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  1. Article ; Research data: (with research data) Abrupt shortening of bird W chromosomes in ancestral Neognathae

    Gorelick, Root / Danielle Fraser / Jeff W. Dawson / Melissa Mansfield / Sanoji Wijenayake / Susan M. Bertram

    Biological journal of the Linnean Society. 2016 Oct., v. 119, no. 2

    2016  

    Abstract: As a result of suppressed recombination, heterogametic sex chromosomes (either Y or W) are usually ... We examined ratios of W/Z chromosome size across 224 bird species from 146 genera. Much of the data were ... to ourselves, found no gradual decrease in W chromosome length over evolutionary time. However, we show an abrupt ...

    Abstract As a result of suppressed recombination, heterogametic sex chromosomes (either Y or W) are usually assumed to gradually shorten over evolutionary time as a way to remove accumulated mutations. However, suppressed recombination removes the most obvious mechanism for excising portions of sex chromosomes. We examined ratios of W/Z chromosome size across 224 bird species from 146 genera. Much of the data were obtained from a previous study (Rutkowska et al. 2012. Biology Letters 8: 636–638), who, similar to ourselves, found no gradual decrease in W chromosome length over evolutionary time. However, we show an abrupt decrease in W chromosome length at or just after the phylogenetic split between the two extant bird superorders, Paleognathae and Neognathae, indicating that the key to understanding sex chromosome evolution may have little to do with gradual suppression of recombination.
    Keywords birds ; mutation ; phylogeny ; W chromosome ; Z chromosome
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-10
    Size p. 488-496.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article ; Research data
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 1461865-5
    ISSN 1095-8312 ; 0024-4066 ; 0024-4066
    ISSN (online) 1095-8312
    ISSN 0024-4066
    DOI 10.1111/bij.12832
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: One half-century of advances in the evaluation and management of disorders of bone and mineral metabolism in children and adolescents.

    Root, Allen W / Levine, Michael A

    Journal of pediatric endocrinology & metabolism : JPEM

    2023  Volume 36, Issue 2, Page(s) 105–118

    Abstract: The past 50 years of research in pediatric bone and mineral metabolism have led to remarkable progress in the identification and characterization of disorders that affect the developing skeleton. Progress has been facilitated through advances in both ... ...

    Abstract The past 50 years of research in pediatric bone and mineral metabolism have led to remarkable progress in the identification and characterization of disorders that affect the developing skeleton. Progress has been facilitated through advances in both technology and biology and this paper provides a brief description of some but not all of the key findings, including identification of the calcium sensing receptor and the polypeptides parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein as well as their shared receptor and signal generating pathways; the elucidation of vitamin D metabolism and actions; discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), the sodium-phosphate co-transporters and the other components that regulate phosphate metabolism. Moreover, the past half-century of research has led to the delineation of the molecular bases for genetic forms of hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and primary hyperparathyroidism as well as the determination of the genetic causes of osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, hypophosphatasia, and other disorders of mineral/bone homeostasis. During the next decade we expect that many of these fundamental discoveries will lead to the development of innovative treatments that will improve the lives of children with these disorders.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Bone and Bones/metabolism ; Parathyroid Hormone ; Osteogenesis Imperfecta ; Hypophosphatasia ; Phosphates ; Fibroblast Growth Factors/genetics ; Calcium ; Vitamin D/metabolism
    Chemical Substances Parathyroid Hormone ; Phosphates ; Fibroblast Growth Factors (62031-54-3) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP) ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-13
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1231070-0
    ISSN 2191-0251 ; 0334-018X
    ISSN (online) 2191-0251
    ISSN 0334-018X
    DOI 10.1515/jpem-2022-0624
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  3. Article ; Online: Image Rotation Alters Apparent Fibula Length: An Evaluation of Talocrural Angle, Shenton Line, and Dime Sign.

    Jackson, Nicholas J / Root, Kevin T / Nichols, Jennifer A / Reb, Christopher W

    Foot & ankle international

    2024  Volume 45, Issue 3, Page(s) 236–242

    Abstract: Background: Fibula shortening can compromise ankle stability and force transmission, thereby impacting clinical outcomes. Because radiographs depict 3-dimensional anatomy in 2 dimensions, accurate radiographic assessment of fibula length is a commonly ... ...

    Abstract Background: Fibula shortening can compromise ankle stability and force transmission, thereby impacting clinical outcomes. Because radiographs depict 3-dimensional anatomy in 2 dimensions, accurate radiographic assessment of fibula length is a commonly encountered clinical challenge. The talocrural angle (TCA), Shenton line, and dime sign are useful parameters of fibula length. Yet, the impact of 3-dimensional limb positioning on these radiographic parameters is not established.
    Methods: Bone models were constructed from CT scans of 30 lower limbs. Fibula length was computationally manipulated, and digitally reconstructed radiographs were generated reflecting 1-degree increments of sagittal and axial plane rotation of each limb for each fibula length condition. The TCA was computationally measured on each image. The presence of an aligned mortise view, intact Shenton line, and intact dime sign was assessed by 2 observers.
    Results: The mean TCA, which was 78.0 (95% CI ± 1.6) degrees for a true mortise projection with anatomic fibula length, changed by approximately 1 degree per millimeter of fibula length change. On average, 14.7 degrees of caudal rotation obscured 2 mm of fibular shortening by virtue of producing the same TCA as a true mortise view with anatomic fibula length, designated a false positive view. Axial rotation had a comparatively small effect. Observers 1 and 2 were, respectively, 91% and 88% less likely to accurately judge the image alignment of the false positive images compared to true mortise images. Moreover, intraobserver agreement was poor to moderate (mean 0.47, range 0.13-0.59) and interobserver agreement was uniformly poor (mean 0.08, range 0.01-0.20).
    Conclusion: In our study using digitally reconstructed radiographs from CT scans of 30 limbs, we found that sagittal plane rotation impacts the radiographic appearance of fibula length as measured by the TCA. Limb axial rotation had a comparatively small effect. Further study of human perception of Shenton line and dime sign is needed before the effect of rotation on these parameters can be fully understood.
    Level of evidence: Level IV, case series.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Fibula/diagnostic imaging ; Rotation ; Lower Extremity ; Radiography ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1183283-6
    ISSN 1944-7876 ; 1071-1007
    ISSN (online) 1944-7876
    ISSN 1071-1007
    DOI 10.1177/10711007231221991
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  4. Article ; Online: Genetic Regulation of Adult Stature in Humans.

    Root, Allen W

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

    2020  Volume 105, Issue 7

    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Body Height/genetics ; Growth Disorders ; Humans
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 3029-6
    ISSN 1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7197
    ISSN 0021-972X
    DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgaa210
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  5. Article ; Online: Strength in numbers: Avian influenza A virus transmission to poultry from a flocking passerine.

    Root, J Jeffrey / Ellis, Jeremy W / Shriner, Susan A

    Transboundary and emerging diseases

    2021  Volume 69, Issue 4, Page(s) e1153–e1159

    Abstract: The effects of flock size of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) was experimentally manipulated to assess the potential of influenza A virus (IAV; H4N6) transmission from a flocking passerine to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) through shared food ... ...

    Abstract The effects of flock size of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) was experimentally manipulated to assess the potential of influenza A virus (IAV; H4N6) transmission from a flocking passerine to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) through shared food and water resources to mimic starling intrusions into free-range and backyard poultry operations. Of the three starling flock sizes tested (n = 30, n = 20 and n = 10), all successfully transmitted the virus to all or most of the quail in each animal room (6/6, 6/6 and 5/6) by the end of the experimental period, as determined by seroconversion and/or viral RNA shedding. Although starlings have been shown to be inconsistent shedders of IAVs and when they do replicate and subsequently shed virus they typically do so at low to moderate levels, this study has provided evidence that relatively small flocks (i.e., 10 or possibly a smaller number) of this species can collectively transmit the virus to a highly susceptible gallinaceous bird species. Future work should assess if starlings can transmit IAVs to additional poultry species commonly found in backyard or free-range settings.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Influenza A virus ; Influenza in Birds/transmission ; Influenza in Birds/virology ; Poultry/virology ; Starlings/virology ; Virus Shedding
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-13
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2414822-2
    ISSN 1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
    ISSN (online) 1865-1682
    ISSN 1865-1674
    DOI 10.1111/tbed.14397
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  6. Article ; Online: Neisseria meningitidis on Sinonasal Culture for Sinusitis: A Case Series and Literature Review.

    Ivancic, Ryan J / Root, Zachary T / deSilva, Brad W

    The Laryngoscope

    2023  Volume 134, Issue 4, Page(s) 1603–1605

    Abstract: Neisseria meningitidis is carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx and is most known for causing septicemia and meningitis; however, the pathogenesis and incidence rates of N. meningitidis sinusitis are not well described. This case series describes ... ...

    Abstract Neisseria meningitidis is carried asymptomatically in the nasopharynx and is most known for causing septicemia and meningitis; however, the pathogenesis and incidence rates of N. meningitidis sinusitis are not well described. This case series describes four patients from a tertiary medical center who presented with culture-positive N. meningitidis sinusitis within a nine-month period. Three patients had complete resolution of symptoms after treatment with the appropriate antibiotic regimen, with one patient requiring functional endoscopic sinus surgery. We encourge providers to advocate for vaccination in their young adult unvaccinated patients, as each patient here was not appropriately vaccinated according to CDC guidelines. Laryngoscope, 134:1603-1605, 2024.
    MeSH term(s) Young Adult ; Humans ; Neisseria meningitidis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Vaccination ; Sinusitis/therapy ; Nasopharynx
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Case Reports
    ZDB-ID 80180-x
    ISSN 1531-4995 ; 0023-852X
    ISSN (online) 1531-4995
    ISSN 0023-852X
    DOI 10.1002/lary.30980
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  7. Article: Novel Apparatuses for Incorporating Natural Selection Processes into Origins-of-Life Experiments to Produce Adaptively Evolving Chemical Ecosystems.

    Root-Bernstein, Robert / Brown, Adam W

    Life (Basel, Switzerland)

    2022  Volume 12, Issue 10

    Abstract: Origins-of-life chemical experiments usually aim to produce specific chemical end-products such as amino acids, nucleic acids or sugars. The resulting chemical systems do not evolve or adapt because they lack natural selection processes. We have modified ...

    Abstract Origins-of-life chemical experiments usually aim to produce specific chemical end-products such as amino acids, nucleic acids or sugars. The resulting chemical systems do not evolve or adapt because they lack natural selection processes. We have modified Miller origins-of-life apparatuses to incorporate several natural, prebiotic physicochemical selection factors that can be tested individually or in tandem: freezing-thawing cycles; drying-wetting cycles; ultraviolet light-dark cycles; and catalytic surfaces such as clays or minerals. Each process is already known to drive important origins-of-life chemical reactions such as the production of peptides and synthesis of nucleic acid bases and each can also destroy various reactants and products, resulting selection within the chemical system. No previous apparatus has permitted all of these selection processes to work together. Continuous synthesis and selection of products can be carried out over many months because the apparatuses can be re-gassed. Thus, long-term chemical evolution of chemical ecosystems under various combinations of natural selection may be explored for the first time. We argue that it is time to begin experimenting with the long-term effects of such prebiotic natural selection processes because they may have aided biotic life to emerge by taming the combinatorial chemical explosion that results from unbounded chemical syntheses.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-28
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2662250-6
    ISSN 2075-1729
    ISSN 2075-1729
    DOI 10.3390/life12101508
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  8. Article: Strength in numbers: Avian influenza A virus transmission to poultry from a flocking passerine

    Root, J. Jeffrey / Ellis, Jeremy W. / Shriner, Susan A.

    Transboundary and emerging diseases. 2022 July, v. 69, no. 4

    2022  

    Abstract: The effects of flock size of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) was experimentally manipulated to assess the potential of influenza A virus (IAV; H4N6) transmission from a flocking passerine to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) through shared food ... ...

    Abstract The effects of flock size of European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) was experimentally manipulated to assess the potential of influenza A virus (IAV; H4N6) transmission from a flocking passerine to bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) through shared food and water resources to mimic starling intrusions into free‐range and backyard poultry operations. Of the three starling flock sizes tested (n = 30, n = 20 and n = 10), all successfully transmitted the virus to all or most of the quail in each animal room (6/6, 6/6 and 5/6) by the end of the experimental period, as determined by seroconversion and/or viral RNA shedding. Although starlings have been shown to be inconsistent shedders of IAVs and when they do replicate and subsequently shed virus they typically do so at low to moderate levels, this study has provided evidence that relatively small flocks (i.e., 10 or possibly a smaller number) of this species can collectively transmit the virus to a highly susceptible gallinaceous bird species. Future work should assess if starlings can transmit IAVs to additional poultry species commonly found in backyard or free‐range settings.
    Keywords Colinus virginianus ; Influenza A virus ; RNA ; Sturnus vulgaris ; flocks ; quails ; seroconversion ; virus transmission ; viruses
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-07
    Size p. e1153-e1159.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 2414822-2
    ISSN 1865-1682 ; 1865-1674
    ISSN (online) 1865-1682
    ISSN 1865-1674
    DOI 10.1111/tbed.14397
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  9. Article ; Online: Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water.

    Root, J Jeffrey / Ellis, Jeremy W / Shriner, Susan A

    Zoonoses and public health

    2020  Volume 67, Issue 3, Page(s) 300–307

    Abstract: Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV ... ...

    Abstract Several investigations have recently assessed the ability of some aquatic invertebrates to act as tools for avian influenza A virus (IAV) surveillance as well as their potential role(s) in IAV ecology. Because of this, as well as the high IAV seroprevalence rates noted in select mesocarnivores that commonly inhabit aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats, we evaluated the effects that freshwater crayfish have on IAV in water at three dose levels and monitored for the presence of IAV in crayfish tissues (gill and green gland) and haemolymph at multiple time points. At relatively high, medium and low (approximately 10
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Astacoidea/virology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Gills/virology ; Humans ; Influenza A virus/isolation & purification ; Influenza A virus/physiology ; RNA, Viral/isolation & purification ; Time Factors ; Water Microbiology
    Chemical Substances RNA, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-20
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2271118-1
    ISSN 1863-2378 ; 1863-1959
    ISSN (online) 1863-2378
    ISSN 1863-1959
    DOI 10.1111/zph.12688
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Endocrinology and metabolism 2016.

    Root, Allen W

    Current opinion in pediatrics

    2016  Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 517–520

    MeSH term(s) Endocrinology ; Humans ; Metabolism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1049374-8
    ISSN 1531-698X ; 1040-8703
    ISSN (online) 1531-698X
    ISSN 1040-8703
    DOI 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000387
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