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  1. Article ; Online: Nano-safety research lessons for dealing with aerosol transmissions of COVID-19.

    Riediker, Michael

    Nanotoxicology

    2020  Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 866–868

    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 2237988-5
    ISSN 1743-5404 ; 1743-5390
    ISSN (online) 1743-5404
    ISSN 1743-5390
    DOI 10.1080/17435390.2020.1786185
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Nano-safety research lessons for dealing with aerosol transmissions of COVID-19

    Riediker, Michael

    Nanotoxicology

    2020  Volume 14, Issue 6, Page(s) 866–868

    Keywords Toxicology ; Biomedical Engineering ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Informa UK Limited
    Publishing country uk
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 2237988-5
    ISSN 1743-5404 ; 1743-5390
    ISSN (online) 1743-5404
    ISSN 1743-5390
    DOI 10.1080/17435390.2020.1786185
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Estimation of Viral Aerosol Emissions From Simulated Individuals With Asymptomatic to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019.

    Riediker, Michael / Tsai, Dai-Hua

    JAMA network open

    2020  Volume 3, Issue 7, Page(s) e2013807

    Abstract: Importance: Individuals with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found at very high ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Individuals with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found at very high concentrations in swab and sputum samples from such individuals.
    Objective: To estimate the virus levels released from individuals with asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 into different aerosol sizes by normal breathing and coughing, and to determine what exposure could result from this in a room shared with such individuals.
    Design, setting, and participants: This mathematical modeling study combined the size-distribution of exhaled breath microdroplets for coughing and normal breathing with viral swab and sputum concentrations as approximation for lung lining liquid to obtain an estimate of emitted virus levels. Viral data were obtained from studies published as of May 20, 2020. The resulting emission data fed a single-compartment model of airborne concentrations in a room of 50 m3, the size of a small office or medical examination room.
    Main outcomes and measures: Modeling was used to estimate the viral load emitted by individuals breathing normally or coughing, and the concentrations expected in the simulated room at different ventilation rates.
    Results: The mean estimated viral load in microdroplets emitted by simulated individuals while breathing regularly was 0.0000049 copies/cm3, with a range of 0.0000000049 to 0.637 copies/cm3. The corresponding estimates for simulated coughing individuals were a mean of 0.277 copies/cm3 per cough, with a range of 0.000277 to 36 030 copies/cm3 per cough. The estimated concentrations in a room with an individual who was coughing frequently were very high, with a maximum of 7.44 million copies/m3 from an individual who was a high emitter. However, regular breathing from an individual who was a high emitter was modeled to result in lower room concentrations of up to 1248 copies/m3.
    Conclusions and relevance: In this modeling study, breathing and coughing were estimated to release large numbers of viruses, ranging from thousands to millions of virus copies per cubic meter in a room with an individual with COVID-19 with a high viral load, depending on ventilation and microdroplet formation process. The estimated infectious risk posed by a person with typical viral load who breathes normally was low. The results suggest that only few people with very high viral load pose an infection risk in poorly ventilated closed environments. These findings suggest that strict respiratory protection may be needed when there is a chance to be in the same small room with an individual, whether symptomatic or not, especially for a prolonged period.
    MeSH term(s) Asymptomatic Diseases ; Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/transmission ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Cough/virology ; Environment ; Exhalation/physiology ; Humans ; Models, Statistical ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/transmission ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Ventilation ; Viral Load
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.13807
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Occupational exposure to inhaled nanoparticles: Are young workers being left in the dust?

    Graczyk, Halshka / Riediker, Michael

    Journal of occupational health

    2019  Volume 61, Issue 5, Page(s) 333–338

    Abstract: Objectives: Occupational exposure to inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) represents a significant concern for worker health. Adolescent workers may face unique risks for exposure and resulting health effects when compared with adult workers.: Methods: This ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Occupational exposure to inhaled nanoparticles (NPs) represents a significant concern for worker health. Adolescent workers may face unique risks for exposure and resulting health effects when compared with adult workers.
    Methods: This manuscript discusses key differences in risks for occupational exposures to inhaled NPs and resulting health effects between young workers and adult workers via an examination of both physiological and occupational setting factors.
    Results: Previous studies document how adolescents often face distinct and unique exposure scenarios to occupational hazards when compared to adults. Moreover, they also face different and unpredictable health effects because biological functions such as detoxification pathways and neurological mechanisms are still developing well into late adolescence. Early exposure also increases the chances of developing long-latency disease earlier in life. Taken together, adolescents' rapid growth and development encompasses highly dynamic and complex processes. An aggravating factor is that these processes do not necessarily fall in line with legal classifications of adulthood, nor with occupational exposure limits created for adult workers.
    Conclusions: The differences in exposures and health consequences from NPs on young workers are insufficiently understood. Research is needed to better understand what adolescent-specific mitigation strategies may be most suitable to address these risk factors.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Age Factors ; Air Pollutants, Occupational/adverse effects ; Humans ; Inhalation Exposure/adverse effects ; Nanoparticles/adverse effects ; Occupational Diseases/etiology ; Occupational Exposure ; Respiratory Protective Devices
    Chemical Substances Air Pollutants, Occupational
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-22
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1340985-2
    ISSN 1348-9585 ; 1341-9145
    ISSN (online) 1348-9585
    ISSN 1341-9145
    DOI 10.1002/1348-9585.12056
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Low Exhaled Breath Droplet Formation May Explain Why Children are Poor SARS-CoV-2 Transmitters

    Riediker, Michael / Morawska, Lidia

    Aerosol and Air Quality Research

    Abstract: A characteristic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the few cases of severely affected children They not only rarely get symptoms but also seem to be poor transmitters We propose that this may be explained by the mechanism of breath ... ...

    Abstract A characteristic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the few cases of severely affected children They not only rarely get symptoms but also seem to be poor transmitters We propose that this may be explained by the mechanism of breath droplet formation, which occur during the re-opening of collapsed terminal bronchioles Children's lungs are still developing Compared to adults they have few alveoli and terminal bronchioles, thus less sites of aerosol formation where virus-loaded lung lining liquid can get airborne In addition, children have a lower respiratory minute volume and tend to have a lower viral load These points, together with the fact that asymptomatic carriers release less aerosols than symptomatic carriers support the idea that children are indeed poor transmitters of the COVID-19 virus
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #709671
    Database COVID19

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  7. Book ; Online: Low exhaled breath droplet formation may explain why children are poor SARS-CoV-2 transmitters

    Riediker, Michael / Morawska, Lidia

    Aerosol and Air Quality Research

    2020  

    Abstract: A characteristic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the few cases of severely affected children. They not only rarely get symptoms but also seem to be poor transmitters. We propose that this may be explained by the mechanism of breath ... ...

    Abstract A characteristic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the few cases of severely affected children. They not only rarely get symptoms but also seem to be poor transmitters. We propose that this may be explained by the mechanism of breath droplet formation, which occur during the re-opening of collapsed terminal bronchioles. Children's lungs are still developing. Compared to adults they have few alveoli and terminal bronchioles, thus less sites of aerosol formation where virus-loaded lung lining liquid can get airborne. In addition, children have a lower respiratory minute volume and tend to have a lower viral load. These points, together with the fact that asymptomatic carriers release less aerosols than symptomatic carriers support the idea that children are indeed poor transmitters of the COVID-19 virus.
    Keywords Children ; COVID-19 ; Exhaled aerosols ; Lung development ; Virus transmission ; covid19
    Publisher AAGR Aerosol and Air Quality Research
    Publishing country au
    Document type Book ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 emissions from non-symptomatic cases

    Riediker, Michael / Tsai, Dai-Hua

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Importance: Cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with no or mild symptoms were reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-COV-2) was found at very high ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Cases of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with no or mild symptoms were reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-COV-2) was found at very high concentrations in swab and sputum of such cases. Objective: We aimed to estimate virus release from such cases into different aerosol sizes by normal breathing and coughing, and what exposure can result from this in a room shared with such as case. Data Sources and Model: We combined the size-distribution of exhaled breath aerosols for coughing and normal breathing with viral sputum concentrations as approximation for lung lining liquid to obtain an estimate of emitted virus levels. The resulting emission data fed a single-compartment model of airborne concentrations in a room of 50m³, the size of a small office or medical exam room. Results: The estimated viral load in aerosols emitted by patients while breathing normally was on average 0.34 copies/cm³ and could go up to 11.5 copies/cm³. The corresponding numbers for coughing patients were 10,900 copies/cm³ and 366,000 copies/cm³, respectively, per cough. The resulting concentrations in a room with a coughing emitter were always very high, up to 2.02*10^9 copies/m³. However, also regular breathing aerosol from high emitters was predicted to lead to several thousand copies/m³. Conclusions and Relevance: These very high predicted virus concentrations may provide an explanation why for COVID-19, frequent community transmissions from non-symptomatic cases and also high infection rates in medical staff in hospital settings were reported. Our findings suggest that strict respiratory protection is needed when there is a chance to be in the same room with a patient - whether symptomatic or not - especially if this was for a prolonged time.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-03
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2020.04.27.20081398
    Database COVID19

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  9. Article: Estimation of Viral Aerosol Emissions From Simulated Individuals With Asymptomatic to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019

    Riediker, Michael / Tsai, Dai-Hua

    JAMA Netw Open

    Abstract: Importance: Individuals with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found at very high ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Individuals with asymptomatic or mild coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported to frequently transmit the disease even without direct contact. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has been found at very high concentrations in swab and sputum samples from such individuals. Objective: To estimate the virus levels released from individuals with asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 into different aerosol sizes by normal breathing and coughing, and to determine what exposure could result from this in a room shared with such individuals. Design, Setting, and Participants: This mathematical modeling study combined the size-distribution of exhaled breath microdroplets for coughing and normal breathing with viral swab and sputum concentrations as approximation for lung lining liquid to obtain an estimate of emitted virus levels. Viral data were obtained from studies published as of May 20, 2020. The resulting emission data fed a single-compartment model of airborne concentrations in a room of 50 m3, the size of a small office or medical examination room. Main Outcomes and Measures: Modeling was used to estimate the viral load emitted by individuals breathing normally or coughing, and the concentrations expected in the simulated room at different ventilation rates. Results: The mean estimated viral load in microdroplets emitted by simulated individuals while breathing regularly was 0.0000049 copies/cm3, with a range of 0.0000000049 to 0.637 copies/cm3. The corresponding estimates for simulated coughing individuals were a mean of 0.277 copies/cm3 per cough, with a range of 0.000277 to 36 030 copies/cm3 per cough. The estimated concentrations in a room with an individual who was coughing frequently were very high, with a maximum of 7.44 million copies/m3 from an individual who was a high emitter. However, regular breathing from an individual who was a high emitter was modeled to result in lower room concentrations of up to 1248 copies/m3. Conclusions and Relevance: In this modeling study, breathing and coughing were estimated to release large numbers of viruses, ranging from thousands to millions of virus copies per cubic meter in a room with an individual with COVID-19 with a high viral load, depending on ventilation and microdroplet formation process. The estimated infectious risk posed by a person with typical viral load who breathes normally was low. The results suggest that only few people with very high viral load pose an infection risk in poorly ventilated closed environments. These findings suggest that strict respiratory protection may be needed when there is a chance to be in the same small room with an individual, whether symptomatic or not, especially for a prolonged period.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #680218
    Database COVID19

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  10. Article ; Online: From nano to micrometer size particles - A characterization of airborne cement particles during construction activities.

    Batsungnoen, Kiattisak / Riediker, Michael / Suárez, Guillaume / Hopf, Nancy B

    Journal of hazardous materials

    2020  Volume 398, Page(s) 122838

    Abstract: Although, photocatalytic cement contains nanosized ... ...

    Abstract Although, photocatalytic cement contains nanosized TiO
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-23
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1491302-1
    ISSN 1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
    ISSN (online) 1873-3336
    ISSN 0304-3894
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122838
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