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  1. Article ; Online: 'One River, Two Systems': Hong Kong's River Management.

    Cao, Yixin / Chen, Wendy Yan / Wantzen, Karl Matthias

    Environmental management

    2023  Volume 73, Issue 1, Page(s) 81–101

    Abstract: Hong Kong (HK), one of the world's most densely populated metropolises, is home to over 200 rivers ...

    Abstract Hong Kong (HK), one of the world's most densely populated metropolises, is home to over 200 rivers and streams extending about 2500 km in length. During the 1970s-1990s, most of these rivers were converted into artificial canals, to which the local society pays little attention. Since the 2010s, the HK government has initiated river revitalization to enhance the social-environmental roles of rivers. This study employed a mixed research method, including literature and policy analysis, expert interviews, field visits, and a public survey, to identify key challenges in HK's Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM). The findings highlighted the lack of IRBM's institutional arrangements in HK, characterized by a fragmented 'one river, two systems' approach without both coordination and collaboration. The Water Supplies Department (WSD) impounds upland streams as reservoirs for securing the local water supply, while the Drainage Service Department (DSD) manages heavily channelized, culverted downstream serving as storm drains with diminished ecological functionality. One significant barrier to the implementation of IRBM in HK was the limited public participation, although our survey revealed a high level of public willingness to participate in river management. Presently, river revitalization efforts have achieved limited success, with ecological measures appearing mostly "cosmetic" and the conservation of freshwater biodiversity neglected. This further underscored the pressing need for the embracement of IRBM in HK to safeguard basin-wide freshwater ecosystems. Our survey also indicated low public awareness of river revitalization initiatives and widespread dissatisfaction with their outcomes. In conclusion, we proposed the development of IRBM in HK by instituting river basin coordination, prioritizing river ecosystem restoration in revitalization projects, and involving the public through tailored strategies.
    MeSH term(s) Ecosystem ; Hong Kong ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Rivers ; Biodiversity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1478932-2
    ISSN 1432-1009 ; 0364-152X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1009
    ISSN 0364-152X
    DOI 10.1007/s00267-023-01923-9
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Future trajectory of respiratory infections following the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong.

    Cheng, Weibin / Zhou, Hanchu / Ye, Yang / Chen, Yifan / Jing, Fengshi / Cao, Zhidong / Zeng, Daniel Dajun / Zhang, Qingpeng

    Chaos (Woodbury, N.Y.)

    2023  Volume 33, Issue 1, Page(s) 13124

    Abstract: The accumulation of susceptible populations for respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) when COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were in place might pose a greater risk of future RID outbreaks. We examined the timing and magnitude of ...

    Abstract The accumulation of susceptible populations for respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) when COVID-19-targeted non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were in place might pose a greater risk of future RID outbreaks. We examined the timing and magnitude of RID resurgence after lifting COVID-19-targeted NPIs and assessed the burdens on the health system. We proposed the Threshold-based Control Method (TCM) to identify data-driven solutions to maintain the resilience of the health system by re-introducing NPIs when the number of severe infections reaches a threshold. There will be outbreaks of all RIDs with staggered peak times after lifting COVID-19-targeted NPIs. Such a large-scale resurgence of RID patients will impose a significant risk of overwhelming the health system. With a strict NPI strategy, a TCM-initiated threshold of 600 severe infections can ensure a sufficient supply of hospital beds for all hospitalized severely infected patients. The proposed TCM identifies effective dynamic NPIs, which facilitate future NPI relaxation policymaking.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Disease Outbreaks
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1472677-4
    ISSN 1089-7682 ; 1054-1500
    ISSN (online) 1089-7682
    ISSN 1054-1500
    DOI 10.1063/5.0123870
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Most suitable plant communities for the slope reclamation of the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao expressway.

    Cao, Wei / Wu, Xiaoqi / Zhu, Niuniu / Meng, Zhenyu / Lv, Chenxi / Li, Xi / Wang, Guojie

    PloS one

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) e0297004

    Abstract: ... of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway. A total of 10 representative plant communities were evaluated using ...

    Abstract The construction of expressways in China has produced diverse habitats along slopes characterized by steep gradients, uneven water distribution, poor soil conditions, and no routine maintenance. Manually planting beneficial species is an essential method of effectively improving slope soils to prevent soil erosion. However, few studies have evaluated the reclamation effects and plant community composition and structure used to restore slopes along expressways. This study focused on the Zhengzhou-Xinxiang section of the Beijing-Hong Kong-Macao Expressway. A total of 10 representative plant communities were evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-fuzzy integrated evaluation method. The sites were divided into four layers, namely, plant communities, soil nutrients, soil physical properties, and other ecological factors, and 14 indicators were assessed. The evaluation results showed that four of these plant communities (PCs) were excellent, three PCs were good, one PC was normal, two PCs were poor. The four excellent PCs had high Shannon-Wiener index, pielou index, richness index or community productivity. It is worth noting that most excellent plant community structures were tree + shrub + herb. Based on these results, we recommend that fill slopes should be restored using a combination of trees, herbs, and shrubs; also, the vegetation should include native plants, such as B. papyrifera, U. pumila, A. fruticosa, and Cynodon dactylon (L.). This study could provide ideas for plant community composition and structure of new highway slopes in similar climate environment, and provide theoretical support for plant community composition and structure and soil improvement for the existing slope.
    MeSH term(s) Hong Kong ; Macau ; Beijing ; Plants ; Soil/chemistry ; Ecosystem ; China ; Trees
    Chemical Substances Soil
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0297004
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Characteristics and source origin analysis of halogenated hydrocarbons in Hong Kong.

    Cao, Xiangyunong / Gu, Dasa / Li, Xin / Leung, Ka Fung / Sun, Hao / Mai, Yuchen / Chan, Wai Ming / Liang, Zhenxing

    The Science of the total environment

    2022  , Page(s) 160504

    Abstract: ... in Hong Kong from November 2020 to June 2021, and seventeen halocarbon species were selected for extensive ...

    Abstract Despite being regulated globally for almost three decades, halocarbon continues to play a vital role in climate change and ozone layer because of its long lifetime in the ambient air. In recent years, unexpected halocarbon emissions have been found in Asia, raising concerns about ozone recovery. As a number of studies focused on halocarbon variations and source profiles, there is an increasing need to identify halocarbon source origins. In this study, an eight-month regular air sampling was conducted at a coastal site in Hong Kong from November 2020 to June 2021, and seventeen halocarbon species were selected for extensive investigation after advanced sample analysis in our laboratory. The temporal variations of halocarbon mixing ratio enhancements were analyzed, and the spatial variations of source origins were investigated by wind sectors and backward trajectory statistics. Our results indicate lower enhancements beyond the background values for major regulated CFCs and CCl
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160504
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Toxicological effects of personal exposure to fine particles in adult residents of Hong Kong.

    Chen, Xiao-Cui / Chuang, Hsiao-Chi / Ward, Tony J / Sarkar, Chinmoy / Webster, Chris / Cao, Junji / Hsiao, Ta-Chih / Ho, Kin-Fai

    Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)

    2021  Volume 275, Page(s) 116633

    Abstract: Toxicological studies have demonstrated the associations between fine particle ( ... ...

    Abstract Toxicological studies have demonstrated the associations between fine particle (PM
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollutants/toxicity ; Environmental Monitoring ; Hong Kong ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Particulate Matter/toxicity ; Seasons ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis
    Chemical Substances Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Vehicle Emissions
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 280652-6
    ISSN 1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    ISSN (online) 1873-6424
    ISSN 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
    DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116633
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Increased susceptibility to heat for respiratory hospitalizations in Hong Kong.

    Sun, Shengzhi / Cao, Wangnan / Mason, Tonya G / Ran, Jinjun / Qiu, Hong / Li, Jinhui / Yang, Yang / Lin, Hualiang / Tian, Linwei

    The Science of the total environment

    2019  Volume 666, Page(s) 197–204

    Abstract: ... and temperature-related attributable risks in Hong Kong.: Methods: We collected 17-year time-series ... 2000 and 2016 in Hong Kong. Quasi-Poisson regression with a time-varying distributed lag ... temperature-related hospitalization burden for respiratory diseases was generally stable in Hong Kong. ...

    Abstract Background: Emerging studies have shown temperature-mortality association is changing over time, but little is known about the temporal changes of the temperature-morbidity association.
    Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the temporal variations in both temperature-respiratory hospitalizations associations and temperature-related attributable risks in Hong Kong.
    Methods: We collected 17-year time-series data on daily ambient temperature and emergency hospital admissions for respiratory diseases between 2000 and 2016 in Hong Kong. Quasi-Poisson regression with a time-varying distributed lag nonlinear model was used to estimate the year-specific association between temperature and respiratory hospitalizations [total respiratory, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)] and the year-specific attributable fraction (AF) for heat and cold (defined as above/below the optimum temperature, respectively).
    Results: Heat-related risks and AFs increased continuously for total respiratory, pneumonia and COPD hospitalizations during the past 17 years, respectively. Cold-hospitalization associations and cold-related AFs showed heterogeneous patterns, showing a decreasing trend for pneumonia but a general increasing trend for COPD for both the associations and AFs. The total temperature-related AFs remained stable for total respiratory (p for trend = 0.136) and pneumonia (p for trend = 0.406), but showed an increasing trend for COPD (p for trend < 0.001) from 10% (95% empirical CI: 2%, 17%) in 2000 to 17% (95% empirical CI: 11%, 22%) in 2016.
    Conclusions: Our findings indicate an increased susceptibility to heat but a decreased susceptibility to cold for respiratory hospitalizations during the past 17 years. The overall temperature-related hospitalization burden for respiratory diseases was generally stable in Hong Kong.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Female ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data ; Hot Temperature/adverse effects ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonia/epidemiology ; Pneumonia/etiology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/etiology ; Respiration Disorders/epidemiology ; Respiration Disorders/etiology ; Risk Factors ; Seasons
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-02-16
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.229
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: The shift of percent excess mortality from zero-COVID policy to living-with-COVID policy in Singapore, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong SAR.

    Cao, Xiaohan / Li, Yan / Zi, Yunlong / Zhu, Yuyan

    Frontiers in public health

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) 1085451

    Abstract: ... In this study, four countries (Singapore, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) and one region (Hong ... On the contrary, Hong Kong SAR under their ZC policy attained an average PEM of 71.14% during the first half ...

    Abstract Introduction: With the economic recession and pandemic fatigue, milder viral variants and higher vaccine coverage along the time lay the basis for lifting anti-COVID policies to restore COVID-19 normalcy. However, when and how to adjust the anti-COVID policies remain under debate in many countries.
    Methods: In this study, four countries (Singapore, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand) and one region (Hong Kong SAR), that have shifted from the zero-COVID (ZC) policy to or close to the living-with-COVID (LWC) during or after the Omicron outbreak, were selected as research objects. All-cause mortality data were collected for these objects from 2009 to 2019. The expected mortality was estimated by a simple linear regression method. Excess mortality over time was calculated as the difference between the expected mortality and the observed mortality. Finally, percent excess mortality (PEM) was calculated as the excess mortality divided by the expected mortality.
    Results: In the examined four countries, PEM fluctuated around 0% and was lower than 10% most of the time under the ZC policy before 2022. After shifting to the LWC policy, all the examined countries increased the PEM. Briefly, countries with high population density (Singapore and South Korea) experienced an average PEM of 20-40% during the first half of 2022, and followed by a lower average PEM of 15-18% during the second half of 2022. For countries with low population density under the LWC policy, Australia experienced an average PEM of 39.85% during the first half of 2022, while New Zealand was the only country in our analysis that achieved no more than 10% in average PEM all the time. On the contrary, Hong Kong SAR under their ZC policy attained an average PEM of 71.14% during the first half of 2022, while its average PEM decreased to 9.19% in the second half of 2022 with LWC-like policy.
    Conclusion: PEM under different policies within each country/region overtime demonstrated that the mortality burden caused by COVID-19 had been reduced overtime. Moreover, anti-COVID policies are suggested to control the excess mortality to achieve as low as 10% in PEM.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Singapore/epidemiology ; New Zealand ; COVID-19 ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Policy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-20
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2711781-9
    ISSN 2296-2565 ; 2296-2565
    ISSN (online) 2296-2565
    ISSN 2296-2565
    DOI 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1085451
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Optimal adaptive nonpharmaceutical interventions to mitigate the outbreak of respiratory infections following the COVID-19 pandemic: a deep reinforcement learning study in Hong Kong, China.

    Yao, Yao / Zhou, Hanchu / Cao, Zhidong / Zeng, Daniel Dajun / Zhang, Qingpeng

    Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA

    2023  Volume 30, Issue 9, Page(s) 1543–1551

    Abstract: ... as the available healthcare resources.: Methods: Combining the COVID-19 data of the sixth wave in Hong ... August 29, 2022. We also extended the model to Beijing context.: Findings: Without any NPIs, Hong ...

    Abstract Background: Long-lasting nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) suppressed the infection of COVID-19 but came at a substantial economic cost and the elevated risk of the outbreak of respiratory infectious diseases (RIDs) following the pandemic. Policymakers need data-driven evidence to guide the relaxation with adaptive NPIs that consider the risk of both COVID-19 and other RIDs outbreaks, as well as the available healthcare resources.
    Methods: Combining the COVID-19 data of the sixth wave in Hong Kong between May 31, 2022 and August 28, 2022, 6-year epidemic data of other RIDs (2014-2019), and the healthcare resources data, we constructed compartment models to predict the epidemic curves of RIDs after the COVID-19-targeted NPIs. A deep reinforcement learning (DRL) model was developed to learn the optimal adaptive NPIs strategies to mitigate the outbreak of RIDs after COVID-19-targeted NPIs are lifted with minimal health and economic cost. The performance was validated by simulations of 1000 days starting August 29, 2022. We also extended the model to Beijing context.
    Findings: Without any NPIs, Hong Kong experienced a major COVID-19 resurgence far exceeding the hospital bed capacity. Simulation results showed that the proposed DRL-based adaptive NPIs successfully suppressed the outbreak of COVID-19 and other RIDs to lower than capacity. DRL carefully controlled the epidemic curve to be close to the full capacity so that herd immunity can be reached in a relatively short period with minimal cost. DRL derived more stringent adaptive NPIs in Beijing.
    Interpretation: DRL is a feasible method to identify the optimal adaptive NPIs that lead to minimal health and economic cost by facilitating gradual herd immunity of COVID-19 and mitigating the other RIDs outbreaks without overwhelming the hospitals. The insights can be extended to other countries/regions.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Respiratory Tract Infections
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1205156-1
    ISSN 1527-974X ; 1067-5027
    ISSN (online) 1527-974X
    ISSN 1067-5027
    DOI 10.1093/jamia/ocad116
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  9. Article ; Online: Comprehensive Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals Based on Species Sensitivity Distribution in Aquatic of Coastal Areas in Hong Kong.

    Rong, Shaowei / Wu, Jin / Cao, Xiaoyuan / Sun, Yue

    International journal of environmental research and public health

    2022  Volume 19, Issue 20

    Abstract: ... coastal environment. The assessment of heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong waters was carried out using ... in the near coast of Hong Kong were analyzed for two different seasons of the year 2018 (April-spring and ... of Hong Kong, and the potential biohazardous effects were assessed using the species sensitivity distribution ...

    Abstract In recent decades, the ecological environment of some coastal areas in China has been seriously affected by terrestrial pollutants, and there is an urgent need for ecological risk assessment of China's coastal environment. The assessment of heavy metal pollution in Hong Kong waters was carried out using different environmental and ecological indicators. The heavy metal contents (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Cr, and Hg) in the near coast of Hong Kong were analyzed for two different seasons of the year 2018 (April-spring and September-autumn). We assessed the distribution and enrichment of heavy metals in the near coast of Hong Kong, and the potential biohazardous effects were assessed using the species sensitivity distribution method. The results showed that only Pb, Zn, and Hg in seawater exceeded the Class I standard. Pb, Zn, Cd, and As in organisms exceeded the standard, and no heavy metals exceeded the standard in sediments. The species sensitivity distribution method indicated that the biohazardous factor of heavy metals of the Hong Kong coast is higher in spring than in autumn, and the potential hazard ratio has the characteristics of high northwest and low southeast, which leads to its msPAF also having these characteristics. From the correlational analyses among heavy metals, we found that the pH change in seawater was related to the concentration of heavy metals, the concentration of heavy metals in seawater was proportional to the salinity of seawater, Pb and Cu were likely to have the same source, and Zn and Cd may not have the same emission sources as the other heavy metals. Overall, heavy metal contamination of seawater, sediments, and organisms near the Hong Kong coast was within acceptable limits, but the problem of heavy metal dispersion should be prevented.
    MeSH term(s) Geologic Sediments/chemistry ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Hong Kong ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis ; Cadmium/analysis ; Lead/analysis ; Metals, Heavy/analysis ; Risk Assessment ; Mercury/analysis ; Environmental Pollutants/analysis ; China
    Chemical Substances Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Cadmium (00BH33GNGH) ; Lead (2P299V784P) ; Metals, Heavy ; Mercury (FXS1BY2PGL) ; Environmental Pollutants
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2175195-X
    ISSN 1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
    ISSN (online) 1660-4601
    ISSN 1661-7827
    DOI 10.3390/ijerph192013376
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  10. Article ; Online: Perceptions of and hesitancy toward COVID-19 vaccination in older Chinese adults in Hong Kong: a qualitative study.

    Siu, Judy Yuen-Man / Cao, Yuan / Shum, David H K

    BMC geriatrics

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 288

    Abstract: ... However, by July 15, 2021, only 26% of individuals over 60 years old in Hong Kong had received a first dose ... 19 vaccination is a complex consideration for older adults of low socioeconomic status in Hong ...

    Abstract Background: COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for older adults by the World Health Organization. However, by July 15, 2021, only 26% of individuals over 60 years old in Hong Kong had received a first dose of the vaccine. The health belief model and the theory of planned behavior have been used to understand the determinants for COVID-19 vaccination in past literature. However, vaccination determinants can be complex and involve social and cultural factors that cannot be explained by micro-individual factors alone; hence, the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior cannot provide a complete understanding of vaccine hesitancy. Few studies on the barriers to, hesitancy toward, and motivations for COVID-19 vaccination among older Chinese adults have been performed. The aim of this study is to fill this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of this subject using the critical medical anthropology framework, extending the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior in understanding vaccination determinants among the older adult population.
    Methods: Between November 2020 and February 2021, 31 adults (24 women and 7 men) over the age of 65 took part in semi-structured, one-on-one interviews. The data we gathered were then analyzed through a phenomenological approach.
    Results: Two major themes in the data were examined: barriers to vaccination and motivations for vaccination. The participants' perceptions of and hesitancy toward vaccination demonstrated a confluence of factors at the individual (trust, confidence, and social support networks), microsocial (stigma toward health care workers), intermediate-social (government), and macrosocial (cultural stereotypes, civic and collective responsibility, and economic considerations) levels according to the critical medical anthropology framework.
    Conclusions: The decision to receive a COVID-19 vaccination is a complex consideration for older adults of low socioeconomic status in Hong Kong. Using the critical medical anthropology framework, the decision-making experience is a reflection of the interaction of factors at different layers of social levels. The findings of this study extend the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior regarding the understanding of vaccination perceptions and relevant behaviors in an older adult population.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Female ; Hong Kong/epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Vaccination ; Vaccines
    Chemical Substances COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2059865-8
    ISSN 1471-2318 ; 1471-2318
    ISSN (online) 1471-2318
    ISSN 1471-2318
    DOI 10.1186/s12877-022-03000-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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