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Article ; Online: The contributions and mechanisms of changes in excitability during simple forms of learning in Aplysia.

Hawkins, Robert D

2019 Volume 164, Page(s) 107049

Abstract: Learning and memory have long been thought to involve changes in synaptic connections between neurons. However, in many cases learning-related plasticity also involves changes in the excitability of neurons. These findings have raised questions about the ...

Abstract	Learning and memory have long been thought to involve changes in synaptic connections between neurons. However, in many cases learning-related plasticity also involves changes in the excitability of neurons. These findings have raised questions about the relative importance of these two types of mechanisms to behavioral learning, and also about the extent to which they involve shared or unique molecular mechanisms. We have taken a reductionist approach to these questions by addressing them in a simple model organism, Aplysia californica. Studies of a semi-intact Aplysia siphon withdrawal preparation suggest that classical conditioning involves an increase in the evoked firing of sensory neurons (SNs) as well as facilitation of the monosynaptic PSP to motor neurons (MNs). Furthermore, these two mechanisms may act cooperatively at the cellular level: increased SN firing produces more PSPs, each of which is facilitated, leading to a multiplicative increase in depolarization of the MN and siphon withdrawal. The changes in SN firing and the monosynaptic PSP also share several mechanisms at the molecular level, suggesting that they may both be due in part to a decrease in K
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Aplysia ; Association Learning/physiology ; Conditioning, Classical/physiology ; Conditioning, Operant/physiology ; Motor Neurons/physiology ; Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Synaptic Transmission
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1223366-3
ISSN	1095-9564 ; 1074-7427
ISSN (online)	1095-9564
ISSN	1074-7427
DOI	10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107049
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Article ; Online: Reconciling truthfulness and relevance as epistemic and decision-theoretic utility.

Sumers, Theodore R / Ho, Mark K / Griffiths, Thomas L / Hawkins, Robert D

Psychological review

2023 Volume 131, Issue 1, Page(s) 194–230

Abstract: People use language to influence others' ...

Abstract	People use language to influence others'
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Language ; Communication
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209907-x
ISSN	1939-1471 ; 0033-295X
ISSN (online)	1939-1471
ISSN	0033-295X
DOI	10.1037/rev0000437
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Article ; Online: Visual resemblance and interaction history jointly constrain pictorial meaning.

Hawkins, Robert D / Sano, Megumi / Goodman, Noah D / Fan, Judith E

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 2199

Abstract: How do drawings-ranging from detailed illustrations to schematic diagrams-reliably convey meaning? Do viewers understand drawings based on how strongly they resemble an entity (i.e., as images) or based on socially mediated conventions (i.e., as symbols)? ...

Abstract	How do drawings-ranging from detailed illustrations to schematic diagrams-reliably convey meaning? Do viewers understand drawings based on how strongly they resemble an entity (i.e., as images) or based on socially mediated conventions (i.e., as symbols)? Here we evaluate a cognitive account of pictorial meaning in which visual and social information jointly support visual communication. Pairs of participants used drawings to repeatedly communicate the identity of a target object among multiple distractor objects. We manipulated social cues across three experiments and a full replication, finding that participants developed object-specific and interaction-specific strategies for communicating more efficiently over time, beyond what task practice or a resemblance-based account alone could explain. Leveraging model-based image analyses and crowdsourced annotations, we further determined that drawings did not drift toward "arbitrariness," as predicted by a pure convention-based account, but preserved visually diagnostic features. Taken together, these findings advance psychological theories of how successful graphical conventions emerge.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pattern Recognition, Visual ; Cues ; Visual Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-37737-w
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Article ; Online: A Pragmatic Account of the Weak Evidence Effect.

Barnett, Samuel A / Griffiths, Thomas L / Hawkins, Robert D

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science

2022 Volume 6, Page(s) 169–182

Abstract: Language is not only used to transmit neutral information; we often seek ... ...

Abstract	Language is not only used to transmit neutral information; we often seek to
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2470-2986
ISSN (online)	2470-2986
DOI	10.1162/opmi_a_00061
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Article ; Online: The Emergence of Specialized Roles Within Groups.

Goldstone, Robert L / Andrade-Lotero, Edgar J / Hawkins, Robert D / Roberts, Michael E

Topics in cognitive science

2023 Volume 16, Issue 2, Page(s) 257–281

Abstract: Humans routinely form groups to achieve goals that no individual can accomplish alone. Group coordination often brings to mind synchrony and alignment, where all individuals do the same thing (e.g., driving on the right side of the road, marching in ... ...

Abstract	Humans routinely form groups to achieve goals that no individual can accomplish alone. Group coordination often brings to mind synchrony and alignment, where all individuals do the same thing (e.g., driving on the right side of the road, marching in lockstep, or playing musical instruments on a regular beat). Yet, effective coordination also typically involves differentiation, where specialized roles emerge for different members (e.g., prep stations in a kitchen or positions on an athletic team). Role specialization poses a challenge for computational models of group coordination, which have largely focused on achieving synchrony. Here, we present the CARMI framework, which characterizes role specialization processes in terms of five core features that we hope will help guide future model development: Communication, Adaptation to feedback, Repulsion, Multi-level planning, and Intention modeling. Although there are many paths to role formation, we suggest that roles emerge when each agent in a group dynamically allocates their behavior toward a shared goal to complement what they expect others to do. In other words, coordination concerns beliefs (who will do what) rather than simple actions. We describe three related experimental paradigms-"Group Binary Search," "Battles of the Exes," and "Find the Unicorn"-that we have used to study differentiation processes in the lab, each emphasizing different aspects of the CARMI framework.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Intention
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2482883-X
ISSN	1756-8765 ; 1756-8757
ISSN (online)	1756-8765
ISSN	1756-8757
DOI	10.1111/tops.12644
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Article ; Online: Shades of confusion: Lexical uncertainty modulates ad hoc coordination in an interactive communication task.

Murthy, Sonia K / Griffiths, Thomas L / Hawkins, Robert D

Cognition

2022 Volume 225, Page(s) 105152

Abstract: There is substantial variability in the expectations that communication partners bring into interactions, creating the potential for misunderstandings. To directly probe these gaps and our ability to overcome them, we propose a communication task based ... ...

Abstract	There is substantial variability in the expectations that communication partners bring into interactions, creating the potential for misunderstandings. To directly probe these gaps and our ability to overcome them, we propose a communication task based on color-concept associations. In Experiment 1, we establish several key properties of the mental representations of these expectations, or lexical priors, based on recent probabilistic theories. Associations are more variable for abstract concepts, variability is represented as uncertainty within each individual, and uncertainty enables accurate predictions about whether others are likely to share the same association. In Experiment 2, we then examine the downstream consequences of these representations for communication. Accuracy is initially low when communicating about concepts with more variable associations, but rapidly increases as participants form ad hoc conventions. Together, our findings suggest that people cope with variability by maintaining well-calibrated uncertainty about their partner and appropriately adaptable representations of their own.
MeSH term(s)	Communication ; Concept Formation ; Humans ; Uncertainty
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105152
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Article ; Online: Distribution, cellular localization, and colocalization of several peptide neurotransmitters in the central nervous system of

Hawkins, Robert D / Brodin, Lennart / Theodorsson, Elvar / Végvári, Ákos / Kandel, Eric R / Hokfelt, Tomas

Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)

2023 Volume 30, Issue 5-6, Page(s) 116–123

Abstract: Neuropeptides are widely used as neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates. In vertebrates, a detailed understanding of their functions as transmitters has been hampered by the complexity of the nervous system. The marine ... ...

Abstract	Neuropeptides are widely used as neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates. In vertebrates, a detailed understanding of their functions as transmitters has been hampered by the complexity of the nervous system. The marine mollusk
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Aplysia/physiology ; FMRFamide ; Central Nervous System/chemistry ; Neuropeptides ; Ganglia/chemistry ; Mammals
Chemical Substances	FMRFamide (64190-70-1) ; Neuropeptides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1204777-6
ISSN	1549-5485 ; 1072-0502
ISSN (online)	1549-5485
ISSN	1072-0502
DOI	10.1101/lm.053758.123
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Article ; Online: The Division of Labor in Communication: Speakers Help Listeners Account for Asymmetries in Visual Perspective.

Hawkins, Robert D / Gweon, Hyowon / Goodman, Noah D

Cognitive science

2021 Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s) e12926

Abstract: Recent debates over adults' theory of mind use have been fueled by surprising failures of perspective-taking in communication, suggesting that perspective-taking may be relatively effortful. Yet adults routinely engage in effortful processes when needed. ...

Abstract	Recent debates over adults' theory of mind use have been fueled by surprising failures of perspective-taking in communication, suggesting that perspective-taking may be relatively effortful. Yet adults routinely engage in effortful processes when needed. How, then, should speakers and listeners allocate their resources to achieve successful communication? We begin with the observation that the shared goal of communication induces a natural division of labor: The resources one agent chooses to allocate toward perspective-taking should depend on their expectations about the other's allocation. We formalize this idea in a resource-rational model augmenting recent probabilistic weighting accounts with a mechanism for (costly) control over the degree of perspective-taking. In a series of simulations, we first derive an intermediate degree of perspective weighting as an optimal trade-off between expected costs and benefits of perspective-taking. We then present two behavioral experiments testing novel predictions of our model. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the presence or absence of occlusions in a director-matcher task. We found that speakers spontaneously modulated the informativeness of their descriptions to account for "known unknowns" in their partner's private view, reflecting a higher degree of speaker perspective-taking than previously acknowledged. In Experiment 2, we then compared the scripted utterances used by confederates in prior work with those produced in interactions with unscripted directors. We found that confederates were systematically less informative than listeners would initially expect given the presence of occlusions, but listeners used violations to adaptively make fewer errors over time. Taken together, our work suggests that people are not simply "mindblind"; they use contextually appropriate expectations to navigate the division of labor with their partner. We discuss how a resource-rational framework may provide a more deeply explanatory foundation for understanding flexible perspective-taking under processing constraints.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Communication ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2002940-8
ISSN	1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
ISSN (online)	1551-6709
ISSN	0364-0213
DOI	10.1111/cogs.12926
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Article ; Online: Impact of Frailty in Patients Undergoing Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery.

Wisniewski, Alex M / Young, Steven D / Do-Nguyen, Chi Chi / Hawkins, Robert B / Romano, Matthew P / Teman, Nicholas R / Ailawadi, Gorav

Innovations (Philadelphia, Pa.)

2024 Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 64–71

Abstract: Objective: Psoas muscle size is a reliable marker of sarcopenia and frailty that correlates with adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. However, its use in mitral and minimally invasive cardiac surgery is lacking. We sought to determine whether frailty, ...

Abstract	Objective: Psoas muscle size is a reliable marker of sarcopenia and frailty that correlates with adverse outcomes after cardiac surgery. However, its use in mitral and minimally invasive cardiac surgery is lacking. We sought to determine whether frailty, as measured by psoas muscle index, increases surgical risk for minimally invasive mitral valve surgery. Methods: Patients undergoing isolated minimally invasive mitral surgery via right minithoracotomy were identified. Patients who underwent maze, tricuspid intervention, and those who were emergent were excluded. Total psoas muscle area was calculated using the average cross-sectional area at the L3 vertebra on computed tomography scan and indexed to body surface area. Sarcopenia was defined as <25th gender-specific percentile. Patients were stratified by sarcopenia status and outcomes compared. Results: Of 287 total patients, 192 patients met inclusion criteria. Sarcopenic patients were 6 years older (66 vs 60 years, Conclusions: Contrary to other cardiac operations, for patients undergoing isolated minimally invasive mitral valve surgery, sarcopenia was not associated with increased perioperative risk except for higher readmission rates. Minimally invasive surgical approaches should be strongly considered as the approach of choice in frail patients.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Frailty/complications ; Frailty/epidemiology ; Mitral Valve/surgery ; Risk Factors ; Retrospective Studies ; Sarcopenia/complications ; Sarcopenia/epidemiology ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/adverse effects ; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures/methods ; Cardiac Surgical Procedures ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1559-0879
ISSN (online)	1559-0879
DOI	10.1177/15569845231222315
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Article ; Online: Show or tell? Exploring when (and why) teaching with language outperforms demonstration.

Sumers, Theodore R / Ho, Mark K / Hawkins, Robert D / Griffiths, Thomas L

Cognition

2022 Volume 232, Page(s) 105326

Abstract: People use a wide range of communicative acts across different modalities, from concrete demonstrations to abstract language. While these modalities are typically studied independently, we take a comparative approach and ask when and why one modality ... ...

Abstract	People use a wide range of communicative acts across different modalities, from concrete demonstrations to abstract language. While these modalities are typically studied independently, we take a comparative approach and ask when and why one modality might outperform another. We present a series of real-time, multi-player experiments asking participants to teach concepts using either demonstrations or language. Our first experiment (N=416) asks when language might outperform demonstration. We manipulate the complexity of the concept being taught and find that language communicates complex concepts more effectively than demonstration. We then ask why language succeeds in this setting. We hypothesized that language allowed teachers to reference abstract object features (e.g., shapes and colors), while demonstration teachers could only provide concrete examples (specific positive or negative objects). To test this hypothesis, our second experiment (N=568) ablated object features from the teacher's interface. This manipulation severely impaired linguistic (but not demonstrative) teaching. Our findings suggest that language communicates complex concepts by directly transmitting abstract rules. In contrast, demonstrations transmit examples, requiring the learner to infer the rules.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Language ; Linguistics ; Communication
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105326
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