-1751 ; 0749-6753
ISSN (online)	1099-1751
ISSN	0749-6753
DOI	10.1002/hpm.3697
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Article ; Online: Bayesian reconstruction of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions highlights substantial proportion of negative serial intervals.

Epidemics

2023 Volume 44, Page(s) 100713

Abstract: Background: The serial interval is a key epidemiological measure that quantifies the time between the onset of symptoms in an infector-infectee pair. It indicates how quickly new generations of cases appear, thus informing on the speed of an epidemic. ... ...

Abstract	Background: The serial interval is a key epidemiological measure that quantifies the time between the onset of symptoms in an infector-infectee pair. It indicates how quickly new generations of cases appear, thus informing on the speed of an epidemic. Estimating the serial interval requires to identify pairs of infectors and infectees. Yet, most studies fail to assess the direction of transmission between cases and assume that the order of infections - and thus transmissions - strictly follows the order of symptom onsets, thereby imposing serial intervals to be positive. Because of the long and highly variable incubation period of SARS-CoV-2, this may not always be true (i.e an infectee may show symptoms before their infector) and negative serial intervals may occur. This study aims to estimate the serial interval of different SARS-CoV-2 variants whilst accounting for negative serial intervals. Methods: This analysis included 5 842 symptomatic individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection amongst 2 579 households from September 2020 to August 2022 across England & Wales. We used a Bayesian framework to infer who infected whom by exploring all transmission trees compatible with the observed dates of symptoms, based on a wide range of incubation period and generation time distributions compatible with estimates reported in the literature. Serial intervals were derived from the reconstructed transmission pairs, stratified by variants. Results: We estimated that 22% (95% credible interval (CrI) 8-32%) of serial interval values are negative across all VOC. The mean serial interval was shortest for Omicron BA5 (2.02 days, 1.26-2.84) and longest for Alpha (3.37 days, 2.52-4.04). Conclusions: This study highlights the large proportion of negative serial intervals across SARS-CoV-2 variants. Because the serial interval is widely used to estimate transmissibility and forecast cases, these results may have critical implications for epidemic control.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Epidemics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2467993-8
ISSN	1878-0067 ; 1755-4365
ISSN (online)	1878-0067
ISSN	1755-4365
DOI	10.1016/j.epidem.2023.100713
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and breakthrough infections in the Virus Watch cohort.

Aldridge, Robert W / Yavlinsky, Alexei / Nguyen, Vincent / Eyre, Max T / Shrotri, Madhumita / Navaratnam, Annalan M D / Beale, Sarah / Braithwaite, Isobel / Byrne, Thomas / Kovar, Jana / Fragaszy, Ellen / Fong, Wing Lam Erica / Geismar, Cyril / Patel, Parth / Rodger, Alison / Johnson, Anne M / Hayward, Andrew

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 4869

Abstract: ... time, but the total effect of anti-S antibody levels on risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and ... whether this varies by vaccine type is not well understood. Here we show that anti-S levels peak three to four weeks ... than ChAdOx1. Increasing anti-S levels are associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Hazard Ratio ...

Abstract	A range of studies globally demonstrate that the effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines wane over time, but the total effect of anti-S antibody levels on risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and whether this varies by vaccine type is not well understood. Here we show that anti-S levels peak three to four weeks following the second dose of vaccine and the geometric mean of the samples is nine fold higher for BNT162b2 than ChAdOx1. Increasing anti-S levels are associated with a reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (Hazard Ratio 0.85; 95%CIs: 0.79-0.92). We do not find evidence that this antibody relationship with risk of infection varies by second dose vaccine type (BNT162b2 vs. ChAdOx1). In keeping with our anti-S antibody data, we find that people vaccinated with ChAdOx1 had 1.64 times the odds (95% confidence interval 1.45-1.85) of a breakthrough infection compared to BNT162b2. We anticipate our findings to be useful in the estimation of the protective effect of anti-S levels on risk of infection due to Delta. Our findings provide evidence about the relationship between antibody levels and protection for different vaccines and will support decisions on optimising the timing of booster vaccinations and identifying individuals who should be prioritised for booster vaccination, including those who are older, clinically extremely vulnerable, or received ChAdOx1 as their primary course. Our finding that risk of infection by anti-S level does not interact with vaccine type, but that individuals vaccinated with ChAdOx1 were at higher risk of infection, provides additional support for the use of using anti-S levels for estimating vaccine efficacy.
MeSH term(s)	Antibodies, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-32265-5
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Article ; Online: Spike-antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination by demographic and clinical factors in a prospective community cohort study.

Shrotri, Madhumita / Fragaszy, Ellen / Nguyen, Vincent / Navaratnam, Annalan M D / Geismar, Cyril / Beale, Sarah / Kovar, Jana / Byrne, Thomas E / Fong, Wing Lam Erica / Patel, Parth / Aryee, Anna / Braithwaite, Isobel / Johnson, Anne M / Rodger, Alison / Hayward, Andrew C / Aldridge, Robert W

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 5780

Abstract: ... may be short. We evaluate Spike-antibody responses following BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S vaccination ...

Abstract	Vaccination constitutes the best long-term solution against Coronavirus Disease-2019; however, vaccine-derived immunity may not protect all groups equally, and the durability of protective antibodies may be short. We evaluate Spike-antibody responses following BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S vaccination amongst SARS-CoV2-naive adults across England and Wales enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Virus Watch). Here we show BNT162b2 recipients achieved higher peak antibody levels after two doses; however, both groups experience substantial antibody waning over time. In 8356 individuals submitting a sample ≥28 days after Dose 2, we observe significantly reduced Spike-antibody levels following two doses amongst individuals reporting conditions and therapies that cause immunosuppression. After adjusting for these, several common chronic conditions also appear to attenuate the antibody response. These findings suggest the need to continue prioritising vulnerable groups, who have been vaccinated earliest and have the most attenuated antibody responses, for future boosters.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibody Formation ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Cohort Studies ; Demography ; Humans ; Prospective Studies ; RNA, Viral ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; RNA, Viral ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-02
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-022-33550-z
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