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  1. Article ; Online: Racism as a public health issue in environmental health disparities and environmental justice: working toward solutions.

    Beard, Sharon / Freeman, Kenda / Velasco, Maria L / Boyd, Windy / Chamberlain, Toccara / Latoni, Alfonso / Lasko, Denise / Lunn, Ruth M / O'Fallon, Liam / Packenham, Joan / Smarr, Melissa M / Arnette, Robin / Cavalier-Keck, Crystal / Keck, Jason / Muhammad, Naeema / Wilson, Omega / Wilson, Brenda / Wilson, Ayo / Dixon, Darlene

    Environmental health : a global access science source

    2024  Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 8

    Abstract: Background: Environmental health research in the US has shown that racial and ethnic minorities and members of low-socioeconomic groups, are disproportionately burdened by harmful environmental exposures, in their homes, workplace, and neighborhood ... ...

    Abstract Background: Environmental health research in the US has shown that racial and ethnic minorities and members of low-socioeconomic groups, are disproportionately burdened by harmful environmental exposures, in their homes, workplace, and neighborhood environments that impact their overall health and well-being. Systemic racism is a fundamental cause of these disproportionate exposures and associated health effects. To invigorate and inform current efforts on environmental justice and to raise awareness of environmental racism, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) hosted a workshop where community leaders, academic researchers, and NIEHS staff shared perspectives and discussed ways to inform future work to address health disparities.
    Objectives: To share best practices learned and experienced in partnerships between academic researchers and communities that are addressing environmental racism across the US; and to outline critical needs and future actions for NIEHS, other federal agencies, and anyone who is interested in conducting or funding research that addresses environmental racism and advances health equity for all communities.
    Discussion: Through this workshop with community leaders and researchers funded by NIEHS, we learned that partnerships between academics and communities hold great promise for addressing environmental racism; however, there are still profound obstacles. To overcome these barriers, translation of research into plain language and health-protective interventions is needed. Structural changes are also needed in current funding mechanisms and training programs across federal agencies. We also learned the importance of leveraging advances in technology to develop creative solutions that can protect public health.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Racism ; Environmental Justice ; Public Health ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Health
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2092232-2
    ISSN 1476-069X ; 1476-069X
    ISSN (online) 1476-069X
    ISSN 1476-069X
    DOI 10.1186/s12940-024-01052-8
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  2. Article ; Online: A Prospective Analysis of Red and Processed Meat Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women.

    Mehta, Suril S / Arroyave, Whitney D / Lunn, Ruth M / Park, Yong-Moon Mark / Boyd, Windy A / Sandler, Dale P

    Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology

    2019  Volume 29, Issue 1, Page(s) 141–150

    Abstract: Background: Red and processed meats have been implicated as risk factors in the development of colorectal cancer in U.S. women, but associations with cooking practices are less well established.: Methods: Data are from the Sister Study, a cohort of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Red and processed meats have been implicated as risk factors in the development of colorectal cancer in U.S. women, but associations with cooking practices are less well established.
    Methods: Data are from the Sister Study, a cohort of women ages 35 to 74 years from the United States and Puerto Rico who have a sister diagnosed with breast cancer. Red and processed meat consumption, meat cooking practices, and intake of common meat products were collected at baseline using self-administered questionnaires (
    Results: During a median 8.7 years' follow-up (range <1-12.7 years), 216 colorectal cancer cases were diagnosed. In categorical analyses, an increased risk of colorectal cancer was seen in the highest quartile of processed meat consumption compared with the lowest [HR
    Conclusions: Higher reported daily intake of processed meats and consumption of barbecued/grilled red meat products were associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in women.
    Impact: Variability in colorectal risk risk by meat type and cooking method should be considered when evaluating meat consumption.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Colorectal Neoplasms/epidemiology ; Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology ; Cooking/methods ; Cooking/statistics & numerical data ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Incidence ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys/statistics & numerical data ; Prospective Studies ; Puerto Rico/epidemiology ; Red Meat/adverse effects ; Red Meat/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; United States/epidemiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 1153420-5
    ISSN 1538-7755 ; 1055-9965
    ISSN (online) 1538-7755
    ISSN 1055-9965
    DOI 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-19-0459
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  3. Article ; Online: Caenorhabditis elegans as a model in developmental toxicology.

    Boyd, Windy A / Smith, Marjolein V / Freedman, Jonathan H

    Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.)

    2012  Volume 889, Page(s) 15–24

    Abstract: A number of practical advantages have made the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans a useful model for genetic and developmental biological research. These same advantages, along with conservation of disease and stress response pathways, availability of ... ...

    Abstract A number of practical advantages have made the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans a useful model for genetic and developmental biological research. These same advantages, along with conservation of disease and stress response pathways, availability of mutant and transgenic strains, and wealth of biological information, have led to the increased use of C. elegans in toxicological studies. Although the potential to study the mechanisms of developmental toxicology in C. elegans is promising, embryonic and larval growth tests to identify compounds that affect the nematode have remained the primary use of C. elegans in developmental toxicology. Here, we describe a C. elegans larval growth and development assay for medium- and high-throughput screening using the COPAS Biosort flow cytometer and provide descriptions of the data and subsequent analysis.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cadmium Chloride/pharmacology ; Cadmium Chloride/toxicity ; Caenorhabditis elegans/drug effects ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/growth & development ; Culture Techniques ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Larva/growth & development ; Teratogens/pharmacology ; Teratogens/toxicity ; Teratology ; Toxicity Tests/methods
    Chemical Substances Teratogens ; Cadmium Chloride (J6K4F9V3BA)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-06-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ISSN 1940-6029
    ISSN (online) 1940-6029
    DOI 10.1007/978-1-61779-867-2_3
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Molecular characterization of numr-1 and numr-2: genes that increase both resistance to metal-induced stress and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.

    Tvermoes, Brooke E / Boyd, Windy A / Freedman, Jonathan H

    Journal of cell science

    2010  Volume 123, Issue Pt 12, Page(s) 2124–2134

    Abstract: To define the mechanisms involved in the molecular response to the carcinogenic metal cadmium, two novel metal-inducible genes from C. elegans were characterized: numr-1 and numr-2 (nuclear localized metal responsive). numr-1 and numr-2 sequences and ... ...

    Abstract To define the mechanisms involved in the molecular response to the carcinogenic metal cadmium, two novel metal-inducible genes from C. elegans were characterized: numr-1 and numr-2 (nuclear localized metal responsive). numr-1 and numr-2 sequences and cellular patterns of expression are identical, indicating that these are functionally equivalent genes. Constitutive transcription of numr-1 and numr-2 is developmentally regulated and occurs in the intestine, in head and tail neurons, and vulva muscles. Exposure to metals induces numr-1 and numr-2 transcription in pharyngeal and intestinal cells. Other environmental stressors do not affect transcription, indicating that these are metal-specific, stress-responsive genes. NUMR-1 and NUMR-2 target to nuclei and colocalize with HSF-1, suggesting that they may be components of nuclear stress granules. Nematodes overexpressing NUMR-1 and NUMR-2 are resistant to stress and live longer than control animals; likewise reducing expression increases sensitivity to metals and decreases neuromuscular functions. Upstream regulatory regions of both genes contain potential binding sites for DAF-16 and SKN-1, which are components of the insulin-IGF-like signaling pathway. This pathway regulates longevity and stress responses in C. elegans. NUMR-1 and NUMR-2 may function to promote resistance to environmental stressors and longevity, which is mediated by the insulin-IGF-like signaling pathway.
    MeSH term(s) Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; Cadmium/toxicity ; Caenorhabditis elegans/drug effects ; Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans/physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Longevity ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Stress, Physiological
    Chemical Substances Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Environmental Pollutants ; Nuclear Proteins ; Numr-1 protein, C elegans ; Numr-2 protein, C elegans ; Cadmium (00BH33GNGH)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-05-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 2993-2
    ISSN 1477-9137 ; 0021-9533
    ISSN (online) 1477-9137
    ISSN 0021-9533
    DOI 10.1242/jcs.065433
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  5. Article ; Online: Editor's Highlight: Comparative Toxicity of Organophosphate Flame Retardants and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers to Caenorhabditis elegans.

    Behl, Mamta / Rice, Julie R / Smith, Marjo V / Co, Caroll A / Bridge, Matthew F / Hsieh, Jui-Hua / Freedman, Jonathan H / Boyd, Windy A

    Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

    2016  Volume 154, Issue 2, Page(s) 241–252

    Abstract: With the phasing-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants due to concerns regarding their potential developmental toxicity, the use of replacement compounds such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased. Limited ... ...

    Abstract With the phasing-out of the polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants due to concerns regarding their potential developmental toxicity, the use of replacement compounds such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has increased. Limited toxicity data are currently available to estimate the potential adverse health effects of the OPFRs. The toxicological effects of 4 brominated flame retardants, including 3 PBDEs and 3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol A, were compared with 6 aromatic OPFRs and 2 aliphatic OPFRs. The effects of these chemicals were determined using 3 biological endpoints in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (feeding, larval development, and reproduction). Because C. elegans development was previously reported to be sensitive to mitochondrial function, results were compared with those from an in vitro mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) assay. Overall 11 of the 12 flame retardants were active in 1 or more C. elegans biological endpoints, with only tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate inactive across all endpoints including the in vitro MMP assay. For 2 of the C. elegans endpoints, at least 1 OPFR had similar toxicity to the PBDEs: triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) inhibited larval development at levels comparable to the 3 PBDEs; whereas TPHP and isopropylated phenol phosphate (IPP) affected C. elegans reproduction at levels similar to the PBDE commercial mixture, DE-71. The PBDEs reduced C. elegans feeding at lower concentrations than any OPFR. In addition, 9 of the 11 chemicals that inhibited C. elegans larval development also caused significant mitochondrial toxicity. These results suggest that some of the replacement aromatic OPFRs may have levels of toxicity comparable to PBDEs.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/drug effects ; Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Eating/drug effects ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Flame Retardants/toxicity ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers/toxicity ; Larva/drug effects ; Larva/metabolism ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects ; Mitochondria/drug effects ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Organophosphonates/toxicity ; Reproduction/drug effects
    Chemical Substances Flame Retardants ; Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers ; Organophosphonates
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 1420885-4
    ISSN 1096-0929 ; 1096-6080
    ISSN (online) 1096-0929
    ISSN 1096-6080
    DOI 10.1093/toxsci/kfw162
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  6. Article: Comparison of the sensitivity of three nematode species to copper and their utility in aquatic and soil toxicity tests.

    Boyd, Windy A / Williams, Phillip L

    Environmental toxicology and chemistry

    2003  Volume 22, Issue 11, Page(s) 2768–2774

    Abstract: Nematodes are useful organisms for aquatic and soil toxicity testing because of their abundance and diversity as well as their ease of culturing and maintenance in the laboratory. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively in toxicity ... ...

    Abstract Nematodes are useful organisms for aquatic and soil toxicity testing because of their abundance and diversity as well as their ease of culturing and maintenance in the laboratory. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively in toxicity testing, but its sensitivity to metal exposures in relation to other nematodes remains unclear. In this study, we compare the sensitivity and ease of use of two other rhabditid nematodes, Panagrellus redivivus and Pristionchus pacificus, to C. elegans. Toxicity endpoints were chosen to investigate the effects of Cu on the survival of these nematodes after soil exposures and on the survival, reproduction, movement, and feeding behavior of nematodes after exposures in aquatic medium. In all lethality testing, P. pacificus was the most sensitive, C. elegans exhibited intermediate sensitivity, and P. redivivus was the least sensitive. Reproduction and movement of C. elegans and reproduction of P. pacificus were decreased 50% by similar concentrations of Cu (EC50s approximately 2 mg/L), but P. pacificus movement was less sensitive to Cu exposures (EC50 = 8 mg/L). Although all nematodes may be useful in lethality assays, using P. redivivus in toxicity tests is complicated by the presence of two sexes and difficulties in obtaining age-synchronized cultures. Pristionchus pacificus is an ideal acute toxicity-testing organism because of its sensitivity and ease of culturing. However, C. elegans appears to be more sensitive and therefore most useful in behavioral assays. Future studies of the relative sensitivities of nematodes in toxicity testing should continue to investigate additional toxicants, nematode species, and quantifications of sublethal effects after soil exposures.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Assay ; Copper/toxicity ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Male ; Nematoda ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sex Factors ; Soil Pollutants/toxicity ; Water Pollutants/toxicity
    Chemical Substances Soil Pollutants ; Water Pollutants ; Copper (789U1901C5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-08-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 46234-2
    ISSN 1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
    ISSN (online) 1552-8618
    ISSN 0730-7268
    DOI 10.1897/02-573
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  7. Article: Availability of metals to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: toxicity based on total concentrations in soil and extracted fractions.

    Boyd, Windy A / Williams, Philip L

    Environmental toxicology and chemistry

    2003  Volume 22, Issue 5, Page(s) 1100–1106

    Abstract: Current regulation of metals in soils is based on total metal concentrations rather than on actual exposure concentrations. Considering the extreme variation in soil physicochemical properties, total concentrations are not reflective of the availability ... ...

    Abstract Current regulation of metals in soils is based on total metal concentrations rather than on actual exposure concentrations. Considering the extreme variation in soil physicochemical properties, total concentrations are not reflective of the availability and resultant toxicity of metals in different soils. In this study, the availability of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn to the free-living soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was assessed after 24-h exposures in three soils using a sequential soil extraction procedure. Albany soil, sampled from southern Georgia, USA, is characterized by a high sand content, whereas Cecil soil from the Piedmont region of Georgia contains higher fractions of clay and organic matter. The final soil was an American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) artificial medium composed of peat, kaolin clay, sand, and calcium carbonate. Based on their composition, ASTM medium would sorb metals most strongly and Albany soil the least strongly. In fact, 24-h lethal concentrations to 50% (LC50s) of nematodes for the five metals as determined by the total metal concentration followed this trend. In addition, water-extractable metals were lowest in ASTM medium and highest in Albany soil when spiked at the same concentrations. Our data show the need to consider soil type when performing toxicological tests and establishing site-specific allowable metal concentrations in soil.
    MeSH term(s) Absorption ; Adsorption ; Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/drug effects ; Caenorhabditis elegans/metabolism ; Environmental Exposure ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Metals, Heavy/chemistry ; Metals, Heavy/toxicity ; Soil/analysis ; Soil Pollutants/metabolism ; Soil Pollutants/toxicity ; Statistics as Topic ; Toxicity Tests
    Chemical Substances Metals, Heavy ; Soil ; Soil Pollutants
    Language English
    Publishing date 2003-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 46234-2
    ISSN 1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
    ISSN (online) 1552-8618
    ISSN 0730-7268
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  8. Article ; Online: Developmental Effects of the ToxCast™ Phase I and Phase II Chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans and Corresponding Responses in Zebrafish, Rats, and Rabbits.

    Boyd, Windy A / Smith, Marjolein V / Co, Caroll A / Pirone, Jason R / Rice, Julie R / Shockley, Keith R / Freedman, Jonathan H

    Environmental health perspectives

    2015  Volume 124, Issue 5, Page(s) 586–593

    Abstract: ... Citation: Boyd WA, Smith MV, Co CA, Pirone JR, Rice JR, Shockley KR, Freedman JH. 2016. Developmental ...

    Abstract Background: Modern toxicology is shifting from an observational to a mechanistic science. As part of this shift, high-throughput toxicity assays are being developed using alternative, nonmammalian species to prioritize chemicals and develop prediction models of human toxicity.
    Methods: The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used to screen the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) ToxCast™ Phase I and Phase II libraries, which contain 292 and 676 chemicals, respectively, for chemicals leading to decreased larval development and growth. Chemical toxicity was evaluated using three parameters: a biologically defined effect size threshold, half-maximal activity concentration (AC50), and lowest effective concentration (LEC).
    Results: Across both the Phase I and Phase II libraries, 62% of the chemicals were classified as active ≤ 200 μM in the C. elegans assay. Chemical activities and potencies in C. elegans were compared with those from two zebrafish embryonic development toxicity studies and developmental toxicity data for rats and rabbits. Concordance of chemical activity was higher between C. elegans and one zebrafish assay across Phase I chemicals (79%) than with a second zebrafish assay (59%). Using C. elegans or zebrafish to predict rat or rabbit developmental toxicity resulted in balanced accuracies (the average value of the sensitivity and specificity for an assay) ranging from 45% to 53%, slightly lower than the concordance between rat and rabbit (58%).
    Conclusions: Here, we present an assay that quantitatively and reliably describes the effects of chemical toxicants on C. elegans growth and development. We found significant overlap in the activity of chemicals in the ToxCast™ libraries between C. elegans and zebrafish developmental screens. Incorporating C. elegans toxicological assays as part of a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays provides additional information for the development of models to predict a chemical's potential toxicity to humans.
    Citation: Boyd WA, Smith MV, Co CA, Pirone JR, Rice JR, Shockley KR, Freedman JH. 2016. Developmental effects of the ToxCast™ Phase I and II chemicals in Caenorhabditis elegans and corresponding responses in zebrafish, rats, and rabbits. Environ Health Perspect 124:586-593; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409645.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Caenorhabditis elegans/drug effects ; Caenorhabditis elegans/growth & development ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; High-Throughput Screening Assays ; Rabbits ; Rats ; Toxicity Tests/methods ; Zebrafish
    Chemical Substances Environmental Pollutants
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-10-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 195189-0
    ISSN 1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    ISSN (online) 1552-9924
    ISSN 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    DOI 10.1289/ehp.1409645
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  9. Article ; Online: Circadian Health and Light: A Report on the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Workshop.

    Mason, Ivy C / Boubekri, Mohamed / Figueiro, Mariana G / Hasler, Brant P / Hattar, Samer / Hill, Steven M / Nelson, Randy J / Sharkey, Katherine M / Wright, Kenneth P / Boyd, Windy A / Brown, Marishka K / Laposky, Aaron D / Twery, Michael J / Zee, Phyllis C

    Journal of biological rhythms

    2018  Volume 33, Issue 5, Page(s) 451–457

    Abstract: Despite the omnipresence of artificial and natural light exposure, there exists little guidance in the United States and elsewhere on light exposure in terms of timing, intensity, spectrum, and other light characteristics known to affect human health, ... ...

    Abstract Despite the omnipresence of artificial and natural light exposure, there exists little guidance in the United States and elsewhere on light exposure in terms of timing, intensity, spectrum, and other light characteristics known to affect human health, performance, and well-being; in parallel, there is little information regarding the quantity and characteristics of light exposure that people receive. To address this, the National Center on Sleep Disorders Research, in the Division of Lung Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, held a workshop in August 2016 on circadian health and light. Workshop participants discussed scientific research advances on the effects of light on human physiology, identified remaining knowledge gaps in these research areas, and articulated opportunities to use appropriate lighting to protect and improve circadian-dependent health. Based on this workshop, participants put forth the following strategic intent, objectives, and strategies to guide discovery, measurement, education, and implementation of the appropriate use of light to achieve, promote, and maintain circadian health in modern society.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Built Environment ; Circadian Rhythm ; Heart/radiation effects ; Humans ; Mice ; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.) ; Photoperiod ; Public Health ; Sleep ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 896387-3
    ISSN 1552-4531 ; 0748-7304
    ISSN (online) 1552-4531
    ISSN 0748-7304
    DOI 10.1177/0748730418789506
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  10. Article: Comparison of the toxicity of fluoridation compounds in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

    Rice, Julie R / Boyd, Windy A / Chandra, Dave / Smith, Marjolein V / Besten, Pamela K. Den / Freedman, Jonathan H

    Environmental toxicology and chemistry. 2014 Jan., v. 33, no. 1

    2014  

    Abstract: Fluorides are commonly added to drinking water in the United States to decrease the incidence of dental caries. Silicofluorides, such as sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na₂SiF₆) and fluorosilicic acid (H₂SiF₆), are mainly used for fluoridation, although ... ...

    Abstract Fluorides are commonly added to drinking water in the United States to decrease the incidence of dental caries. Silicofluorides, such as sodium hexafluorosilicate (Na₂SiF₆) and fluorosilicic acid (H₂SiF₆), are mainly used for fluoridation, although fluoride salts such as sodium fluoride (NaF) are also used. Interestingly, only the toxicity of NaF has been examined and not that of the more often used silicofluorides. In the present study, the toxicities of NaF, Na₂SiF₆, and H₂SiF₆ were compared. The toxicity of these fluorides on the growth, feeding, and reproduction in the alternative toxicological testing organism Caenorhabditis elegans was examined. Exposure to these compounds produced classic concentration–response toxicity profiles. Although the effects of the fluoride compounds varied among the 3 biological endpoints, no differences were found between the 3 compounds, relative to the fluoride ion concentration, in any of the assays. This suggests that silicofluorides have similar toxicity to NaF. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;33:82–88. © 2013 SETAC
    Keywords Caenorhabditis elegans ; dental caries ; drinking water ; fluoridation ; sodium ; sodium fluoride ; toxicity ; United States
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2014-01
    Size p. 82-88.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 46234-2
    ISSN 1552-8618 ; 0730-7268
    ISSN (online) 1552-8618
    ISSN 0730-7268
    DOI 10.1002/etc.2394
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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