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Article ; Online: Self-Healing Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Effect of Solvent Content.

Tai, Mae Hwa / Thiam, Hui San / Tee, Shiau Foon / Lim, Yun Seng / Saw, Lip Huat / Lai, Soon Onn

2023 Volume 15, Issue 24

Abstract: Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with superior characteristics are needed to advance fuel cell technology. Nafion, the most used PEM in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), has excellent proton conductivity but suffers from high methanol permeability and ... ...

Abstract	Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with superior characteristics are needed to advance fuel cell technology. Nafion, the most used PEM in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), has excellent proton conductivity but suffers from high methanol permeability and long-term performance degradation. Thus, this study aimed to create a healable PEM with improved durability and methanol barrier properties by combining sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA). The effect of changing the
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-08
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym15244641
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Self-Healing Sulfonated Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membrane for Direct Methanol Fuel Cells

Mae Hwa Tai / Hui San Thiam / Shiau Foon Tee / Yun Seng Lim / Lip Huat Saw / Soon Onn Lai

Polymers, Vol 15, Iss 24, p

Effect of Solvent Content

2023 Volume 4641

Abstract	Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) with superior characteristics are needed to advance fuel cell technology. Nafion, the most used PEM in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), has excellent proton conductivity but suffers from high methanol permeability and long-term performance degradation. Thus, this study aimed to create a healable PEM with improved durability and methanol barrier properties by combining sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) and poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA). The effect of changing the N , N -dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent concentration during membrane casting was investigated. Lower DMAc concentrations improved water absorption and, thus, membrane proton conductivity, but methanol permeability increased correspondingly. For the best trade-off between these two characteristics, the blend membrane with a 10 wt% DMAc solvent (SP10) exhibited the highest selectivity. SP10 also showed a remarkable self-healing capacity by regaining 88% of its pre-damage methanol-blocking efficiency. The ability to self-heal decreased with the increasing solvent concentration because of the increased crosslinking density and structure compactness, which reduced chain mobility. Optimizing the solvent concentration during membrane preparation is therefore an important factor in improving membrane performance in DMFCs. With its exceptional methanol barrier and self-healing characteristics, the pioneering SPEEK/PVA blend membrane may contribute to efficient and durable fuel cell systems.
Keywords	proton exchange membrane ; SPEEK ; PVA ; solvent ; self-healing ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	660
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effects of material doping on the performance of thermoelectric generator with/without equal segments

Chen, Wei-Hsin / Lin, Yen-Kuan / Luo, Ding / Jin, Liwen / Hoàng, Anh Tuấn / Saw, Lip Huat / Nižetić, Sandro

Applied Energy. 2023, p.121709-

2023 , Page(s) 121709–

Abstract: Thermoelectricity is a clean energy source that has garnered attention worldwide. Improving the performance of thermoelectric devices to convert waste heat into electricity efficiently is currently a priority for many researchers. One way to do this is ... ...

Abstract	Thermoelectricity is a clean energy source that has garnered attention worldwide. Improving the performance of thermoelectric devices to convert waste heat into electricity efficiently is currently a priority for many researchers. One way to do this is by improving the thermoelectric performance of the materials used in thermoelectric generators (TEGs). In recent years, doping different materials into thermoelectric materials to enhance TEG's performance has attracted attention. This study analyzes the improvement of TEGs by performing 3D numerical simulations of thermoelectric devices using a series of SnTe with different doping levels. The results show that the undoped SnTe-AgSbSe₂ composite has the highest output power compared with the doped case. In terms of conversion efficiency, the composite AgSbS₂ doped with 3% SnTe achieves the highest conversion efficiency. Furthermore, the performance comparison with conventional TEG shows that the equal segmented thermoelectric generator (STEG) has higher output power and conversion efficiency at all doping ratios. In addition, the SnTe-AgSbSe₂ composite with 3% doping concentration has the best thermoelectric performance with an output power of 64.49 mW and an efficiency of 14.17% at a temperature difference of 500 K (a hot side temperature of 800 K and a cold side temperature of 300 K). Accordingly, it is summarized that the combination of doped SnTe thermoelectric material and equal-STEG design can efficiently enhance the thermoelectric module's (TEM) performance.
Keywords	clean energy ; cold ; energy ; heat ; temperature ; thermoelectric generators ; thermoelectricity ; Thermoelectric generator (TEG) and generation ; Doping TE material ; Segmented thermoelectric generator (STEG) ; Output power and conversion efficiency ; Joule heat
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	2000772-3
ISSN	0306-2619
ISSN	0306-2619
DOI	10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121709
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Power generation and thermal stress characterization of thermoelectric modules with different unileg couples by recovering vehicle waste heat

Chen, Wei-Hsin / Huang, Tzu-Hsuan / Augusto, Gerardo Lumagbas / Lamba, Ravita / Maduabuchi, Chika / Saw, Lip Huat

Journal of cleaner production. 2022 Nov. 15, v. 375

2022

Abstract: Unileg thermoelectric generators (TEGs) possess a simple structure, high mechanical strength, and lower thermal stress and cost than conventional TEGs. So it is a promising clean and green energy device that directly converts waste heat into power. This ... ...

Abstract	Unileg thermoelectric generators (TEGs) possess a simple structure, high mechanical strength, and lower thermal stress and cost than conventional TEGs. So it is a promising clean and green energy device that directly converts waste heat into power. This study focuses on the performance and thermal stress of unileg thermoelectric modules (TEM) with different leg heights and numbers of legs by harvesting the vehicle's waste heat. This work also combines TEM and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the influence of fluid flow. When the hot-side and cold-side temperatures are fixed, the results reveal that the shorter the leg height, the higher the output power, as a consequence of smaller internal resistance. Alternatively, the maximum efficiency is merely reduced by 1.45% when the height decreases from 12 mm to 8 mm. The output power linearly increases with the number of legs, showing no interaction between the unilegs. Compared to the CFD predictions, the results without considering the fluid flows overestimate the maximum output power and efficiency by 80% and 32%, respectively. Because the thermal expansion coefficients of different materials in the TEM are not matched, thermal stress is generated. The thermal stress increases from the center of the TEM outward along the x- and y-axes, yielding maximum thermal stress of 219.48 MPa. Compared with conventional TEM thermal stress (348 MPa) at moderate and high-temperature applications, the maximum thermal stress is reduced by 36.9% from the unileg TEG.
Keywords	fluid mechanics ; heat ; power generation ; renewable energy sources ; strength (mechanics) ; thermal expansion ; thermal stress
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1115
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0959-6526
DOI	10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133987
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Performance evaluation and improvement of thermoelectric generators (TEG): Fin installation and compromise optimization

Chen, Wei-Hsin / Wang, Chi-Ming / Huat Saw, Lip / Hoang, Anh Tuan / Bandala, Argel A.

Energy conversion and management. 2021 Dec. 15, v. 250

2021

Abstract: How to improve the performance of thermoelectric generators is an important issue to recover waste heat and convert it into green power, which is conducive to practicing net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. The heat transfer and power generation of a ... ...

Abstract	How to improve the performance of thermoelectric generators is an important issue to recover waste heat and convert it into green power, which is conducive to practicing net-zero carbon dioxide emissions. The heat transfer and power generation of a thermoelectric module (TEM) under the influence of fin installation is investigated by three-dimensional fully numerical simulations where vehicle exhaust waste heat is harvested. This study considers a TEM in a hot channel without fins as well as with plate fins and square pin fins, while a cold channel is used to cool the TEM. The results show that installing plate fins or square pin fins can drastically intensify waste heat harvest, and the optimal number of square pin fins is 78 which increases the output power of the TEM by 24.14% compared to the plate fins. A compromise method in terms of heat flow rate ratio and heat flow rate ratio per unit area of square pin fins is conducted, which simultaneously considers the TEM’s output power and material cost. As a result, it is found that the optimal number of square pin fins is 54. The influences of the temperature and mass flow rate of the hot fluid on TEM performance are also evaluated, and the results indicate that the former has a pronounced impact whereas the latter is relatively unimportant. Installing more square pin fins gives rise to a higher pressure drop. Nevertheless, the net output power of the TEM increases with increasing the number of square pin fins and the highest value occurs at 78.
Keywords	administrative management ; carbon dioxide ; cold ; energy conversion ; heat flow ; mass flow ; power generation ; renewable energy sources ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1215
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000891-0
ISSN	0196-8904
ISSN	0196-8904
DOI	10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114858
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Modeling aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from human-exhaled particles in a hospital ward.

Saw, Lip Huat / Leo, Bey Fen / Nor, Norefrina Shafinaz Md / Yip, Chee Wai / Ibrahim, Nazlina / Hamid, Haris Hafizal Abd / Latif, Mohd Talib / Lin, Chin Yik / Nadzir, Mohd Shahrul Mohd

Environmental science and pollution research international

2021 Volume 28, Issue 38, Page(s) 53478–53492

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the world into uncharted territory, leaving people feeling helpless in the face of an invisible threat of unknown duration that could adversely impact the national economic growths. According to the World Health ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the world into uncharted territory, leaving people feeling helpless in the face of an invisible threat of unknown duration that could adversely impact the national economic growths. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the mouth or nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. However, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 through aerosols remains unclear. In this study, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used to complement the investigation of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission through aerosol. The Lagrangian particle tracking method was used to analyze the dispersion of the exhaled particles from a SARS-CoV-2-positive patient under different exhale activities and different flow rates of chilled (cooling) air supply. Air sampling of the SARS-CoV-2 patient ward was conducted for 48-h measurement intervals to collect the indoor air sample for particulate with diameter less than 2.5 μm. Then, the reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted to analyze the collected air sample. The simulation demonstrated that the aerosol transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in an enclosed room (such as a hospital ward) is highly possible.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; COVID-19 ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-25
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1178791-0
ISSN	1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
ISSN (online)	1614-7499
ISSN	0944-1344
DOI	10.1007/s11356-021-14519-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Modeling aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from human-exhaled particles in a hospital ward

Saw, Lip Huat / Leo, Bey Fen / Nor, Norefrina Shafinaz Md / Yip, Chee Wai / Ibrahim, Nazlina / Hamid, Haris Hafizal Abd / Mohd. Talib Latif / Lin, Chin Yik / Nadzir, Mohd Shahrul Mohd

Environmental science and pollution research. 2021 Oct., v. 28, no. 38 p.53478-53492

2021

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic has plunged the world into uncharted territory, leaving people feeling helpless in the face of an invisible threat of unknown duration that could adversely impact the national economic growths. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the SARS-CoV-2 spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the mouth or nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes. However, the transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 through aerosols remains unclear. In this study, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) is used to complement the investigation of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission through aerosol. The Lagrangian particle tracking method was used to analyze the dispersion of the exhaled particles from a SARS-CoV-2-positive patient under different exhale activities and different flow rates of chilled (cooling) air supply. Air sampling of the SARS-CoV-2 patient ward was conducted for 48-h measurement intervals to collect the indoor air sample for particulate with diameter less than 2.5 μm. Then, the reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was conducted to analyze the collected air sample. The simulation demonstrated that the aerosol transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in an enclosed room (such as a hospital ward) is highly possible.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; World Health Organization ; aerosols ; air ; air sampling ; cooling ; fluid mechanics ; hospitals ; mouth ; nose ; patients ; pollution ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; research ; reverse transcription ; saliva ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Size	p. 53478-53492.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1178791-0
ISSN	1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
ISSN (online)	1614-7499
ISSN	0944-1344
DOI	10.1007/s11356-021-14519-9
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Integration issues of lithium-ion battery into electric vehicles battery pack

Saw, Lip Huat / Andrew A.O. Tay / Yonghuang Ye

Journal of cleaner production. 2016 Feb. 01, v. 113

2016

Abstract: The critical challenges to enlarge the market share of electric vehicles (EVs) are cost, performance, reliability and safety. These issues are closely linked to the energy storage system in the EVs. Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the EV ... ...

Abstract	The critical challenges to enlarge the market share of electric vehicles (EVs) are cost, performance, reliability and safety. These issues are closely linked to the energy storage system in the EVs. Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the EV industry to become the preferred battery choice for EVs. This is due to their outstanding characteristics including high energy density, high voltage, low self-discharge rate, long cycle life, high charging and discharging rate capability. In EVs, Lithium-ion cells are connected in series and/or parallel to deliver the required power to the traction motor and auxiliary systems. However, due to the operating environment of EVs, the Lithium-ion battery may not perform to the best of its ability when integrated into an EV battery pack. In this work, the integration of Lithium-ion battery into an EV battery pack is investigated from different aspects, namely different battery chemistry, cell packaging, electric connection and control, thermal management, assembly and service and maintenance. In addition, benchmarking study using different cell packaging of Lithium Iron Phosphate cell as an energy storage system is conducted. This study provides a basic guideline for cell selection and integration of cell for the EVs battery pack.
Keywords	batteries ; energy ; energy density ; guidelines ; industry ; iron phosphates ; lithium ; market share ; packaging ; vehicles (equipment)
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-0201
Size	p. 1032-1045.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0959-6526
DOI	10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.11.011
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Application of interface material and effects of oxygen gradient on the performance of single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs).

Wang, Chin-Tsan / Sangeetha, Thangavel / Yan, Wei-Mon / Chong, Wen-Tong / Saw, Lip-Huat / Zhao, Feng / Chang, Chung-Ta / Wang, Chen-Hao

Journal of environmental sciences (China)

2018 Volume 75, Page(s) 163–168

Abstract: Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs ... ...

Abstract	Single-chamber sediment microbial fuel cells (SSMFCs) have received considerable attention nowadays because of their unique dual-functionality of power generation and enhancement of wastewater treatment performance. Thus, scaling up or upgrading SSMFCs for enhanced and efficient performance is a highly crucial task. Therefore, in order to achieve this goal, an innovative physical technique of using interface layers with four different pore sizes embedded in the middle of SSMFCs was utilized in this study. Experimental results showed that the performance of SSMFCs employing an interface layer was improved regardless of the pore size of the interface material, compared to those without such layers. The use of an interface layer resulted in a positive and significant effect on the performance of SSMFCs because of the effective prevention of oxygen diffusion from the cathode to the anode. Nevertheless, when a smaller pore size interface was utilized, better power performance and COD degradation were observed. A maximum power density of 0.032mW/m
MeSH term(s)	Bioelectric Energy Sources ; Diffusion ; Electricity ; Electrodes ; Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Oxygen ; Waste Disposal, Fluid/methods ; Waste Water
Chemical Substances	Waste Water ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-22
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2018.03.013
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Article: Computational fluid dynamics simulation on open cell aluminium foams for Li-ion battery cooling system

Saw, Lip Huat / Ming Chian Yew / Ming Kun Yew / Tan Ching Ng / Wen Tong Chong / Yonghuang Ye

Applied energy. 2017 Oct. 15, v. 204

2017

Abstract: Temperature is one of the factors which affect the power availability, driveability and durability of the battery pack. Folded fin and serpentine channel are commonly used to provide cooling for the battery pack. During the cooling process, fluid ... ...

Abstract	Temperature is one of the factors which affect the power availability, driveability and durability of the battery pack. Folded fin and serpentine channel are commonly used to provide cooling for the battery pack. During the cooling process, fluid absorbed the heat generated along the flow direction and caused the reduction of the cooling capacity. Hence, downstream temperature is always higher than the upstream temperature. Inconsistent cooling effect will lead to high variation of temperature distribution and shorten the life expectancy of the battery pack. In this study, a battery module consists of three pieces of LiFePO4 pouch cell arranged side by side, and aluminium foam is sandwiched between two heat spreaders to form a cooling plate. Aluminium foams with different porosity and pores density were modelled to investigate the thermal performance and flow field numerically. Correlation of Nusselt number, permeability and resistance loss coefficient from the literature was extracted and used in the CFD simulation. From the simulation results, it is shown that 10 PPI aluminium foam with 0.918 porosity offered the highest thermal performance and lowest flow resistance. Hence, the optimized aluminium foam cooling plate can be used as a new type of cooling system for the battery pack.
Keywords	aluminum ; batteries ; cooling systems ; durability ; flow resistance ; foams ; heat ; longevity ; permeability ; porosity ; spreaders ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-1015
Size	p. 1489-1499.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000772-3
ISSN	0306-2619
ISSN	0306-2619
DOI	10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.022
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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