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Book ; Online: Imaging and monitoring astrocytes in health and disease

Escartin, Carole / Murai, Keith

2014

Abstract: Astrocytes are key cellular partners to neurons in the brain. They play an important role in multiple processes such as neurotransmitter recycling, trophic support, antioxidant defense, ionic homeostasis, inflammatory modulation, neurovascular and ... ...

Abstract	Astrocytes are key cellular partners to neurons in the brain. They play an important role in multiple processes such as neurotransmitter recycling, trophic support, antioxidant defense, ionic homeostasis, inflammatory modulation, neurovascular and neurometabolic coupling, neurogenesis, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. In addition to their crucial involvement in normal brain physiology, it is well known that astrocytes adopt a reactive phenotype under most acute and chronic pathological conditions such as ischemia, trauma, brain cancer, epilepsy, demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the functional impact of astrocyte reactivity is still unclear. During the last decades, the development of innovative approaches to study astrocytes has significantly improved our understanding of their prominent role in brain function and their contribution to disease states. In particular, new genetic tools, molecular probes, and imaging techniques that achieve high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed new insight into astrocyte functions in situ. This Research Topic provides a collection of cutting-edge techniques, approaches and models to study astrocytes in health and disease. It also suggests new directions to achieve discoveries on these fascinating cells
Keywords	Science (General) ; Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry
Size	1 electronic resource (189 p.)
Publisher	Frontiers Media SA
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	English ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT020090135
ISBN	9782889193936 ; 2889193934
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Astrocytes and neuropsychiatric symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases: Exploring the missing links.

Ben Haim, Lucile / Escartin, Carole

Current opinion in neurobiology

2021 Volume 72, Page(s) 63–71

Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by primary symptoms, such as cognitive or motor deficits. In addition, the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in patients with ND is being increasingly acknowledged as an important disease ... ...

Abstract	Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are characterized by primary symptoms, such as cognitive or motor deficits. In addition, the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in patients with ND is being increasingly acknowledged as an important disease feature. Yet, their neurobiological basis remains unclear and mostly centered on neurons while overlooking astrocytes, which are crucial regulators of neuronal function underlying complex behaviors. In this opinion article, we briefly review evidence for NPS in ND and discuss their experimental assessment in preclinical models. We then present recent studies showing that astrocyte-specific dysfunctions can lead to NPS. Because many astrocyte alterations are also observed in ND, we suggest that they might underlie ND-associated NPS. We argue that there is a need for dedicated preclinical studies assessing astrocyte-based therapeutic strategies targeting NPS in the context of ND.
MeSH term(s)	Astrocytes ; Humans ; Mental Disorders ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	1078046-4
ISSN	1873-6882 ; 0959-4388
ISSN (online)	1873-6882
ISSN	0959-4388
DOI	10.1016/j.conb.2021.09.002
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Article ; Online: Astrocytes réactifs et maladies cérébrales - Biomarqueurs et cibles thérapeutiques.

Poulot-Becq-Giraudon, Yiannis / Carrillo-de Sauvage, Maria-Angeles / Escartin, Carole

Medecine sciences : M/S

2022 Volume 38, Issue 10, Page(s) 786–794

Abstract: Astrocytes are essential partners of neurons in the central nervous system. In response to many brain diseases, astrocytes change at the morphological, molecular and functional levels: they become reactive. These multiple changes are likely to have ... ...

Title translation	Reactive astrocytes in brain diseases: Therapeutic targets and biomarkers.
Abstract	Astrocytes are essential partners of neurons in the central nervous system. In response to many brain diseases, astrocytes change at the morphological, molecular and functional levels: they become reactive. These multiple changes are likely to have significant impacts on neurons, which are dependent on several astrocyte functions. Astrocyte reactivity is context-specific. It is therefore essential to determine the changes occurring in reactive astrocytes in each pathological situation, through dedicated and selective approaches. This will promote the development of innovative therapies that target the cellular partners of neurons, as well as the identification of specific disease biomarkers.
MeSH term(s)	Astrocytes/physiology ; Biomarkers ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Diseases/therapy ; Central Nervous System ; Humans ; Neurons/physiology
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	French
Publishing date	2022-10-11
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632733-3
ISSN	1958-5381 ; 0767-0974
ISSN (online)	1958-5381
ISSN	0767-0974
DOI	10.1051/medsci/2022104
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Article ; Online: DEVEA: an interactive shiny application for Differential Expression analysis, data Visualization and Enrichment Analysis of transcriptomics data.

Riquelme-Perez, Miriam / Perez-Sanz, Fernando / Deleuze, Jean-François / Escartin, Carole / Bonnet, Eric / Brohard, Solène

F1000Research

2022 Volume 11, Page(s) 711

MeSH term(s)	Software ; Transcriptome ; Gene Expression Profiling/methods ; Computational Biology/methods ; Data Visualization
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2699932-8
ISSN	2046-1402 ; 2046-1402
ISSN (online)	2046-1402
ISSN	2046-1402
DOI	10.12688/f1000research.122949.2
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Article ; Online: De nouvelles techniques pour dévoiler le rôle des cellules gliales du cerveau.

Hemonnot-Girard, Anne-Laure / Ben Haim, Lucile / Escartin, Carole / Hirbec, Hélène

Medecine sciences : M/S

2021 Volume 37, Issue 1, Page(s) 59–67

Abstract: Brain function relies on complex interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. The relatively young field of "gliobiology" is thriving. Thanks to various technical innovations, it is ... ...

Title translation	New technologies to unveil the role of brain glial cells.
Abstract	Brain function relies on complex interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. The relatively young field of "gliobiology" is thriving. Thanks to various technical innovations, it is now possible to address challenging biological questions on glial cells and unravel their multiple roles in brain function and dysfunction.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/cytology ; Brain/physiology ; Brain Chemistry ; Glycomics/methods ; Glycomics/trends ; Humans ; Inventions ; Metabolomics/methods ; Metabolomics/trends ; Neuroglia/physiology
Language	French
Publishing date	2021-01-25
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	632733-3
ISSN	1958-5381 ; 0767-0974
ISSN (online)	1958-5381
ISSN	0767-0974
DOI	10.1051/medsci/2020253
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Article ; Online: DEVEA

Solène Brohard / Carole Escartin / Eric Bonnet / Fernando Perez-Sanz / Jean-François Deleuze / Miriam Riquelme-Perez

F1000Research, Vol

an interactive shiny application for Differential Expression analysis, data Visualization and Enrichment Analysis of transcriptomics data [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: We are at a time of considerable growth in transcriptomics studies and subsequent in silico analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is the most widely used approach to analyse the transcriptome and is integrated in many studies. The processing of ... ...

Abstract	We are at a time of considerable growth in transcriptomics studies and subsequent in silico analysis. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is the most widely used approach to analyse the transcriptome and is integrated in many studies. The processing of transcriptomic data typically requires a noteworthy number of steps, statistical knowledge, and coding skills, which are not accessible to all scientists. Despite the development of a plethora of software applications over the past few years to address this concern, there is still room for improvement. Here we present DEVEA, an R shiny application tool developed to perform differential expression analysis, data visualization and enrichment pathway analysis mainly from transcriptomics data, but also from simpler gene lists with or without statistical values. The intuitive and easy-to-manipulate interface facilitates gene expression exploration through numerous interactive figures and tables, and statistical comparisons of expression profile levels between groups. Further meta-analysis such as enrichment analysis is also possible, without the need for prior bioinformatics expertise. DEVEA performs a comprehensive analysis from multiple and flexible data sources representing distinct analytical steps. Consequently, it produces dynamic graphs and tables, to explore the expression levels and statistical results from differential expression analysis. Moreover, it generates a comprehensive pathway analysis to extend biological insights. Finally, a complete and customizable HTML report can be extracted to enable the scientists to explore results beyond the application. DEVEA is freely accessible at https://shiny.imib.es/devea/ and the source code is available on our GitHub repository https://github.com/MiriamRiquelmeP/DEVEA.
Keywords	Bioinformatics ; transcriptomics ; RNA sequencing ; differential expression analysis ; enrichment analysis ; visualization ; eng ; Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	306
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	F1000 Research Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Characterizing extracellular diffusion properties using diffusion-weighted MRS of sucrose injected in mouse brain.

Vincent, Mélissa / Gaudin, Mylène / Lucas-Torres, Covadonga / Wong, Alan / Escartin, Carole / Valette, Julien

NMR in biomedicine

2021 Volume 34, Issue 4, Page(s) e4478

Abstract: Brain water and some critically important energy metabolites, such as lactate or glucose, are present in both intracellular and extracellular spaces (ICS/ECS) at significant levels. This ubiquitous nature makes diffusion MRI/MRS data sometimes difficult ... ...

Abstract	Brain water and some critically important energy metabolites, such as lactate or glucose, are present in both intracellular and extracellular spaces (ICS/ECS) at significant levels. This ubiquitous nature makes diffusion MRI/MRS data sometimes difficult to interpret and model. While it is possible to glean information on the diffusion properties in ICS by measuring the diffusion of purely intracellular endogenous metabolites (such as NAA), the absence of endogenous markers specific to ECS hampers similar analyses in this compartment. In past experiments, exogenous probes have therefore been injected into the brain to assess their apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and thus estimate tortuosity in ECS. Here, we use a similar approach in mice by injecting sucrose, a well-known ECS marker, in either the lateral ventricles or directly in the prefrontal cortex. For the first time, we propose a thorough characterization of ECS diffusion properties encompassing (1) short-range restriction by looking at signal attenuation at high b values, (2) tortuosity and long-range restriction by measuring ADC time-dependence at long diffusion times and (3) microscopic anisotropy by performing double diffusion encoding (DDE) measurements. Overall, sucrose diffusion behavior is strikingly different from that of intracellular metabolites. Acquisitions at high b values not only reveal faster sucrose diffusion but also some sensitivity to restriction, suggesting that the diffusion in ECS is not fully Gaussian at high b. The time evolution of the ADC at long diffusion times shows that the tortuosity regime is not reached yet in the case of sucrose, while DDE experiments suggest that it is not trapped in elongated structures. No major difference in sucrose diffusion properties is reported between the two investigated routes of injection and brain regions. These original experimental insights should be useful to better interpret and model the diffusion signal of molecules that are distributed between ICS and ECS compartments.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Brain/metabolism ; Diffusion ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/methods ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Sucrose/pharmacokinetics
Chemical Substances	Sucrose (57-50-1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1000976-0
ISSN	1099-1492 ; 0952-3480
ISSN (online)	1099-1492
ISSN	0952-3480
DOI	10.1002/nbm.4478
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Article: Imaging and monitoring astrocytes in health and disease.

Escartin, Carole / Murai, Keith K

Frontiers in cellular neuroscience

2014 Volume 8, Page(s) 74

Language	English
Publishing date	2014-03-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2452963-1
ISSN	1662-5102
ISSN	1662-5102
DOI	10.3389/fncel.2014.00074
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Article ; Online: Multi-transcriptomic analysis points to early organelle dysfunction in human astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease.

Galea, Elena / Weinstock, Laura D / Larramona-Arcas, Raquel / Pybus, Alyssa F / Giménez-Llort, Lydia / Escartin, Carole / Wood, Levi B

Neurobiology of disease

2022 Volume 166, Page(s) 105655

Abstract: The phenotypic transformation of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still not well understood. Recent analyses based on single-nucleus RNA sequencing of postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) samples are limited by the low number of sequenced ... ...

Abstract	The phenotypic transformation of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still not well understood. Recent analyses based on single-nucleus RNA sequencing of postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) samples are limited by the low number of sequenced astrocytes, small cohort sizes, and low number of differentially expressed genes detected. To optimize the detection of astrocytic genes, we employed a novel strategy consisting of the localization of pre-determined astrocyte and neuronal gene clusters in publicly available whole-brain transcriptomes. Specifically, we used cortical transcriptomes from 766 individuals, including cognitively normal subjects (Controls), and people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or dementia due to AD. Samples came from three independent cohorts organized by the Mount Sinai Hospital, the Mayo Clinic, and the Religious Order Study/Memory and Aging Project (ROSMAP). Astrocyte- and neuron-specific gene clusters were generated from human brain cell-type specific RNAseq data using hierarchical clustering and cell-type enrichment scoring. Genes from each cluster were manually annotated according to cell-type specific functional Categories. Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to establish changes in these functional categories among clinical cohorts. We highlight three novel findings of the study. First, individuals with the same clinical diagnosis were molecularly heterogeneous. Particularly in the Mayo Clinic and ROSMAP cohorts, over 50% of Controls presented down-regulation of genes encoding synaptic proteins typical of AD, whereas 30% of patients diagnosed with dementia due to AD presented Control-like transcriptomic profiles. Second, down-regulation of neuronal genes related to synaptic proteins coincided, in astrocytes, with up-regulation of genes related to perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAP) and down-regulation of genes encoding endolysosomal and mitochondrial proteins. Third, down-regulation of astrocytic mitochondrial genes inversely correlated with the disease stages defined by Braak and CERAD scoring. Finally, we interpreted these changes as maladaptive or adaptive from the point of view of astrocyte biology in a model of the phenotypical transformation of astrocytes in AD. The main prediction is that early malfunction of the astrocytic endolysosomal system, associated with progressive mitochondrial dysfunction, contribute to Alzheimer's disease. If this prediction is correct, therapies preventing organelle dysfunction in astrocytes may be beneficial in preclinical and clinical AD.
MeSH term(s)	Alzheimer Disease/metabolism ; Astrocytes/metabolism ; Cognitive Dysfunction/complications ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Organelles/metabolism ; Transcriptome
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1211786-9
ISSN	1095-953X ; 0969-9961
ISSN (online)	1095-953X
ISSN	0969-9961
DOI	10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105655
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Article ; Online: Questions and (some) answers on reactive astrocytes.

Escartin, Carole / Guillemaud, Océane / Carrillo-de Sauvage, Maria-Angeles

Glia

2019 Volume 67, Issue 12, Page(s) 2221–2247

Abstract: Astrocytes are key cellular partners for neurons in the central nervous system. Astrocytes react to virtually all types of pathological alterations in brain homeostasis by significant morphological and molecular changes. This response was classically ... ...

Abstract	Astrocytes are key cellular partners for neurons in the central nervous system. Astrocytes react to virtually all types of pathological alterations in brain homeostasis by significant morphological and molecular changes. This response was classically viewed as stereotypical and is called astrogliosis or astrocyte reactivity. It was long considered as a nonspecific, secondary reaction to pathological conditions, offering no clues on disease-causing mechanisms and with little therapeutic value. However, many studies over the last 30 years have underlined the crucial and active roles played by astrocytes in physiology, ranging from metabolic support, synapse maturation, and pruning to fine regulation of synaptic transmission. This prompted researchers to explore how these new astrocyte functions were changed in disease, and they reported alterations in many of them (sometimes beneficial, mostly deleterious). More recently, cell-specific transcriptomics revealed that astrocytes undergo massive changes in gene expression when they become reactive. This observation further stressed that reactive astrocytes may be very different from normal, nonreactive astrocytes and could influence disease outcomes. To make the picture even more complex, both normal and reactive astrocytes were shown to be molecularly and functionally heterogeneous. Very little is known about the specific roles that each subtype of reactive astrocytes may play in different disease contexts. In this review, we have interrogated researchers in the field to identify and discuss points of consensus and controversies about reactive astrocytes, starting with their very name. We then present the emerging knowledge on these cells and future challenges in this field.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Astrocytes/metabolism ; Astrocytes/pathology ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Central Nervous System Diseases/metabolism ; Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology ; Gliosis/metabolism ; Gliosis/pathology ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	639414-0
ISSN	1098-1136 ; 0894-1491
ISSN (online)	1098-1136
ISSN	0894-1491
DOI	10.1002/glia.23687
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