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Article ; Online: Modafinil, an atypical CNS stimulant?

Hersey, Melinda / Tanda, Gianluigi

Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif.)

2023 Volume 99, Page(s) 287–326

Abstract: Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders. Due to its wide range of biochemical actions, modafinil has been explored for other potential therapeutic uses. Indeed, it has shown promise as ... ...

Abstract	Modafinil is a central nervous system stimulant approved for the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders. Due to its wide range of biochemical actions, modafinil has been explored for other potential therapeutic uses. Indeed, it has shown promise as a therapy for cognitive disfunction resulting from neurologic disorders like ADHD, and as a smart drug in non-medical settings. The mechanism(s) of actions underlying the therapeutic efficacy of this agent remains largely elusive. Modafinil is known to inhibit the dopamine transporter, thus decreasing dopamine reuptake following neuronal release, an effect shared by addictive psychostimulants. However, modafinil is unique in that only a few cases of dependence on this drug have been reported, as compared to other psychostimulants. Moreover, modafinil has been tested, with some success, as a potential therapeutic agent to combat psychostimulant and other substance use disorders. Modafinil has additional, but less understood, actions on other neurotransmitter systems (GABA, glutamate, serotonin, norepinephrine, etc.). These interactions, together with its ability to activate selected brain regions, are likely one of the keys to understand its unique pharmacology and therapeutic activity as a CNS stimulant. In this chapter, we outline the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of modafinil that suggest it has an "atypical" CNS stimulant profile. We also highlight the current approved and off label uses of modafinil, including its beneficial effects as a treatment for sleep disorders, cognitive functions, and substance use disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Modafinil/pharmacology ; Modafinil/therapeutic use ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/therapeutic use ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacokinetics ; Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology ; Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use ; Dopamine ; Substance-Related Disorders/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D) ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1557-8925
ISSN (online)	1557-8925
DOI	10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Preclinical studies on the reinforcing effects of cannabinoids. A tribute to the scientific research of Dr. Steve Goldberg.

Tanda, Gianluigi

Psychopharmacology

2016 Volume 233, Issue 10, Page(s) 1845–1866

Abstract: Rationale: The reinforcing effects of most abused drugs have been consistently demonstrated and studied in animal models, although those of marijuana were not, until the demonstration 15 years ago that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could serve as a ...

Abstract	Rationale: The reinforcing effects of most abused drugs have been consistently demonstrated and studied in animal models, although those of marijuana were not, until the demonstration 15 years ago that delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) could serve as a reinforcer in self-administration (SA) procedures in squirrel monkeys. Until then, those effects were inferred using indirect assessments. Objectives: The aim of this manuscript is to review the primary preclinical procedures used to indirectly and directly infer reinforcing effects of cannabinoid drugs. Methods: Results will be reviewed from studies of cannabinoid discrimination, intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS), conditioned place preference (CPP), as well as change in levels of dopamine assessed in brain areas related to reinforcement, and finally from self-administration procedures. For each procedure, an evaluation will be made of the predictive validity in detecting the potential abuse liability of cannabinoids based on seminal papers, with the addition of selected reports from more recent years especially those from Dr. Goldberg's research group. Results and conclusions: ICSS and CPP do not provide consistent results for the assessment of potential for abuse of cannabinoids. However, drug discrimination and neurochemistry procedures appear to detect potential for abuse of cannabinoids, as well as several novel "designer cannabinoid drugs." Though after 15 years transfer of the self-administration model of marijuana abuse from squirrel monkeys to other species remains somewhat problematic, studies with the former species have substantially advanced the field, and several reports have been published with consistent self-administration of cannabinoid agonists in rodents.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cannabinoids/administration & dosage ; Cannabinoids/pharmacology ; Humans ; Marijuana Abuse/psychology ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Self Administration
Chemical Substances	Cannabinoids
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-03-30
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	130601-7
ISSN	1432-2072 ; 0033-3158
ISSN (online)	1432-2072
ISSN	0033-3158
DOI	10.1007/s00213-016-4244-7
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Article ; Online: An FSCV Study on the Effects of Targeted Typical and Atypical DAT Inhibition on Dopamine Dynamics in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell of Male and Female Mice.

Hersey, Melinda / Chen, Andy Y / Bartole, Mattingly K / Anand, Jayati / Newman, Amy Hauck / Tanda, Gianluigi

ACS chemical neuroscience

2023 Volume 14, Issue 15, Page(s) 2802–2810

Abstract: Understanding the neurochemistry underlying sex differences in psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) is essential for developing related therapeutics. Many psychostimulants, like cocaine, inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT), which is largely thought to ...

Abstract	Understanding the neurochemistry underlying sex differences in psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) is essential for developing related therapeutics. Many psychostimulants, like cocaine, inhibit the dopamine transporter (DAT), which is largely thought to account for actions related to their misuse and dependence. Cocaine-like, typical DAT inhibitors preferentially bind DAT in an outward-facing conformation, while atypical DAT inhibitors, like modafinil, prefer a more inward-facing DAT conformation. Modafinil and
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Mice ; Male ; Animals ; Modafinil/pharmacology ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology ; Cocaine/pharmacology ; Cocaine/metabolism ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	JJC8-091 ; Modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D) ; JJC8-088 ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Cocaine (I5Y540LHVR) ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
ISSN	1948-7193
ISSN (online)	1948-7193
DOI	10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00354
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Article ; Online: Are There Prevalent Sex Differences in Psychostimulant Use Disorder? A Focus on the Potential Therapeutic Efficacy of Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors.

Hersey, Melinda / Bartole, Mattingly K / Jones, Claire S / Newman, Amy Hauck / Tanda, Gianluigi

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 28, Issue 13

Abstract: Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) affect a growing number of men and women and exert sizable public health and economic burdens on our global society. Notably, there are some sex differences in the onset of dependence, relapse rates, and treatment ... ...

Abstract	Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) affect a growing number of men and women and exert sizable public health and economic burdens on our global society. Notably, there are some sex differences in the onset of dependence, relapse rates, and treatment success with PSUD observed in preclinical and clinical studies. The subtle sex differences observed in the behavioral aspects of PSUD may be associated with differences in the neurochemistry of the dopaminergic system between sexes. Preclinically, psychostimulants have been shown to increase synaptic dopamine (DA) levels and may downregulate the dopamine transporter (DAT). This effect is greatest in females during the high estradiol phase of the estrous cycle. Interestingly, women have been shown to be more likely to begin drug use at younger ages and report higher levels of desire to use cocaine than males. Even though there is currently no FDA-approved medication, modafinil, a DAT inhibitor approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders, has shown promise in the treatment of PSUD among specific populations of affected individuals. In this review, we highlight the therapeutic potential of modafinil and other atypical DAT inhibitors focusing on the lack of sex differences in the actions of these agents.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Modafinil/therapeutic use ; Modafinil/pharmacology ; Sex Characteristics ; Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology ; Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology ; Cocaine/pharmacology ; Dopamine
Chemical Substances	Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors ; Modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D) ; Benzhydryl Compounds ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Cocaine (I5Y540LHVR) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1413402-0
ISSN	1420-3049 ; 1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
ISSN (online)	1420-3049
ISSN	1431-5165 ; 1420-3049
DOI	10.3390/molecules28135270
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Article ; Online: Are There Prevalent Sex Differences in Psychostimulant Use Disorder? A Focus on the Potential Therapeutic Efficacy of Atypical Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors

Melinda Hersey / Mattingly K. Bartole / Claire S. Jones / Amy Hauck Newman / Gianluigi Tanda

Molecules, Vol 28, Iss 5270, p

2023 Volume 5270

Abstract	Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) affect a growing number of men and women and exert sizable public health and economic burdens on our global society. Notably, there are some sex differences in the onset of dependence, relapse rates, and treatment success with PSUD observed in preclinical and clinical studies. The subtle sex differences observed in the behavioral aspects of PSUD may be associated with differences in the neurochemistry of the dopaminergic system between sexes. Preclinically, psychostimulants have been shown to increase synaptic dopamine (DA) levels and may downregulate the dopamine transporter (DAT). This effect is greatest in females during the high estradiol phase of the estrous cycle. Interestingly, women have been shown to be more likely to begin drug use at younger ages and report higher levels of desire to use cocaine than males. Even though there is currently no FDA-approved medication, modafinil, a DAT inhibitor approved for use in the treatment of narcolepsy and sleep disorders, has shown promise in the treatment of PSUD among specific populations of affected individuals. In this review, we highlight the therapeutic potential of modafinil and other atypical DAT inhibitors focusing on the lack of sex differences in the actions of these agents.
Keywords	dopamine ; modafinil ; cocaine ; DAT ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	150
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Dual DAT and sigma receptor inhibitors attenuate cocaine effects on nucleus accumbens dopamine dynamics in rats.

Hersey, Melinda / Mereu, Maddalena / Jones, Claire S / Bartole, Mattingly K / Chen, Andy Y / Cao, Jianjing / Hiranita, Takato / Chun, Lauren E / Lopez, Jessica P / Katz, Jonathan L / Newman, Amy Hauck / Tanda, Gianluigi

The European journal of neuroscience

2024

Abstract: Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) are prevalent; however, no FDA-approved medications have been made available for treatment. Previous studies have shown that dual inhibitors of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and sigma receptors significantly reduce ... ...

Abstract	Psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD) are prevalent; however, no FDA-approved medications have been made available for treatment. Previous studies have shown that dual inhibitors of the dopamine transporter (DAT) and sigma receptors significantly reduce the behavioral/reinforcing effects of cocaine, which have been associated with stimulation of extracellular dopamine (DA) levels resulting from DAT inhibition. Here, we employ microdialysis and fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) procedures to investigate the effects of dual inhibitors of DAT and sigma receptors in combination with cocaine on nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) DA dynamics in naïve male Sprague Dawley rats. In microdialysis studies, administration of rimcazole (3, 10 mg/kg; i.p.) or its structural analog SH 3-24 (1, 3 mg/kg; i.p.), compounds that are dual inhibitors of DAT and sigma receptors, significantly reduced NAS DA efflux stimulated by increasing doses of cocaine (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.). Using the same experimental conditions, in FSCV tests, we show that rimcazole pretreatments attenuated cocaine-induced stimulation of evoked NAS DA release but produced no additional effect on DA clearance rate. Under the same conditions, JJC8-091, a modafinil analog and dual inhibitor of DAT and sigma receptors, similarly attenuated cocaine-induced stimulation of evoked NAS DA release but produced no additional effect on DA clearance rate. Our results provide the neurochemical groundwork towards understanding actions of dual inhibitors of DAT and sigma receptors on DA dynamics that likely mediate the behavioral effects of psychostimulants like cocaine.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-05
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/ejn.16293
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Article ; Online: Oxytocin receptors mediate oxytocin potentiation of methylphenidate-induced stimulation of accumbens dopamine in rats.

Hersey, Melinda / Bacon, Amanda K / Bailey, Lydia G / Lee, Mary R / Chen, Andy Y / Leggio, Lorenzo / Tanda, Gianluigi

Journal of neurochemistry

2022 Volume 164, Issue 5, Page(s) 613–623

Abstract: While the illicit use and misuse of stimulants like cocaine and methylphenidate (MP) has increased, there remains no FDA-approved treatments for psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD). Oxytocin (OT) has shown promise as a potential pharmacotherapy for PSUD. ...

Abstract	While the illicit use and misuse of stimulants like cocaine and methylphenidate (MP) has increased, there remains no FDA-approved treatments for psychostimulant use disorders (PSUD). Oxytocin (OT) has shown promise as a potential pharmacotherapy for PSUD. Dopamine (DA) neurotransmission plays a significant role in PSUD. We have recently shown that OT blunts the reinforcing effects of MP but, surprisingly, enhanced MP-induced stimulation of DA levels. Such effects have been suggested as a result of activation of OT receptors or, alternatively, could be mediated by direct actions of OT on MP blockade of the DA transporter. Here, we employed fast scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) to investigate the effects of systemic OT on MP-induced changes in the dynamics of DA, phasic release and uptake, in the nucleus accumbens shell (NAS) of Sprague-Dawley rats. We also tested the systemic effects of an antagonist of OT receptors, atosiban, to counteract the OT enhancement of dopaminergic effects of MP under microdialysis procedures in the NAS in rats. Administration of OT alone (2 mg/kg; i.p.) did not significantly modify evoked NAS DA dynamics measured by FSCV, and when administered 10 min before MP (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.), OT did not potentiate MP-induced increases in phasic DA release and did not alter DA clearance rate, suggesting no direct interactions of OT with the MP-induced blockade of DA uptake. Also, OT alone did not elicit significant changes in tonic, extracellular NAS DA levels measured by microdialysis. However, consistent with previous studies, we observed that OT pretreatments (2 mg/kg; i.p.) potentiated MP-induced (0.1, 0.3, 1.0 mg/kg; i.v.) efflux of extracellular NAS DA levels. This effect was abolished when rats were pretreated with atosiban (2 mg/kg; i.p.), suggesting that OT receptors mediate this OT action. Overall, our results suggest that OT receptors mediated OT potentiation of MP-induced stimulation of extracellular NAS DA levels, likely driven by modulation of DA receptor signaling pathways, without affecting MP blockade of DAT.
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Methylphenidate/metabolism ; Methylphenidate/pharmacology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Oxytocin/metabolism ; Oxytocin/pharmacology ; Receptors, Oxytocin/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/pharmacology ; Nucleus Accumbens
Chemical Substances	Methylphenidate (207ZZ9QZ49) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Oxytocin (50-56-6) ; Receptors, Oxytocin ; Central Nervous System Stimulants
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
ZDB-ID	80158-6
ISSN	1471-4159 ; 0022-3042 ; 1474-1644
ISSN (online)	1471-4159
ISSN	0022-3042 ; 1474-1644
DOI	10.1111/jnc.15730
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Article ; Online: Interactions of calmodulin kinase II with the dopamine transporter facilitate cocaine-induced enhancement of evoked dopamine release.

Keighron, Jacqueline D / Bonaventura, Jordi / Li, Yang / Yang, Jae-Won / DeMarco, Emily M / Hersey, Melinda / Cao, Jianjing / Sandtner, Walter / Michaelides, Michael / Sitte, Harald H / Newman, Amy Hauck / Tanda, Gianluigi

Translational psychiatry

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 202

Abstract: Typical and atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors (DUIs) prefer distinct conformations of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to form ligand-transporter complexes, resulting in markedly different effects on behavior, neurochemistry, and potential for addiction. ...

Abstract	Typical and atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors (DUIs) prefer distinct conformations of the dopamine transporter (DAT) to form ligand-transporter complexes, resulting in markedly different effects on behavior, neurochemistry, and potential for addiction. Here we show that cocaine and cocaine-like typical psychostimulants elicit changes in DA dynamics distinct from those elicited by atypical DUIs, as measured via voltammetry procedures. While both classes of DUIs reduced DA clearance rate, an effect significantly related to their DAT affinity, only typical DUIs elicited a significant stimulation of evoked DA release, an effect unrelated to their DAT affinity, which suggests a mechanism of action other than or in addition to DAT blockade. When given in combination, typical DUIs enhance the stimulatory effects of cocaine on evoked DA release while atypical DUIs blunt them. Pretreatments with an inhibitor of CaMKIIα, a kinase that interacts with DAT and that regulates synapsin phosphorylation and mobilization of reserve pools of DA vesicles, blunted the effects of cocaine on evoked DA release. Our results suggest a role for CaMKIIα in modulating the effects of cocaine on evoked DA release without affecting cocaine inhibition of DA reuptake. This effect is related to a specific DAT conformation stabilized by cocaine. Moreover, atypical DUIs, which prefer a distinct DAT conformation, blunt cocaine's neurochemical and behavioral effects, indicating a unique mechanism underlying their potential as medications for treating psychostimulant use disorder.
MeSH term(s)	Cocaine/pharmacology ; Dopamine ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases
Chemical Substances	Cocaine (I5Y540LHVR) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X) ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.17)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2609311-X
ISSN	2158-3188 ; 2158-3188
ISSN (online)	2158-3188
ISSN	2158-3188
DOI	10.1038/s41398-023-02493-4
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Article ; Online: A further assessment of a role for Toll-like receptor 4 in the reinforcing and reinstating effects of opioids.

Yue, Kai / Tanda, Gianluigi / Katz, Jonathan L / Zanettini, Claudio

Behavioural pharmacology

2019 Volume 31, Issue 2&3, Page(s) 186–195

Abstract: The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists, (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, have been reported to decrease self-administration of opioids in rats and to reduce other preclinical indicators of abuse potential. However, under the self-administration ... ...

Abstract	The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonists, (+)-naloxone and (+)-naltrexone, have been reported to decrease self-administration of opioids in rats and to reduce other preclinical indicators of abuse potential. However, under the self-administration conditions studied, the effects of TLR4 antagonists were not reinforcer selective, questioning the involvement of those receptors and their mediated inflammatory response specifically in opioid abuse. The objectives of the current study were to further characterize the reinforcer specificity of TLR4 antagonism in opioid self-administration and to explore its effects in a preclinical model of craving/relapse. The TLR4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone decreased responding in rats trained to self-administer the µ-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil, but with a potency that was not significantly different from that observed in another group of subjects in which responding was maintained by food reinforcement. Responding reinstated by heroin injection was decreased by (+)-naltrexone; however, a similar reduction was not reproduced with the administration of another TLR4 antagonist, lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides, administered into the NAcc shell. Thus, TLR4 antagonists lacked reinforcer selectivity in reducing opioid self-administration and were not uniformly effective in a model of craving/relapse, suggesting limitations on the development of (+)-naltrexone or TLR4 antagonists as treatments for opioid abuse.
MeSH term(s)	Analgesics, Opioid/metabolism ; Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology ; Animals ; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects ; Heroin/administration & dosage ; Male ; Naloxone/pharmacology ; Naltrexone/pharmacology ; Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Opioid-Related Disorders/physiopathology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Self Administration ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/antagonists & inhibitors ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism ; Toll-Like Receptor 4/physiology
Chemical Substances	Analgesics, Opioid ; Narcotic Antagonists ; Toll-Like Receptor 4 ; Naloxone (36B82AMQ7N) ; Naltrexone (5S6W795CQM) ; Heroin (70D95007SX)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1027374-8
ISSN	1473-5849 ; 0955-8810
ISSN (online)	1473-5849
ISSN	0955-8810
DOI	10.1097/FBP.0000000000000474
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Article ; Online: Modafinil and its structural analogs as atypical dopamine uptake inhibitors and potential medications for psychostimulant use disorder.

Tanda, Gianluigi / Hersey, Melinda / Hempel, Briana / Xi, Zheng-Xiong / Newman, Amy Hauck

Current opinion in pharmacology

2020 Volume 56, Page(s) 13–21

Abstract: Pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of psychostimulant use disorder are still an unmet medical goal. Recently, off label use of modafinil (MOD), an approved medication for treatment of sleep disturbances, has been tested as a therapeutic for cocaine and ... ...

Abstract	Pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of psychostimulant use disorder are still an unmet medical goal. Recently, off label use of modafinil (MOD), an approved medication for treatment of sleep disturbances, has been tested as a therapeutic for cocaine and methamphetamine use disorder. Positive results have been found in subjects dependent on psychostimulants without concurrent abuse of other substances. Novel structural analogs of MOD have been synthesized in the search for compounds with potentially broader therapeutic efficacy than the parent drug. In the present report we review their potential efficacy as treatments for psychostimulant abuse and dependence assessed in preclinical tests. Results from these preclinical proof of concept studies reveal that some modafinil analogs do not possess typical cocaine-like neurochemical and behavioral effects. Further, they might blunt the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in animal models, suggesting their potential efficacy as pharmacotherapeutics for treatment of psychostimulant use disorders.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Benzhydryl Compounds/therapeutic use ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/adverse effects ; Cocaine ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors ; Humans ; Modafinil
Chemical Substances	Benzhydryl Compounds ; Central Nervous System Stimulants ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors ; Cocaine (I5Y540LHVR) ; Modafinil (R3UK8X3U3D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2037057-X
ISSN	1471-4973 ; 1471-4892
ISSN (online)	1471-4973
ISSN	1471-4892
DOI	10.1016/j.coph.2020.07.007
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