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  1. Article ; Online: Maximizing valid eye-tracking data in human and macaque infants by optimizing calibration and adjusting areas of interest.

    Zeng, Guangyu / Simpson, Elizabeth A / Paukner, Annika

    Behavior research methods

    2023  Volume 56, Issue 2, Page(s) 881–907

    Abstract: Remote eye tracking with automated corneal reflection provides insights into the emergence and development of cognitive, social, and emotional functions in human infants and non-human primates. However, because most eye-tracking systems were designed for ...

    Abstract Remote eye tracking with automated corneal reflection provides insights into the emergence and development of cognitive, social, and emotional functions in human infants and non-human primates. However, because most eye-tracking systems were designed for use in human adults, the accuracy of eye-tracking data collected in other populations is unclear, as are potential approaches to minimize measurement error. For instance, data quality may differ across species or ages, which are necessary considerations for comparative and developmental studies. Here we examined how the calibration method and adjustments to areas of interest (AOIs) of the Tobii TX300 changed the mapping of fixations to AOIs in a cross-species longitudinal study. We tested humans (N = 119) at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 14 months of age and macaques (Macaca mulatta; N = 21) at 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 6 months of age. In all groups, we found improvement in the proportion of AOI hits detected as the number of successful calibration points increased, suggesting calibration approaches with more points may be advantageous. Spatially enlarging and temporally prolonging AOIs increased the number of fixation-AOI mappings, suggesting improvements in capturing infants' gaze behaviors; however, these benefits varied across age groups and species, suggesting different parameters may be ideal, depending on the population studied. In sum, to maximize usable sessions and minimize measurement error, eye-tracking data collection and extraction approaches may need adjustments for the age groups and species studied. Doing so may make it easier to standardize and replicate eye-tracking research findings.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Animals ; Humans ; Eye-Tracking Technology ; Macaca ; Calibration ; Longitudinal Studies ; Emotions
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 231560-9
    ISSN 1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    ISSN (online) 1554-3528
    ISSN 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
    DOI 10.3758/s13428-022-02056-3
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  2. Article ; Online: Pareidolic faces receive prioritized attention in the dot-probe task.

    Jakobsen, Krisztina V / Hunter, Brianna K / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Attention, perception & psychophysics

    2023  Volume 85, Issue 4, Page(s) 1106–1126

    Abstract: Face pareidolia occurs when random or ambiguous inanimate objects are perceived as faces. While real faces automatically receive prioritized attention compared with nonface objects, it is unclear whether pareidolic faces similarly receive special ... ...

    Abstract Face pareidolia occurs when random or ambiguous inanimate objects are perceived as faces. While real faces automatically receive prioritized attention compared with nonface objects, it is unclear whether pareidolic faces similarly receive special attention. We hypothesized that, given the evolutionary importance of broadly detecting animacy, pareidolic faces may have enough faceness to activate a broad face template, triggering prioritized attention. To test this hypothesis, and to explore where along the faceness continuum pareidolic faces fall, we conducted a series of dot-probe experiments in which we paired pareidolic faces with other images directly competing for attention: objects, animal faces, and human faces. We found that pareidolic faces elicited more prioritized attention than objects, a process that was disrupted by inversion, suggesting this prioritized attention was unlikely to be driven by low-level features. However, unexpectedly, pareidolic faces received more privileged attention compared with animal faces and showed similar prioritized attention to human faces. This attentional efficiency may be due to pareidolic faces being perceived as not only face-like, but also as human-like, and having larger facial features-eyes and mouths-compared with real faces. Together, our findings suggest that pareidolic faces appear automatically attentionally privileged, similar to human faces. Our findings are consistent with the proposal of a highly sensitive broad face detection system that is activated by pareidolic faces, triggering false alarms (i.e., illusory faces), which, evolutionarily, are less detrimental relative to missing potentially relevant signals (e.g., conspecific or heterospecific threats). In sum, pareidolic faces appear "special" in attracting attention.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Illusions ; Mouth
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2464550-3
    ISSN 1943-393X ; 1943-3921
    ISSN (online) 1943-393X
    ISSN 1943-3921
    DOI 10.3758/s13414-023-02685-6
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  3. Article ; Online: The experiences of nurses following seclusion or restraint use and immediate staff debriefing in inpatient mental health settings.

    Mangaoil, Remar A / Cleverley, Kristin / Peter, Elizabeth / Simpson, Alexander I F

    Journal of advanced nursing

    2023  Volume 79, Issue 9, Page(s) 3397–3411

    Abstract: Aim: The aim of this study is to explore nurses' experiences of seclusion or restraint use and their participation in immediate staff debriefing in inpatient mental health settings.: Design: This research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory ...

    Abstract Aim: The aim of this study is to explore nurses' experiences of seclusion or restraint use and their participation in immediate staff debriefing in inpatient mental health settings.
    Design: This research was conducted using a descriptive exploratory design and data were gathered through in-depth individual interviews.
    Methods: The experiences of nurses following seclusion or restraint use and their participation in immediate staff debriefing were explored via teleconference, using a semi-structured interview guide. Reflexive thematic analysis was used to identify prevalent themes from the data.
    Results: Interviews (n=10) were conducted with nurses from inpatient mental health wards in July 2020. Five themes emerged through the data analysis: (i) ensuring personal safety; (ii) grappling between the use of least-restrictive interventions and seclusion or restraint use; (iii) navigating ethical issues and personal reactions; (iv) seeking validation from colleagues and (v) attending staff debriefing based on previous experience. The themes were also analysed using Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Model of Stress and Coping.
    Conclusion: Staff debriefing is a vital resource for nurses to provide and/or receive emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies. Mental health institutions should strive to establish supportive working environments and develop interventions based on the unique needs of nurses and the stressors they experience following seclusion or restraint use.
    Patient or public contribution: Nurses in both frontline and leadership roles were involved in the development and pilot test of the interview guide. The nurses who participated in the study were asked if they can be recontacted if clarification is needed during interview transcription or data analysis.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Mental Health ; Inpatients ; Mental Disorders/therapy ; Mental Disorders/psychology ; Patient Isolation/psychology ; Restraint, Physical/psychology ; Nurses
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-02
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 197634-5
    ISSN 1365-2648 ; 0309-2402
    ISSN (online) 1365-2648
    ISSN 0309-2402
    DOI 10.1111/jan.15667
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  4. Article ; Online: Diagnosis and referral of adults with suspected bony metastases.

    Downie, Samantha / Bryden, Elizabeth / Perks, Fergus / Simpson, A Hamish Rw

    BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

    2021  Volume 372, Page(s) n98

    MeSH term(s) Bone Neoplasms/complications ; Bone Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Bone Neoplasms/secondary ; Critical Pathways/standards ; Fractures, Spontaneous/etiology ; Fractures, Spontaneous/prevention & control ; Humans ; Pain/diagnosis ; Pain/etiology ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Primary Health Care/methods ; Primary Health Care/standards ; Referral and Consultation/standards
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1362901-3
    ISSN 1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    ISSN (online) 1756-1833
    ISSN 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
    DOI 10.1136/bmj.n98
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  5. Article ; Online: Sensing echoes: temporal misalignment in auditory brainstem responses as the earliest marker of neurodevelopmental derailment.

    Torres, Elizabeth B / Varkey, Hannah / Vero, Joe / London, Eric / Phan, Ha / Kittler, Phyllis / Gordon, Anne / Delgado, Rafael E / Delgado, Christine F / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    PNAS nexus

    2023  Volume 2, Issue 2, Page(s) pgac315

    Abstract: Neurodevelopmental disorders are on the rise worldwide, with diagnoses that detect derailment from typical milestones by 3 to 4.5 years of age. By then, the circuitry in the brain has already reached some level of maturation that inevitably takes ... ...

    Abstract Neurodevelopmental disorders are on the rise worldwide, with diagnoses that detect derailment from typical milestones by 3 to 4.5 years of age. By then, the circuitry in the brain has already reached some level of maturation that inevitably takes neurodevelopment through a different course. There is a critical need then to develop analytical methods that detect problems much earlier and identify targets for treatment. We integrate data from multiple sources, including neonatal auditory brainstem responses (ABR), clinical criteria detecting autism years later in those neonates, and similar ABR information for young infants and children who also received a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders, to produce the earliest known digital screening biomarker to flag neurodevelopmental derailment in neonates. This work also defines concrete targets for treatment and offers a new statistical approach to aid in guiding a personalized course of maturation in line with the highly nonlinear, accelerated neurodevelopmental rates of change in early infancy.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2752-6542
    ISSN (online) 2752-6542
    DOI 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac315
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  6. Article ; Online: Insights into child abuse and neglect: Findings from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation.

    Nivison, Marissa D / Labella, Madelyn H / Raby, K Lee / Doom, Jenalee R / Martin, Jodi / Johnson, William F / Zamir, Osnat / Englund, Michelle M / Simpson, Jeffry A / Carlson, Elizabeth A / Roisman, Glenn I

    Development and psychopathology

    2024  , Page(s) 1–13

    Abstract: The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (MLSRA) is a landmark prospective, longitudinal study of human development focused on a sample of mothers experiencing poverty and their firstborn children. Although the MLSRA pioneered a number of ... ...

    Abstract The Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (MLSRA) is a landmark prospective, longitudinal study of human development focused on a sample of mothers experiencing poverty and their firstborn children. Although the MLSRA pioneered a number of important topics in the area of social and emotional development, it began with the more specific goal of examining the antecedents of child maltreatment. From that foundation and for more than 40 years, the study has produced a significant body of research on the origins, sequelae, and measurement of childhood abuse and neglect. The principal objectives of this report are to document the early history of the MLSRA and its contributions to the study of child maltreatment and to review and summarize results from the recently updated childhood abuse and neglect coding of the cohort, with particular emphasis on findings related to adult adjustment. While doing so, we highlight key themes and contributions from Dr Dante Cicchetti's body of research and developmental psychopathology perspective to the MLSRA, a project launched during his tenure as a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1036173-x
    ISSN 1469-2198 ; 0954-5794
    ISSN (online) 1469-2198
    ISSN 0954-5794
    DOI 10.1017/S0954579424000865
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  7. Article ; Online: Social motivation predicts gaze following between 6 and 14 months.

    Zeng, Guangyu / Leung, Tiffany S / Maylott, Sarah E / Saunders, Thea A / Messinger, Daniel S / Llabre, Maria M / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies

    2023  Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 836–860

    Abstract: Infants vary in their ability to follow others' gazes, but it is unclear how these individual differences emerge. We tested whether social motivation levels in early infancy predict later gaze following skills. We longitudinally tracked infants' (N = 82) ...

    Abstract Infants vary in their ability to follow others' gazes, but it is unclear how these individual differences emerge. We tested whether social motivation levels in early infancy predict later gaze following skills. We longitudinally tracked infants' (N = 82) gazes and pupil dilation while they observed videos of a woman looking into the camera simulating eye contact (i.e., mutual gaze) and then gazing toward one of two objects, at 2, 4, 6, 8, and 14 months of age. To improve measurement validity, we used confirmatory factor analysis to combine multiple observed measures to index the underlying constructs of social motivation and gaze following. Infants' social motivation-indexed by their speed of social orienting, duration of mutual gaze, and degree of pupil dilation during mutual gaze-was developmentally stable and positively predicted the development of gaze following-indexed by their proportion of time looking to the target object, first object look difference scores, and first face-to-object saccade difference scores-from 6 to 14 months of age. These findings suggest that infants' social motivation likely plays a role in the development of gaze following and highlight the use of a multi-measure approach to improve measurement sensitivity and validity in infancy research.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Motivation ; Fixation, Ocular
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2020049-3
    ISSN 1532-7078 ; 1525-0008
    ISSN (online) 1532-7078
    ISSN 1525-0008
    DOI 10.1111/infa.12544
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  8. Article ; Online: Infection detection in faces: Children's development of pathogen avoidance.

    Leung, Tiffany S / Zeng, Guangyu / Maylott, Sarah E / Martinez, Shantalle N / Jakobsen, Krisztina V / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Child development

    2023  Volume 95, Issue 1, Page(s) e35–e46

    Abstract: This study examined the development of children's avoidance and recognition of sickness using face photos from people with natural, acute, contagious illness. In a U.S. sample of fifty-seven 4- to 5-year-olds (46% male, 70% White), fifty-two 8- to 9-year- ...

    Abstract This study examined the development of children's avoidance and recognition of sickness using face photos from people with natural, acute, contagious illness. In a U.S. sample of fifty-seven 4- to 5-year-olds (46% male, 70% White), fifty-two 8- to 9-year-olds (26% male, 62% White), and 51 adults (59% male, 61% White), children and adults avoided and recognized sick faces (ds ranged from 0.38 to 2.26). Both avoidance and recognition improved with age. Interestingly, 4- to 5-year-olds' avoidance of sick faces positively correlated with their recognition, suggesting stable individual differences in these emerging skills. Together, these findings are consistent with a hypothesized immature but functioning and flexible behavioral immune system emerging early in development. Characterizing children's sickness perception may help design interventions to improve health.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Adult ; Humans ; Male ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Child Development ; Age Factors ; Face ; Recognition, Psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 215602-7
    ISSN 1467-8624 ; 0009-3920
    ISSN (online) 1467-8624
    ISSN 0009-3920
    DOI 10.1111/cdev.13983
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  9. Article ; Online: Superior Detection of Faces in Male Infants at 2 Months.

    Maylott, Sarah E / Sansone, Jilian R / Jakobsen, Krisztina V / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Child development

    2021  Volume 92, Issue 4, Page(s) e621–e634

    Abstract: Females generally attend more to social information than males; however, little is known about the early development of these sex differences. With eye tracking, 2-month olds' (N = 101; 44 females) social orienting to faces was measured within four-item ... ...

    Abstract Females generally attend more to social information than males; however, little is known about the early development of these sex differences. With eye tracking, 2-month olds' (N = 101; 44 females) social orienting to faces was measured within four-item image arrays. Infants were more likely to detect human faces compared to objects, suggesting a functional face detection system. Unexpectedly, males looked longer at human faces than females, and only males looked faster and longer at human faces compared to objects. Females, in contrast, looked less at human faces relative to animal faces and objects, appearing socially disinterested. Notably, this is the first report of a male face detection advantage at any age. These findings suggest a unique stage in early infant social development.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Child Development ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Sex Characteristics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 215602-7
    ISSN 1467-8624 ; 0009-3920
    ISSN (online) 1467-8624
    ISSN 0009-3920
    DOI 10.1111/cdev.13543
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  10. Article ; Online: General and own-species attentional face biases.

    Jakobsen, Krisztina V / White, Cassidy / Simpson, Elizabeth A

    Attention, perception & psychophysics

    2020  Volume 83, Issue 1, Page(s) 187–198

    Abstract: Humans demonstrate enhanced processing of human faces compared with animal faces, known as own-species bias. This bias is important for identifying people who may cause harm, as well as for recognizing friends and kin. However, growing evidence also ... ...

    Abstract Humans demonstrate enhanced processing of human faces compared with animal faces, known as own-species bias. This bias is important for identifying people who may cause harm, as well as for recognizing friends and kin. However, growing evidence also indicates a more general face bias. Faces have high evolutionary importance beyond conspecific interactions, as they aid in detecting predators and prey. Few studies have explored the interaction of these biases together. In three experiments, we explored processing of human and animal faces, compared with each other and to nonface objects, which allowed us to examine both own-species and broader face biases. We used a dot-probe paradigm to examine human adults' covert attentional biases for task-irrelevant human faces, animal faces, and objects. We replicated the own-species attentional bias for human faces relative to animal faces. We also found an attentional bias for animal faces relative to objects, consistent with the proposal that faces broadly receive privileged processing. Our findings suggest that humans may be attracted to a broad class of faces. Further, we found that while participants rapidly attended to human faces across all cue display durations, they attended to animal faces only when they had sufficient time to process them. Our findings reveal that the dot-probe paradigm is sensitive for capturing both own-species and more general face biases, and that each has a different attentional signature, possibly reflecting their unique but overlapping evolutionary importance.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Animals ; Attention ; Attentional Bias ; Bias ; Facial Expression ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2464550-3
    ISSN 1943-393X ; 1943-3921
    ISSN (online) 1943-393X
    ISSN 1943-3921
    DOI 10.3758/s13414-020-02132-w
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