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Article ; Online: Weathering of Brain Microstructure Links Racial Discrimination to Health Problems: A Causal Pathway to Health Inequities?

Webb, E Kate

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging

2023 Volume 8, Issue 7, Page(s) 685–686

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Racism ; Health Inequities ; Brain
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	2879089-3
ISSN	2451-9030 ; 2451-9022
ISSN (online)	2451-9030
ISSN	2451-9022
DOI	10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.05.004
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The biological embedding of structural inequities: new insight from neuroscience.

Webb, E Kate / Harnett, Nathaniel G

Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

2023 Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 337–338

MeSH term(s)	Neurosciences
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	News
ZDB-ID	639471-1
ISSN	1740-634X ; 0893-133X
ISSN (online)	1740-634X
ISSN	0893-133X
DOI	10.1038/s41386-023-01655-8
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Zs.A 2379: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Development of the Movement Pattern Observation Tool (MPOT)-An Observational Tool to Measure Limb Movements during Elementary School Recess.

Webb, Gemma Kate / Rhea, Deborah J

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 8

Abstract: Background: The US Center for Disease Control estimates that only 24% of American elementary-aged children participate in the recommended 60 min of daily physical activity. As activity levels decline, elementary schools should consider increasing ... ...

Abstract	Background: The US Center for Disease Control estimates that only 24% of American elementary-aged children participate in the recommended 60 min of daily physical activity. As activity levels decline, elementary schools should consider increasing movement opportunities. Activity-driven school days, where children can move their limbs freely, may increase memory retention performance, behavioral impulse control, as well as bone density, and muscle strength. Unstructured, outdoor play (recess) may provide an opportunity for the brain, bone, and muscle-stimulating limb movements to be utilized. To date, no research has focused on whether the modern child actively uses limb movements during recess, nor to what degree. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable assessment tool (Movement Pattern Observation Tool, MPOT) to observe and record limb movements (unilateral, bilateral, and contralateral movements) of elementary children during recess, defined in this study as unstructured, outdoor play. Methods: Three observers used the MPOT to complete thirty-five observations at one elementary school during kindergarten through fifth-grade recess breaks. Results: Interrater reliability approached excellent, being that excellent is above 0.90. The ICC of the master observer and observer 3 value was 0.898 (95% CI 0.757-0.957), and the ICC of the master observer and observer 2 was 0.885 (95% CI 0.599-0.967), Conclusion: Inter-rater reliability was achieved through a three-phase process. This reliable recess observation tool will contribute to the body of research linking recess to physical and cognitive health.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Educational Status ; Exercise/psychology ; Motor Activity/physiology ; Reproducibility of Results ; Schools
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20085589
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Book ; Online: Towards robust community assessments of the Earth's climate sensitivity

Marvel, Kate / Webb, Mark

eISSN:

2024

Abstract: The eventual planetary warming in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations is not precisely known. This climate sensitivity S depends primarily on the net physical climate feedbacks, usually denoted as λ. Multiple lines of evidence ... ...

Abstract	The eventual planetary warming in response to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations is not precisely known. This climate sensitivity S depends primarily on the net physical climate feedbacks, usually denoted as λ. Multiple lines of evidence can constrain this feedback parameter: proxy-based and model evidence from past equilibrium climates, process-based understanding of the physics underlying changes, and recent observations of temperature change, top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, and ocean heat content. However, despite recent advances in combining these lines of evidence, the estimated range of S remains large. Here, using a Bayesian framework, we discuss three sources of uncertainty: uncertainty in the evidence, structural uncertainty in the model used to interpret that evidence, and differing prior beliefs, and show how these affect the conclusions we may draw from a single line of evidence. We then propose a method to combine multiple estimates of the evidence, multiple multiple explanatory models, and the subjective assessments of different experts in order to arrive at an assessment of λ (and hence, climate sensitivity S) that may be rapidly updated as new information arrives and truly reflects the existing community of experts.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-22
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Psychological and physiological correlates of stimulus discrimination in adults.

Fitzgerald, Jacklynn M / Webb, E Kate / Sangha, Susan

Psychophysiology

2023 Volume 60, Issue 10, Page(s) e14327

Abstract: The discrimination of cues in the environment that signal danger ("fear cue") is important for survival but depends critically on the discernment of such cues from ones that pose no threat ("safety cues"). In rodents, we previously demonstrated the ... ...

Abstract	The discrimination of cues in the environment that signal danger ("fear cue") is important for survival but depends critically on the discernment of such cues from ones that pose no threat ("safety cues"). In rodents, we previously demonstrated the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that support fear versus safety discrimination and documented that these mechanisms extend to the discrimination of reward as well. While learning about reward is equally important for survival, it remains an under-studied area of research, particularly in human studies of conditional discrimination. In the present study, we translated our rodent task of fear reward and neutral discrimination (fear, reward, and neutral discrimination [FRND]) for use in humans. Undergraduate students (N = 53) completed the FRND while electrodermal activity was recorded. Skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude, a marker of arousal response, was derived for fear, reward, and neutral cues that signaled no outcome; critical trials assessed conditional discrimination using combined fear + neutral and reward + neutral cues. Participants provided likeability ratings for each cue type. Results demonstrated that participants rated reward cues the best, fear cues the worst, and neutral cues in between, while SCR amplitude was largest for fear and reward cues and lowest for neutral cues. SCR amplitudes were reduced for fear + neutral (compared to fear) and reward + neutral cues (compared to reward). Results demonstrate that the FRND is a useful paradigm for the assessment of psychological and physiological discrimination of fear and reward. Implications and directions for future work are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adult ; Learning ; Cues ; Fear/physiology ; Arousal/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209486-1
ISSN	1540-5958 ; 0048-5772
ISSN (online)	1540-5958
ISSN	0048-5772
DOI	10.1111/psyp.14327
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Article ; Online: Elevated risk for psychiatric outcomes in pediatric patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C): A review of neuroinflammatory and psychosocial stressors.

Pan, Tracy / Gallo, Meghan E / Donald, Kirsten A / Webb, Kate / Bath, Kevin G

Brain, behavior, & immunity - health

2024 Volume 38, Page(s) 100760

Abstract: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a secondary immune manifestation of COVID-19 involving multiple organ systems in the body, resulting in fever, skin rash, abdominal pain, nausea, shock, and cardiac dysfunction that often lead to ... ...

Abstract	Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a secondary immune manifestation of COVID-19 involving multiple organ systems in the body, resulting in fever, skin rash, abdominal pain, nausea, shock, and cardiac dysfunction that often lead to hospitalization. Although many of these symptoms resolve following anti-inflammatory treatment, the long-term neurological and psychiatric sequelae of MIS-C are unknown. In this review, we will summarize two domains of the MIS-C disease course, 1) Neuroinflammation in the MIS-C brain and 2) Psychosocial disruptions resulting from stress and hospitalization. In both domains, we present existing clinical findings and hypothesize potential connections to psychiatric outcomes. This is the first review to conceptualize a holistic framework of psychiatric risk in MIS-C patients that includes neuroinflammatory and psychosocial risk factors. As cases of severe COVID-19 and MIS-C subside, it is important for clinicians to monitor outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2666-3546
ISSN (online)	2666-3546
DOI	10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100760
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Article ; Online: The neurophysiological consequences of racism-related stressors in Black Americans.

Webb, E Kate / Carter, Sierra E / Ressler, Kerry J / Fani, Negar / Harnett, Nathaniel G

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

2024 Volume 161, Page(s) 105638

Abstract: Racism-related stressors, from experiences of both implicit and explicit racial discrimination to systemic socioeconomic disadvantage, have a cumulative impact on Black Americans' health. The present narrative review synthesizes peripheral ( ... ...

Abstract	Racism-related stressors, from experiences of both implicit and explicit racial discrimination to systemic socioeconomic disadvantage, have a cumulative impact on Black Americans' health. The present narrative review synthesizes peripheral (neuroendocrine and inflammation markers), psychophysiological (heart-rate variability, skin conductance), and neuroimaging (structural and functional) findings that demonstrate unique associations with racism-related stress. Emerging evidence reveals how racism-related stressors contribute to differential physiological and neural responses and may have distinct impacts on regions involved with threat and social processing. Ultimately, the neurophysiological effects of racism-related stress may confer biological susceptibility to stress and trauma-related disorders. We note critical gaps in the literature on the neurophysiological impact of racism-related stress and outline additional research that is needed on the multifactorial interactions between racism and mental health. A clearer understanding of the interactions between racism-related stress, neurophysiology, and stress- and trauma-related disorders is critical for preventative efforts, biomarker discovery, and selection of effective clinical treatments for Black Americans.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105638
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Article ; Online: Addressing racial and phenotypic bias in human neuroscience methods.

Webb, E Kate / Etter, J Arthur / Kwasa, Jasmine A

Nature neuroscience

2022 Volume 25, Issue 4, Page(s) 410–414

Abstract: Despite their premise of objectivity, neuroscience tools for physiological data collection, such as electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, introduce racial bias into studies by excluding individuals on the basis of phenotypic ... ...

Abstract	Despite their premise of objectivity, neuroscience tools for physiological data collection, such as electroencephalography and functional near-infrared spectroscopy, introduce racial bias into studies by excluding individuals on the basis of phenotypic differences in hair type and skin pigmentation. Furthermore, at least one methodology-electrodermal activity recording (skin conductance responses)-may be influenced not only by potential phenotypic differences but also by negative psychological effects stemming from the lived experience of racism. Here we situate these issues within structural injustice, urge researchers to challenge racism in their scientific work and propose procedures and changes that may lead to more equitable science.
MeSH term(s)	Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Racism
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1420596-8
ISSN	1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
ISSN (online)	1546-1726
ISSN	1097-6256
DOI	10.1038/s41593-022-01046-0
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Article ; Online: Bivalve digestive epithelial virosis (DEV): A cause of disease or a natural process?

Rolton, Anne / Webb, Stephen Charles / López-Sanmartín, Monserrat / Hutson, Kate Suzanne

Journal of invertebrate pathology

2023 Volume 198, Page(s) 107924

Abstract: Epithelial hyperplasia and sloughing of the digestive gland in bivalve mollusks are a global phenomenon and occur in species of commercial interest and cultural significance to indigenous peoples. Where hemocytosis, hyperplasia, and necrosis of digestive ...

Abstract	Epithelial hyperplasia and sloughing of the digestive gland in bivalve mollusks are a global phenomenon and occur in species of commercial interest and cultural significance to indigenous peoples. Where hemocytosis, hyperplasia, and necrosis of digestive tubule cells have been observed associated with electron-dense uncoated virus-like particles (VLPs) 25-45 nm in diameter, the condition has been named digestive epithelial virosis (DEV). This condition has been associated with mortalities of some bivalve species in New Zealand. Similar digestive gland alterations, but without detection of associated VLPs, have been reported in other bivalve species worldwide and are termed "DEV-like" since no virus link has been demonstrated. It remains unclear if DEV is an infectious condition and whether associated VLPs are the cause, a contributor, or simply associated with the observed condition. It is also unclear whether DEV or DEV-like conditions pose a biosecurity or economic threat, or alternatively, whether they reflect a natural cyclic event that does not require disease management. In this mini-review, we summarize the history of digestive epithelial alteration with VLPs (i.e., DEV) or without observation of VLPs (i.e., DEV-like), and we examine the evidence for and against viral-like particles as the cause of DEV in bivalves. We also explore other viral afflictions of bivalves and non-infectious agents, such as harmful algae and xenotoxins, that could elicit similar tissue alterations. Future recommendations for approaches to identify key risk factors that lead to the development of digestive epithelial alterations such as DEV include histological characterization of the digestive gland of marine mollusks; the use of metagenome analysis to design primers that could be used for detection of VLPs and to study host microbiota; disease challenges demonstrating that DEV causes pathology and the relationship between DEV intensity and morbidity/mortality.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Hyperplasia ; Bivalvia ; New Zealand
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	390885-9
ISSN	1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
ISSN (online)	1096-0805
ISSN	0022-2011
DOI	10.1016/j.jip.2023.107924
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Article: Radically reframing studies on neurobiology and socioeconomic circumstances: A call for social justice-oriented neuroscience.

Webb, E Kate / Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos / Douglas, Robyn

Frontiers in integrative neuroscience

2022 Volume 16, Page(s) 958545

Abstract: Socioeconomic circumstances are associated with symptoms and diagnostic status of nearly all mental health conditions. Given these robust relationships, neuroscientists have attempted to elucidate how socioeconomic-based adversity "gets under the skin." ... ...

Abstract	Socioeconomic circumstances are associated with symptoms and diagnostic status of nearly all mental health conditions. Given these robust relationships, neuroscientists have attempted to elucidate how socioeconomic-based adversity "gets under the skin." Historically, this work emphasized individual proxies of socioeconomic position (e.g., income, education), ignoring the effects of broader socioeconomic contexts (e.g., neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage) which may uniquely contribute to chronic stress. This omission represented a disconnect between neuroscience and other allied fields that have recognized health is undeniably linked to interactions between systems of power and individual characteristics. More recently, neuroscience work has considered how sociopolitical context affects brain structure and function; however, the products of this exciting line of research have lacked critical sociological and historical perspectives. While empirical evidence on this topic is burgeoning, the cultural, ethical, societal, and legal implications of this work have been elusive. Although the mechanisms by which socioeconomic circumstances impact brain structure and function may be similar across people, not everyone is exposed to these factors at similar rates. Individuals from ethnoracially minoritized groups are disproportionally exposed to neighborhood disadvantage. Thus, socioeconomic inequities examined in neuroscience research are undergirding with other forms of oppression, namely structural racism. We utilize a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to interpret findings from neuroscience research and interweave relevant theories from the fields of public health, social sciences, and Black feminist thought. In this perspective piece, we discuss the complex relationship that continues to exist between academic institutions and underserved surrounding communities, acknowledging the areas in which neuroscience research has historically harmed and/or excluded structurally disadvantaged communities. We conclude by envisioning how this work can be used; not just to inform policymakers, but also to engage and partner with communities and shape the future direction of human neuroscience research.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452962-X
ISSN	1662-5145
ISSN	1662-5145
DOI	10.3389/fnint.2022.958545
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