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Article ; Online: Dog population structure in Kumasi, Ghana: a missing link towards rabies control.

Tasiame, William / Johnson, Sherry / Burimuah, Vitus / Akyereko, Ernest / Amemor, Esther

2019 Volume 33, Page(s) 13

Abstract: Introduction: Dog-mediated human rabies remains a major public health threat in Ghana. Dog population structure surveys are pre-requisites for appropriate planning for rabies vaccination; however, this information is unavailable in Ghana. This study ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Dog-mediated human rabies remains a major public health threat in Ghana. Dog population structure surveys are pre-requisites for appropriate planning for rabies vaccination; however, this information is unavailable in Ghana. This study describes dog population structure in Kumasi, Ghana. Methods: A household cross sectional survey was conducted from January through April 2016 in Ayeduase and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) campus using a structured questionnaire. Results: A total of 1319 households were surveyed out of which 35.1% (463/1319) kept dogs. We recorded 816 dogs from 463 households, giving dog to household ratio of 1.8:1. Respondents acquired 71% (579/816) of dogs through purchase. Of 2065 persons in Ayeduase, 406 owned dogs, resulting in man to dog ratio of 5.1:1. Male dogs represented 62.9% (513/816) while those aged a year and above recorded 70%. Most of the dogs were not restricted (80.3%) and 49.9% were allowed to enter neighbors' households. Dog rabies vaccination coverage was 28.1% and 64.9% in Ayeduase and KNUST campus respectively. Respondents (87.8%) from Ayeduase knew dog bite was the main means of rabies transmission, however, about 65% believed in traditional ways of treatment such as concoction, herbs and consumption of offending dogs' organs. Conclusion: The high dog to household-human ratio, increased roaming dog population and low vaccination coverage is of concern to rabies. Respondents' knowledge on their dogs is an indication of accessibility for vaccination. Obtained results can be useful for rabies vaccination planning in Kumasi and other comparable settings in Ghana.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bites and Stings/virology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dog Diseases/prevention & control ; Dog Diseases/virology ; Dogs ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Ghana ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Male ; Ownership/statistics & numerical data ; Rabies/prevention & control ; Rabies/transmission ; Rabies Vaccines/administration & dosage ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaccination/statistics & numerical data ; Vaccination Coverage/statistics & numerical data
Chemical Substances	Rabies Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-08
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2514347-5
ISSN	1937-8688 ; 1937-8688
ISSN (online)	1937-8688
ISSN	1937-8688
DOI	10.11604/pamj.2019.33.13.18284
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Article ; Online: Dog population structure in Kumasi, Ghana

William Tasiame / Sherry Johnson / Vitus Burimuah / Ernest Akyereko / Esther Amemor

The Pan African Medical Journal, Vol 33, Iss

a missing link towards rabies control

2019 Volume 13

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Dog-mediated human rabies remains a major public health threat in Ghana. Dog population structure surveys are pre-requisites for appropriate planning for rabies vaccination; however, this information is unavailable in Ghana. This study ... ...

Abstract	INTRODUCTION: Dog-mediated human rabies remains a major public health threat in Ghana. Dog population structure surveys are pre-requisites for appropriate planning for rabies vaccination; however, this information is unavailable in Ghana. This study describes dog population structure in Kumasi, Ghana. METHODS: A household cross sectional survey was conducted from January through April 2016 in Ayeduase and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) campus using a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 1319 households were surveyed out of which 35.1% (463/1319) kept dogs. We recorded 816 dogs from 463 households, giving dog to household ratio of 1.8:1. Respondents acquired 71% (579/816) of dogs through purchase. Of 2065 persons in Ayeduase, 406 owned dogs, resulting in man to dog ratio of 5.1:1. Male dogs represented 62.9% (513/816) while those aged a year and above recorded 70%. Most of the dogs were not restricted (80.3%) and 49.9% were allowed to enter neighbors households. Dog rabies vaccination coverage was 28.1% and 64.9% in Ayeduase and KNUST campus respectively. Respondents (87.8%) from Ayeduase knew dog bite was the main means of rabies transmission, however, about 65% believed in traditional ways of treatment such as concoction, herbs and consumption of offending dogs' organs. CONCLUSION: The high dog to household-human ratio, increased roaming dog population and low vaccination coverage is of concern to rabies. Respondents' knowledge on their dogs is an indication of accessibility for vaccination. Obtained results can be useful for rabies vaccination planning in Kumasi and other comparable settings in Ghana.
Keywords	dog population structure ; rabies control ; kumasi ; ghana ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Pan African Medical Journal
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Seroprevalence of

Bentum, Kingsley E / Folitse, Raphael D / Amemor, Esther / Burimuah, Vitus / Opoku-Agyemang, Tony / Emikpe, Benjamin Obukowho

Journal of immunoassay & immunochemistry

2019 Volume 40, Issue 5, Page(s) 495–501

Abstract: Toxoplasmosis, caused ... ...

Abstract	Toxoplasmosis, caused by
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Ghana ; Goats/immunology ; Goats/parasitology ; Humans ; Male ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Sheep/immunology ; Sheep/parasitology ; Toxoplasma/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Protozoan
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050610-7
ISSN	1532-4230 ; 1532-1819
ISSN (online)	1532-4230
ISSN	1532-1819
DOI	10.1080/15321819.2019.1642916
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Article ; Online: Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission.

Tasiame, William / El-Duah, Philip / Johnson, Sherry A M / Owiredu, Eddie-Williams / Bleicker, Tobias / Veith, Talitha / Schneider, Julia / Emikpe, Benjamin / Folitse, Raphael D / Burimuah, Vitus / Akyereko, Ernest / Drosten, Christian / Corman, Victor Max

Transboundary and emerging diseases

2021 Volume 69, Issue 4, Page(s) e71–e81

Abstract: Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South- ... ...

Abstract	Dog-mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South-East Asia, more information on this and factors that influence dog meat consumption is required for a better understanding from places like Ghana where the practice is common. We tested 144 brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption for the presence of rabies viruses using a Lyssavirus-specific real-Time RT-PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by virus genome sequencing. We also administered questionnaires to 541 dog owners from three regions in Ghana and evaluated factors that could influence dog meat consumption. We interacted with butchers and observed slaughtering and meat preparation procedures. Three out of 144 (2.1%) brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs tested positive for rabies virus RNA. Two of the viruses with complete genomes were distinct from one another, but both belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. The third virus with a partial genome fragment had high sequence identity to the other two and also belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. Almost half of the study participants practiced dog consumption [49% (265/541)]. Males were almost twice (cOR = 1.72, 95% CI (1.17-2.52), p-value = .006) as likely to consume dog meat compared to females. Likewise, the Frafra tribe from northern Ghana [cOR = 825.1, 95% CI (185.3-3672.9), p-value < .0001] and those with non-specific tribes [cOR = 47.05, 95% CI (10.18-217.41), p-value < .0001] presented with higher odds of dog consumption compared to Ewes. The butchers used bare hands in meat preparation. This study demonstrates the presence of rabies virus RNA in apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Ghana and suggests a potential risk for rabies transmission. Veterinary departments and local assemblies are recommended to monitor and regulate this practice.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Dog Diseases/epidemiology ; Dogs ; Female ; Ghana/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; RNA ; Rabies/epidemiology ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies virus/genetics ; Sheep ; Sheep Diseases
Chemical Substances	RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-04
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2414822-2
ISSN	1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
ISSN (online)	1865-1682
ISSN	1865-1674
DOI	10.1111/tbed.14266
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Article: Rabies virus in slaughtered dogs for meat consumption in Ghana: A potential risk for rabies transmission

Tasiame, William / El‐Duah, Philip / Johnson, Sherry A.M / Owiredu, Eddie‐Williams / Bleicker, Tobias / Veith, Talitha / Schneider, Julia / Emikpe, Benjamin / Folitse, Raphael D. / Burimuah, Vitus / Akyereko, Ernest / Drosten, Christian / Corman, Victor Max

Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2022 July, v. 69, no. 4

2022

Abstract: Dog‐mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South‐ ... ...

Abstract	Dog‐mediated rabies is responsible for approximately 60,000 human deaths annually worldwide. Although dog slaughter for human consumption and its potential risk for rabies transmission has been reported, mainly in some parts of Western Africa and South‐East Asia, more information on this and factors that influence dog meat consumption is required for a better understanding from places like Ghana where the practice is common. We tested 144 brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption for the presence of rabies viruses using a Lyssavirus‐specific real‐Time RT‐PCR. Positive samples were confirmed by virus genome sequencing. We also administered questionnaires to 541 dog owners from three regions in Ghana and evaluated factors that could influence dog meat consumption. We interacted with butchers and observed slaughtering and meat preparation procedures. Three out of 144 (2.1%) brain tissues from apparently healthy dogs tested positive for rabies virus RNA. Two of the viruses with complete genomes were distinct from one another, but both belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. The third virus with a partial genome fragment had high sequence identity to the other two and also belonged to the Africa 2 lineage. Almost half of the study participants practiced dog consumption [49% (265/541)]. Males were almost twice (cOR = 1.72, 95% CI (1.17–2.52), p‐value = .006) as likely to consume dog meat compared to females. Likewise, the Frafra tribe from northern Ghana [cOR = 825.1, 95% CI (185.3–3672.9), p‐value < .0001] and those with non‐specific tribes [cOR = 47.05, 95% CI (10.18–217.41), p‐value < .0001] presented with higher odds of dog consumption compared to Ewes. The butchers used bare hands in meat preparation. This study demonstrates the presence of rabies virus RNA in apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption in Ghana and suggests a potential risk for rabies transmission. Veterinary departments and local assemblies are recommended to monitor and regulate this practice.
Keywords	RNA ; Rabies lyssavirus ; brain ; dogs ; humans ; meat ; meat consumption ; rabies ; risk ; sequence analysis ; slaughter ; viral genome ; viruses ; Ghana ; South East Asia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Size	p. e71-e81.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2414822-2
ISSN	1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
ISSN (online)	1865-1682
ISSN	1865-1674
DOI	10.1111/tbed.14266
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Article ; Online: Sero-molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in pigs and human contacts in Ghana.

Yeboah, Richmond / Sylverken, Augustina Angelina / Owusu, Michael / El-Duah, Philip / Burimuah, Vitus / Frimpong, Yaw / Lamptey, Jones / Eckerle, Isabella / Meyer, Benjamin / Antwi, Christopher / Agbenyaga, Olivia / Folitse, Raphael / Emikpe, Benjamin / Oppong, Samuel Kingsley / Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw / Drosten, Christian

One health outlook

2021 Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 13

Abstract: Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is among the leading causes of viral hepatitis in most developing countries. Zoonotic acquisition of HEV genotype 3 from swine has come into focus more recently. Available studies on HEV in Ghana and other countries ... ...

Abstract	Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is among the leading causes of viral hepatitis in most developing countries. Zoonotic acquisition of HEV genotype 3 from swine has come into focus more recently. Available studies on HEV in Ghana and other countries in the region do not provide enough information towards understanding the epidemiology of HEV in human and animal populations. Towards this end, we conducted a comparative cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with HEV exposure, both in swine and humans working on pig farms in typical local settings. The presence of viral RNA in human and swine samples was also evaluated, along with classification of viral sequences from HEV-positive samples. Methods: Structured questionnaires soliciting information on pigs reared, as well as socio-demographic information including age, sex and educational background of humans was collected. A total of 10 ml and 5 ml of whole blood was collected from pigs and human participants respectively. ELISA and real-time RT-PCR were performed on the sera for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus and viral RNA, respectively. Results: Five hundred and forty-four (544) human participants including 264 swine contacts and 280 swine non-contacts were enrolled in the study. Although the proportion of HEV IgG antibodies was higher in contact groups (114; 54.3%) than non-contact groups (96; 45.7%), a multivariate analysis did not show any significant difference. No HEV RNA was detected in human samples. Similarly, 720 pigs were sampled from 18 farms located in five regions in Ghana. Twenty-three (23) of the pigs (3.2, 95%CI = 2.0-4.8) were positive for HEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR testing. Sequences obtained from HEV-positive samples were found to share high sequence identities with each other and clustered with other genotype 3 viruses indicating the existence of circulating zoonotic genotype 3 viruses on farms. Although we did not find evidence of pig to human transmission of HEV genotype 3, the presence of this genotype in pigs shows the potential for possible zoonotic transmission in African farm settings and buttresses the importance of active surveillance for the infection among at risk populations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2524-4655
ISSN (online)	2524-4655
DOI	10.1186/s42522-021-00043-w
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Article: Molecular-based cross-species evaluation of bovine coronavirus infection in cattle, sheep and goats in Ghana

Burimuah, Vitus / Sylverken, Augustina / Owusu, Michael / El-Duah, Philip / Yeboah, Richmond / Lamptey, Jones / Frimpong, Yaw Oppong / Agbenyega, Olivia / Folitse, Raphael / Emikpe, Ben / Tasiame, William / Owiredu, Eddie-Williams / Oppong, Samuel / Antwi, Christopher / Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw / Drosten, Christian

BMC veterinary research. 2020 Dec., v. 16, no. 1

2020

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry, particularly with respect to cattle rearing, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Apart from the huge worldwide economic losses often occasioned by bovine coronavirus (BCoV) to the livestock industry, particularly with respect to cattle rearing, continuous surveillance of the virus in cattle and small ruminants is essential in monitoring variations in the virus that could enhance host switching. In this study, we collected rectal swabs from a total of 1,498 cattle, sheep and goats. BCoV detection was based on reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Sanger sequencing of the partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region for postive samples were done and nucleotide sequences were compared with homologous sequences from the GenBank. RESULTS: The study reports a BCoV prevalence of 0.3%, consisting of 4 positive cases; 3 goats and 1 cattle. Less than 10% of all the animals sampled showed clinical signs such as diarrhea and respiratory distress except for high temperature which occurred in > 1000 of the animals. However, none of the 4 BCoV positive animals manifested any clinical signs of the infection at the time of sample collection. Bayesian majority-rule cladogram comparing partial and full length BCoV RdRp genes obtained in the study to data from the GenBank revealed that the sequences obtained from this study formed one large monophyletic group with those from different species and countries. The goat sequences were similar to each other and clustered within the same clade. No major variations were thus observed between our isolates and those from elsewhere. CONCLUSIONS: Given that Ghana predominantly practices the extensive and semi-intensive systems of animal rearing, our study highlights the potential for spillover of BCoV to small ruminants in settings with mixed husbandry and limited separation between species.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; Bovine coronavirus ; Coronavirus infections ; RNA-directed RNA polymerase ; cattle ; detection ; diarrhea ; distress ; financial economics ; genes ; goats ; infection ; length ; livestock and meat industry ; monitoring ; monophyly ; nucleotide sequences ; prevalence ; rearing ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; sampling ; separation ; sequence homology ; sheep ; signs and symptoms (animals and humans) ; temperature ; veterinary medicine ; viruses ; Ghana
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-12
Size	p. 405.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ISSN	1746-6148
DOI	10.1186/s12917-020-02606-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Potential Intermediate Hosts for Coronavirus Transmission: No Evidence of Clade 2c Coronaviruses in Domestic Livestock from Ghana.

El-Duah, Philip / Sylverken, Augustina / Owusu, Michael / Yeboah, Richmond / Lamptey, Jones / Frimpong, Yaw Oppong / Burimuah, Vitus / Antwi, Christopher / Folitse, Raphael / Agbenyega, Olivia / Oppong, Samuel / Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw

Tropical medicine and infectious disease

2019 Volume 4, Issue 1

Abstract: The emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. There is a likelihood of other ... ...

Abstract	The emergence of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), nearly a decade ago with worldwide distribution, was believed to be of zoonotic origin from bats with dromedary camels as intermediate hosts. There is a likelihood of other domestic livestock serving as intermediate hosts for this virus. The presence of coronaviruses, closely related to MERS-CoV in Ghanaian bats, presented the opportunity to test the hypothesis of transmissibility of this virus through domestic livestock species. The possible interactions between livestock and bats in 31 household farms were accessed by observation and interviews with farmers. Rectal swabs and serum from cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and swine from commercial and household farms were tested for MERS-CoV and a
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2414-6366
ISSN (online)	2414-6366
DOI	10.3390/tropicalmed4010034
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Article ; Online: Sero-molecular epidemiology of hepatitis E virus in pigs and human contacts in Ghana

Richmond Yeboah / Augustina Angelina Sylverken / Michael Owusu / Philip El-Duah / Vitus Burimuah / Yaw Frimpong / Jones Lamptey / Isabella Eckerle / Benjamin Meyer / Christopher Antwi / Olivia Agbenyaga / Raphael Folitse / Benjamin Emikpe / Samuel Kingsley Oppong / Yaw Adu-Sarkodie / Christian Drosten

One Health Outlook, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2021 Volume 11

Abstract: Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is among the leading causes of viral hepatitis in most developing countries. Zoonotic acquisition of HEV genotype 3 from swine has come into focus more recently. Available studies on HEV in Ghana and other ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is among the leading causes of viral hepatitis in most developing countries. Zoonotic acquisition of HEV genotype 3 from swine has come into focus more recently. Available studies on HEV in Ghana and other countries in the region do not provide enough information towards understanding the epidemiology of HEV in human and animal populations. Towards this end, we conducted a comparative cross-sectional study to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with HEV exposure, both in swine and humans working on pig farms in typical local settings. The presence of viral RNA in human and swine samples was also evaluated, along with classification of viral sequences from HEV-positive samples. Methods Structured questionnaires soliciting information on pigs reared, as well as socio-demographic information including age, sex and educational background of humans was collected. A total of 10 ml and 5 ml of whole blood was collected from pigs and human participants respectively. ELISA and real-time RT-PCR were performed on the sera for the qualitative detection of IgG antibodies to hepatitis E virus and viral RNA, respectively. Results Five hundred and forty-four (544) human participants including 264 swine contacts and 280 swine non-contacts were enrolled in the study. Although the proportion of HEV IgG antibodies was higher in contact groups (114; 54.3%) than non-contact groups (96; 45.7%), a multivariate analysis did not show any significant difference. No HEV RNA was detected in human samples. Similarly, 720 pigs were sampled from 18 farms located in five regions in Ghana. Twenty-three (23) of the pigs (3.2, 95%CI = 2.0–4.8) were positive for HEV RNA by real-time RT-PCR testing. Sequences obtained from HEV-positive samples were found to share high sequence identities with each other and clustered with other genotype 3 viruses indicating the existence of circulating zoonotic genotype 3 viruses on farms. Although we did not find evidence of pig to human transmission ...
Keywords	One health ; Zoonoses ; Livestock ; Infectious disease reservoirs ; Viral hepatitis ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development of a Whole-Virus ELISA for Serological Evaluation of Domestic Livestock as Possible Hosts of Human Coronavirus NL63.

El-Duah, Philip / Meyer, Benjamin / Sylverken, Augustina / Owusu, Michael / Gottula, Lina Theresa / Yeboah, Richmond / Lamptey, Jones / Frimpong, Yaw Oppong / Burimuah, Vitus / Folitse, Raphael / Agbenyega, Olivia / Oppong, Samuel / Adu-Sarkodie, Yaw / Drosten, Christian

Viruses

2019 Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract: Known human coronaviruses are believed to have originated in animals and made use of intermediate hosts for transmission to humans. The intermediate hosts of most of the human coronaviruses are known, but not for HCoV-NL63. This study aims to assess the ... ...

Abstract	Known human coronaviruses are believed to have originated in animals and made use of intermediate hosts for transmission to humans. The intermediate hosts of most of the human coronaviruses are known, but not for HCoV-NL63. This study aims to assess the possible role of some major domestic livestock species as intermediate hosts of HCoV-NL63. We developed a testing algorithm for high throughput screening of livestock sera with ELISA and confirmation with recombinant immunofluorescence assay testing for antibodies against HCoV-NL63 in livestock. Optimization of the ELISA showed a capability of the assay to significantly distinguish HCoV-NL63 from HCoV-229E (U = 27.50,
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Algorithms ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus NL63, Human/isolation & purification ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods ; Farmers ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Ghana/epidemiology ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Humans ; Livestock/virology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-09
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11010043
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