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Article: Age-sex disparities and sub-clinical hypothyroidism among patients in Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

solomon, fithamlak

Journal of health, population and nutrition, 37:18

2018

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism is an elevation in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone above the upper limit of the reference range (0.45–4.5 mIU/L) with normal serum TT4 and TT3 concentration. The most important implication of subclinical ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism is an elevation in serum thyroid-stimulating hormone above the upper limit of the reference range (0.45–4.5 mIU/L) with normal serum TT4 and TT3 concentration. The most important implication of subclinical hypothyroidism is high likelihood of progression of clinical hypothyroidism. METHODS: Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on medical records of patients referred at endocrine clinic Tikur Anbesa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa from 2010 to 2016. This study was conducted from normal ambulatory patients who have come in the hospital outpatient department since they experienced abnormality on their health status. During the study period, patients were complaining about their clinical symptoms. A total number of 9000 patients were included. Patients’ card was retrieved by using standard extracted formats to collect socio-demographic and clinical information and laboratory measurements. Serum TSH, TT4, and TT3 levels were determined by electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay method on ECLIA 2010 fully automatic analyzer at TASH nuclear medicine. SPSS 20 version software was used for analysis, and chi-square test was used to check the association between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism evaluated to be 582 (6.47%), 4.6% in females and 1.9% in males. Four hundred and thirty-one (74%) patients had serum TSH levels between 5 and 10 mIU/L, and the average TSH level of subclinical hypothyroid patients whose age was ≥ 40 differ significantly from that of subclinical hypothyroid patients whose age was < 40. The average TSH level among female patients whose age are ≥ 40 differed significantly from their counterparts. Subclinical hypothyroidism patients more often reported having dry skin, poor memory, fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation, and hoarseness. CONCLUSION: The overall prevalence of ScHt was 6.5% where females showed higher level than males. Age ≥ 40 became independent factor of subclinical hypothyroidism. The higher prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism in this study could become a predictor for overt hypothyroidism, so screening for subclinical hypothyroidism prevents the later development of complicated overt hypothyroidism.
Keywords	Age ; Sex ; Subclinical-hypothyroidism ; TASH ; TSH ; TT4 ; TT3
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Determinants of postnatal care utilization in urban community among women in Debre Birhan Town, Northern Shewa, Ethiopia

solomon, fithamlak

Journal of health, population and nutrition, 37:10

2018

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Reducing maternal mortality and improving maternal health care through increased utilization of postnatal care utilization is a global and local priority. However studies that have been carried out in Ethiopia regarding determinants are ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Reducing maternal mortality and improving maternal health care through increased utilization of postnatal care utilization is a global and local priority. However studies that have been carried out in Ethiopia regarding determinants are limited. So This study aims to assess the magnitude of postnatal care utilization and its determinants in Debre Birhan Town, North Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1 to April 25, 2015, in Debre Birhan Town. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using structured pre-tested questionnaires. The data were entered and cleaned in Epi Info version 3.5 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used. Variable with p value less than or equal to 0.2 at bivariate analysis were entered into multiple logistic regression. Significance was declared at 0.05 in multiple logistic regressions and considered to be an independent factor. RESULT: From the total respondents, we found that 327 (83.3%) mothers utilized the postnatal care services. Single mothers were less likely to utilize postnatal care services than those mothers who are married and live together [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.06, 95% CI (0.01, 0.45)]. This study revealed that respondent’s knowledge about postnatal care services is an important predictor of postnatal care utilization [AOR = 0.03, 95% CI (0.00, 0.44)] and mothers who delivered in a health care facility were more likely to receive PNC than mothers who did not deliver in a health care facility [AOR = 0.65, 95% CI (0.58, 0.94)]. CONCLUSION: The postnatal care utilization rate in Debre Birhan town was 83.3%. Marital status, maternal knowledge, and place of delivery were predictors of postnatal care service utilization. So specific attention should be directed towards the improvement of women’s education since the perception of the need for PNC services were positively correlated with the mother’s education.
Keywords	Determinants ; Debre Birhan ; Ethiopia ; Postnatal care utilization ; Women
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article: Hospital-Based Air-Borne and Surface-Borne Bacterial Pathogens and Their Antimicrobial Profiles in Wolaita Sodo, Southern Ethiopia.

Madebo, Chemere / Haile, Admasu / Eticha, Temesgen / Solomon, Fithamlak

International journal of microbiology

2022 Volume 2022, Page(s) 5718341

Abstract: Background: It is well documented that hospital environments are the niche/reservoir of many clinically important microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant air-borne and surface-borne pathogens. This problem is the most pressing public health ... ...

Abstract	Background: It is well documented that hospital environments are the niche/reservoir of many clinically important microorganisms, including multidrug-resistant air-borne and surface-borne pathogens. This problem is the most pressing public health concern, particularly in developing countries like Ethiopia, due to its poor infection management system. This study was planned to detect air-borne and surface-borne bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns in Wolaita Sodo University Comprehensive Hospital, Southern Ethiopia. Method: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2021. Swabbing and open-plate sample collection methods were used to collect specimens. Standard bacteriological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens. The Mueller-Hinton agar was used to detect the drug susceptibility pattern of bacteria by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Result: From a total of 323 samples tested, 118 (36.5%) showed the growth of bacteria. The detection rate of bacterial pathogens in the intensive care unit (35.4%) was higher than in operation theater. From the total of 118 bacterial isolates, 39.8%, 27.9%, 20.3%, and 11.5% of Conclusion: A significant prevalence of surface-borne bacterial pathogens was detected. This study revealed that
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-31
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2467270-1
ISSN	1687-9198 ; 1687-918X
ISSN (online)	1687-9198
ISSN	1687-918X
DOI	10.1155/2022/5718341
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Article: Magnitude of Viral Load Suppression and Associated Factors among Clients on Antiretroviral Therapy in Public Hospitals of Hawassa City Administration, Ethiopia.

Anito, Abenezer Abraham / Lenjebo, Tsegaye Lolaso / Woticha, Eskinder / Solomon, Fithamlak

HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)

2022 Volume 14, Page(s) 529–538

Abstract: Background: A majority of clients on first-line antiretroviral therapy with an initial high viral load will resuppress following an adherence intervention. Some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were found to affect resuppression. Few ... ...

Abstract	Background: A majority of clients on first-line antiretroviral therapy with an initial high viral load will resuppress following an adherence intervention. Some sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were found to affect resuppression. Few reports on the outcome of the intervention and its associated factors in our country, with inconsistent results and some missed clinical factors of potential association, have compelled this study. The study aimed to assess the proportion of viral load suppression and associated factors among clients on antiretroviral therapy in public hospitals of Hawassa City Administration, Ethiopia. Methods: An institution-based cross-sectional study with retrospective document review was conducted among 342 participants on antiretroviral therapy enrolled for counseling since its start in November 2016. Data were captured using a pretested and structured checklist from all client charts with complete data, entered into EpiData 3.1.0 and exported to SPSS 27 for analysis. The proportion of viral load suppression was determined. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify associated factors. Statistical significance was determined at a 95% CI and Results: The proportion of viral load suppression was found to be 40.9% (35.7%-46.5%). Nevirapine-based antiretroviral treatment regimens (AOR 0.125, 95% CI 0.034-0.464), malnutrition (AOR 0.565, 95% CI 0.329-0.971), poor adherence (AOR 0.504, 95% CI 0.287-0.886), lower CD4 count (AOR 0.149, 95% CI 0.071, 0.314), and fewer counseling sessions (AOR 0.330, 95% CI 0.149-0.729) were significantly associated with viral load suppression. Conclusion: The proportion of viral load suppression is lower than that recommended by the World Health Organization. Nevirapine-based regimens, poor nutritional status, poor adherence, lower CD4 count, and fewer counseling sessions risk a lower proportion of viral load suppression. This calls for the need to devise strategies to address these factors and to revisit program implementation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-18
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2520734-9
ISSN	1179-1373
ISSN	1179-1373
DOI	10.2147/HIV.S387787
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Article ; Online: Burden of respiratory syncytial virus diseases among under 5 children in Sub-Saharan Africa

Fiseha Wadilo Wada / Minyahil Tadesse Boltena / Rawliegh Howe / Fithamlak Bistegen Solomon / Adey Feleke / Tamrayehu Seyoum / Andargachew Mulu / Adane Mihret

Heliyon, Vol 9, Iss 12, Pp e22211- (2023)

A systematic review and meta-analysis

2023

Abstract: Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in young children. To design preventive efforts in sub-Saharan Africa, a better knowledge of the true role of RSV in pediatric ALRIs is ... ...

Abstract	Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in young children. To design preventive efforts in sub-Saharan Africa, a better knowledge of the true role of RSV in pediatric ALRIs is required. Therefore we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case–control studies to estimate the etiological role of RSV to ALRIs in under 5 years children in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This study was done according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences databases, and Google Scholar were used to retrieve articles. STATA software version 17 was used for data analysis. The results of all the included studies were standardized to odds ratios (ORs) with accompanying 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) and the pooled estimates of ORs, attributable fraction among the exposed (AFE), and population attributable fraction (PAF) were reported. The heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane chi-square (I 2) statistics. Result: A total of 6200 cases and 4986 controls from 14 articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included. The pooled prevalence of RSV among cases and controls was 23.52 % [95 % CI (20.68–26.47)] and 4.33 % [95 % CI (3.11–5.73)], respectively. The pooled OR is 7.04 [95 % CI (4.41–11.24)], which indicated a significant association between RSV and ALRI. Among ALRIs cases positive for RSV, the proportion of disease that was not attributable to the background rate (AFE) was 85.8 % [95 % CI (77.3–91.1)]. The fraction of ALRIs children that can be attributed to RSV (PAF) was 20.2 % [95 % CI (16–24.1)]. Conclusion: This study showed clear associations between RSV and ALRI hospitalization in young children in sub-Saharan Africa indicating the need for prophylactic measures against RSV in this age group.
Keywords	Respiratory syncytial virus ; ALRIs ; Children ; Naso/oropharyngeal ; Sub-Saharan Africa ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article: Burden of respiratory syncytial virus diseases among under 5 children in Sub-Saharan Africa:

Wada, Fiseha Wadilo / Tadesse Boltena, Minyahil / Howe, Rawliegh / Solomon, Fithamlak Bistegen / Feleke, Adey / Seyoum, Tamrayehu / Mulu, Andargachew / Mihret, Adane

Heliyon

2023 Volume 9, Issue 12, Page(s) e22211

Abstract	Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRIs) in young children. To design preventive efforts in sub-Saharan Africa, a better knowledge of the true role of RSV in pediatric ALRIs is required. Therefore we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies to estimate the etiological role of RSV to ALRIs in under 5 years children in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods: This study was done according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Sciences databases, and Google Scholar were used to retrieve articles. STATA software version 17 was used for data analysis. The results of all the included studies were standardized to odds ratios (ORs) with accompanying 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) and the pooled estimates of ORs, attributable fraction among the exposed (AFE), and population attributable fraction (PAF) were reported. The heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane chi-square (I 2) statistics. Result: A total of 6200 cases and 4986 controls from 14 articles that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included. The pooled prevalence of RSV among cases and controls was 23.52 % [95 % CI (20.68-26.47)] and 4.33 % [95 % CI (3.11-5.73)], respectively. The pooled OR is 7.04 [95 % CI (4.41-11.24)], which indicated a significant association between RSV and ALRI. Among ALRIs cases positive for RSV, the proportion of disease that was not attributable to the background rate (AFE) was 85.8 % [95 % CI (77.3-91.1)]. The fraction of ALRIs children that can be attributed to RSV (PAF) was 20.2 % [95 % CI (16-24.1)]. Conclusion: This study showed clear associations between RSV and ALRI hospitalization in young children in sub-Saharan Africa indicating the need for prophylactic measures against RSV in this age group.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22211
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Article ; Online: The effect of ketamine versus tramadol on prophylactic post-spinal shivering in those patients undergoing orthopedic surgery: a prospective cohort study design, 2020.

Gemechu, Ashebir Debalike / Gebremedhin, Tsegaye Demeke / Andebiku, Andualem Assefa / Solomon, Fithamlak / Sorsa, Abebe

BMC anesthesiology

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 361

Abstract: Background: Post-spinal shivering is a common complication after spinal anesthesia with a high incidence among orthopedic patients. Untreated shivering may predispose to exacerbation of wound pain, increased metabolic demand, oxygen consumption, and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Post-spinal shivering is a common complication after spinal anesthesia with a high incidence among orthopedic patients. Untreated shivering may predispose to exacerbation of wound pain, increased metabolic demand, oxygen consumption, and hemostatic dysfunction. Various studies have been done on the effectiveness of preventing post-spinal shivering using ketamine and other drugs. However, little information on better prophylactic agents in terms of effectiveness and availability. Therefore, this study was intended to compare 0.25 mg/kg of Ketamine (K) versus 0.5 mg/kg of Tramadol (T) for the prevention of post-spinal shivering. Method: A prospective cohort study design was employed on 516 patients undergoing orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia, and they were selected by a consecutive sampling technique. Patients were divided into two groups based on the anesthetist in charge. Patients who received an intravenous prophylactic dose of Ketamine before spinal anesthesia are called Ketamine groups and patients who received Tramadol are called Tramadol groups (control). The severity and incidence of shivering, blood pressure, heart rate, and axillary body temperature were measured and recorded for one hour at 10-min intervals during the intraoperative period. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, independent t-test, and multivariable logistic regression were used. Significance was declared at a p-value lower than 0.05. Results: The overall incidence of post-spinal shivering was 187 (36.2%), of which it was 74 (28.7%) on ketamine and 113 (43.8%) on tramadol with a p-value of 0.001. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was 157 (60.9%) on tramadol and 8 (3.1%) on ketamine, with a p-value of 0.001. Patients aged 18-35 years (AOR 0.08 (0.02, 0.27), 36-55 years (AOR 0.24, 0.07, 0.81), and those patients with a prolonged duration of surgery (AOR 1.47 (1.37-1.58)) were more likely to experience post-spinal shivering. And Low-dose ketamine has a protective effect against developing post-spinal shivering with an AOR of 0.427 (0.28-0.63). Conclusion: Low-dose ketamine is more effective in reducing the incidence and severity of shivering after spinal anesthesia. Therefore, we recommend using low-dose ketamine to be effective as a prophylactic for post-spinal shivering in those patients undergoing orthopedic surgery under spinal anesthesia.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Shivering ; Tramadol/therapeutic use ; Ketamine ; Prospective Studies ; Orthopedic Procedures/adverse effects
Chemical Substances	Tramadol (39J1LGJ30J) ; Ketamine (690G0D6V8H)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2091252-3
ISSN	1471-2253 ; 1471-2253
ISSN (online)	1471-2253
ISSN	1471-2253
DOI	10.1186/s12871-022-01906-z
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Article: Predictors of Anemia Among HIV-Infected Children on Antiretroviral Therapy in Wolaita Zone, South Ethiopia: A Facility-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Geleta, Mesay Lema / Solomon, Fithamlak Bisetegn / Tufa, Efrata Girma / Sadamo, Fekadu Elias / Dake, Samson Kastro

HIV/AIDS (Auckland, N.Z.)

2021 Volume 13, Page(s) 13–19

Abstract: Purpose: Anemia is a global public health problem, and the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive people become anemic at some point in the course of the disease. We lack adequate evidence on the magnitude of anemia among children on ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Anemia is a global public health problem, and the majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive people become anemic at some point in the course of the disease. We lack adequate evidence on the magnitude of anemia among children on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia and particularly in South Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed at determining the proportion and associated factors of anemia among children on highly active antiretroviral therapy in Wolaita zone, South Ethiopia. Patients and methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2018 on 256 children from 6 months to 14 years of age who were on antiretroviral therapy. Data were collected through an interview with caregivers and review of medical records. CD4+ cell count was analyzed using FACS Calibur, and hemoglobin level was measured with a Hem cue 301 analyzer. Stool samples were examined for the presence of intestinal parasites by direct wet mount technique. Data analyzed with Stata version 14.0 were conveyed in mean and standard deviation of the mean, median and inter-quartile range. Multivariate analysis was carried out to identify independent predictors of the outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was reported. Results: The proportion of anemia was found to be 38.8%. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis (AOR=0.45; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.95), caregivers not receiving nutritional counseling (AOR=0.90; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.98) and presence of intestinal parasites (AOR=3.10; 95% CI: 1.39, 6.88) were associated with anemia. Conclusion: The proportion of anemia found in this study is a moderate public health problem. Health education programs in antiretroviral therapy clinics should be targeted at appropriate dietary practice, and appropriate hand washing and other hygienic practices to prevent intestinal parasitic infections. Co-trimoxazole prophylaxis should be given to all eligible children based on the recommendation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-08
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2520734-9
ISSN	1179-1373
ISSN	1179-1373
DOI	10.2147/HIV.S282845
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Article ; Online: Multidrug-resistant pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria isolated from cockroaches in meal serving facilities, Jimma, Ethiopia.

Solomon, Fithamlak / Kibru, Gebre / Ali, Solomon

African health sciences

2018 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 32–40

Abstract: Introduction: An increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent years is becoming worrisome. Domestic cockroaches can play a significant role in the dissemination of such bacteria between the environment and human ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: An increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in recent years is becoming worrisome. Domestic cockroaches can play a significant role in the dissemination of such bacteria between the environment and human beings. This study aimed at determining anti-microbial resistance pattern of food borne illness associated bacteria identified from cockroaches trapped in restaurants and cafeterias. Methods: Trapped cockroaches were picked with surgical gloves, sealed in sterile plastic bags and transported to the Microbiology laboratory. Standard microbiological techniques were used to isolate and identify bacteria. Anti-microbial susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer diffusion technique. Result: A total of five species of food borne illness associated bacteria were detected. Majority (57.1%) of the bacteria were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. More than 89% of the isolates were multi drug resistance (MDR). MDR was higher on gram positive bacteria. Conclusion: A very high percentage of MDR bacteria was seen in this study. Most of the bacteria tested were isolated from the gut of cockroaches. Potential factors associated with cockroaches that contributed to this high MDR rate of the isolates should be investigated in future.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Cockroaches/microbiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Ethiopia ; Food Handling ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/drug effects ; Gram-Positive Bacteria/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-21
Publishing country	Uganda
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2240308-5
ISSN	1729-0503 ; 1680-6905
ISSN (online)	1729-0503
ISSN	1680-6905
DOI	10.4314/ahs.v18i1.6
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Article ; Online: Nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among school children in South Ethiopia: post-vaccination era.

Wada, Fiseha Wadilo / Tufa, Efrata Girma / Berheto, Tezera Moshago / Solomon, Fithamlak Bisetegen

BMC research notes

2019 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 306

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate nasopharyngeal carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae among school children.: Results: Three hundred eleven (43.8%) became culture positive for S. ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate nasopharyngeal carriage rate and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae among school children. Results: Three hundred eleven (43.8%) became culture positive for S. pneumoniae. The carriage rate among children, 3-5 years old was 62.5%, which was higher than the carriage rate of 38.6% among 6-13 years old children. Age ≤ 5 years and co-sleeping with siblings remained significantly associated with S. pneumoniae carriage. 155 (49.8%) of the isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole, 152 (48.9%) of the isolates were resistant to tetracycline, and 88 (28.3%) of isolates were resistant to oxacillin. Multi drug resistant S. pneumoniae was observed in 90 (28.9%) of isolates. There is high prevalence of S. pneumoniae in primary school children in our study area. Relatively high carriage rate of resistance to oxacillin, tetracycline and co-trimoxazole were observed. These findings provide baseline data for future studies to further compare pneumococcal carriage rates and antibiotic resistance patterns.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Carrier State/microbiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Drug Resistance, Microbial/drug effects ; Ethiopia/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Nasopharynx/microbiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Pneumococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology ; Siblings ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/drug effects ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/isolation & purification ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/physiology ; Tetracycline/pharmacology ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination/pharmacology ; Vaccination
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination (8064-90-2) ; Tetracycline (F8VB5M810T)
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2413336-X
ISSN	1756-0500 ; 1756-0500
ISSN (online)	1756-0500
ISSN	1756-0500
DOI	10.1186/s13104-019-4330-0
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