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Article ; Online: Vinca alkaloid binding to P-glycoprotein occurs in a processive manner.

Iqbal, Shagufta / Flux, Caitlin / Briggs, Deborah A / Deplazes, Evelyne / Long, Jiansi / Skrzypek, Ruth / Rothnie, Alice / Kerr, Ian D / Callaghan, Richard

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes

2022 Volume 1864, Issue 10, Page(s) 184005

Abstract: A mechanistic understanding of how P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is able to bind and transport ...

Abstract	A mechanistic understanding of how P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is able to bind and transport its astonishing range of substrates remains elusive. Pharmacological data demonstrated the presence of at least four distinct binding sites, but their locations have not been fully elucidated. The combination of biochemical and structural data suggests that initial binding may occur in the central cavity or at the lipid-protein interface. Our objective was to define the binding sites for two transported substrates of Pgp; the anticancer drug vinblastine and the fluorescent probe rhodamine 123. A series of mutations was generated in positions proximal to previously defined drug-interacting residues on Pgp. The protein was purified and reconstituted into styrene-maleic acid lipid particles (SMALPs) to measure the apparent drug binding constant or into liposomes for assessment of drug-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. The biochemical data were reconciled with structural models of Pgp using molecular docking. The data indicated that the binding of rhodamine 123 occurred predominantly within the central cavity of Pgp. In contrast, the significantly more hydrophobic vinblastine bound to both the lipid-protein interface and within the central cavity. The data suggest that the initial interaction of vinca alkaloids with Pgp occurs at the lipid interface followed by internalisation into the central cavity, which also provides the transport conduit. This model is supported by recent structural observations with Pgp and early biophysical and cross-linking approaches. Moreover, the proposed model illustrates that the broad substrate profile for Pgp is underpinned by a combination of multiple initial interaction sites and an accommodating transport conduit.
MeSH term(s)	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Lipids ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Rhodamine 123/metabolism ; Vinblastine/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 ; Antineoplastic Agents ; Lipids ; Rhodamine 123 (1N3CZ14C5O) ; Vinblastine (5V9KLZ54CY)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	60-7
ISSN	1879-2642 ; 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650 ; 0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
ISSN (online)	1879-2642 ; 1879-2596 ; 1879-260X ; 1872-8006 ; 1879-2618 ; 1879-2650
ISSN	0006-3002 ; 0005-2728 ; 0005-2736 ; 0304-4165 ; 0167-4838 ; 1388-1981 ; 0167-4889 ; 0167-4781 ; 0304-419X ; 1570-9639 ; 0925-4439 ; 1874-9399
DOI	10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.184005
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Article ; Online: Towards soil moisture profile estimation in the root zone using L- and P-band radiometer observations

Foad Brakhasi / Jeffrey P. Walker / Nan Ye / Xiaoling Wu / Xiaoji Shen / In-Young Yeo / Nithyapriya Boopathi / Edward Kim / Yann Kerr / Thomas Jackson

Science of Remote Sensing, Vol 7, Iss , Pp 100079- (2023)

A coherent modelling approach

2023

Abstract: ... to brightness temperature increases with observation wavelength, it is expected that a P-band (wavelength of ∼40 ... profile. Moreover, by combining both L- and P- bands, it is hypothesized that the soil moisture profile ... to demonstrate the potential of combined L-band and P-band radiometer observations to estimate the soil moisture ...

Abstract	Precision irrigation management and crop water stress assessment rely on accurate estimation of root zone soil moisture. However, only the top 5 cm soil moisture can be estimated using the two current passive microwave satellite missions, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), which operate at L-band (wavelength of ∼21 cm). Since the contributing depth of the soil to brightness temperature increases with observation wavelength, it is expected that a P-band (wavelength of ∼40 cm) radiometer could potentially provide soil moisture information from deeper layers of the soil profile. Moreover, by combining both L- and P- bands, it is hypothesized that the soil moisture profile can be estimated even beyond their individual observation depths. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential of combined L-band and P-band radiometer observations to estimate the soil moisture profile under flat bare soil using a stratified coherent forward model. Brightness temperature observations at L-band and P-band from a tower based experimental site across a dry (April 2019) and a wet (March 2020) period, covering different soil moisture profile shapes, were used in this study. Results from an initial synthetic study showed that the performance of a combined L-band and P-band approach was better than the performance of using either band individually, with an average depth over which reliable soil moisture profile information could be estimated (i.e. with a target root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 0.04 m3/m3) being 20 cm for linear and 15 cm for second-order polynomial functions. Other functions were also tested but found to have a poorer performance. Applying the method to the tower-based brightness temperature achieved an average estimation depth of 28 cm (20 cm) and 5 cm (5 cm) during the dry and wet periods respectively when using a second-order polynomial (linear) function. These findings highlight the opportunity of a satellite mission with L-band and P-band ...
Keywords	Soil moisture profile estimation ; Coherent model ; Multi-frequency ; L-band ; P-Band ; Passive microwave ; Physical geography ; GB3-5030 ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Fifteen Genetic Loci Associated With the Electrocardiographic P Wave.

Christophersen, Ingrid E / Magnani, Jared W / Yin, Xiaoyan / Barnard, John / Weng, Lu-Chen / Arking, Dan E / Niemeijer, Maartje N / Lubitz, Steven A / Avery, Christy L / Duan, Qing / Felix, Stephan B / Bis, Joshua C / Kerr, Kathleen F / Isaacs, Aaron / Müller-Nurasyid, Martina / Müller, Christian / North, Kari E / Reiner, Alex P / Tinker, Lesley F /

Kors, Jan A / Teumer, Alexander / Petersmann, Astrid / Sinner, Moritz F / Buzkova, Petra / Smith, Jonathan D / Van Wagoner, David R / Völker, Uwe / Waldenberger, Melanie / Peters, Annette / Meitinger, Thomas / Limacher, Marian C / Wilhelmsen, Kirk C / Psaty, Bruce M / Hofman, Albert / Uitterlinden, Andre / Krijthe, Bouwe P / Zhang, Zhu-Ming / Schnabel, Renate B / Kääb, Stefan / van Duijn, Cornelia / Rotter, Jerome I / Sotoodehnia, Nona / Dörr, Marcus / Li, Yun / Chung, Mina K / Soliman, Elsayed Z / Alonso, Alvaro / Whitsel, Eric A / Stricker, Bruno H / Benjamin, Emelia J / Heckbert, Susan R / Ellinor, Patrick T

Circulation. Cardiovascular genetics

2017 Volume 10, Issue 4

Abstract: Background: The P wave on an ECG is a measure of atrial electric function, and its characteristics ... may serve as predictors for atrial arrhythmias. Increased mean P-wave duration and P-wave terminal force ... with increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Here, we explore the genetic basis of P-wave morphology ...

Abstract	Background: The P wave on an ECG is a measure of atrial electric function, and its characteristics may serve as predictors for atrial arrhythmias. Increased mean P-wave duration and P-wave terminal force traditionally have been used as markers for left atrial enlargement, and both have been associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Here, we explore the genetic basis of P-wave morphology through meta-analysis of genome-wide association study results for P-wave duration and P-wave terminal force from 12 cohort studies. Methods and results: We included 44 456 individuals, of which 6778 (16%) were of African ancestry. Genotyping, imputation, and genome-wide association study were performed at each study site. Summary-level results were meta-analyzed centrally using inverse-variance weighting. In meta-analyses of P-wave duration, we identified 6 significant ( Conclusions: We have identified 6 novel genetic loci associated with P-wave duration and 6 novel loci associated with P-wave terminal force. Future studies of these loci may aid in identifying new targets for drugs that may modify atrial conduction or treat atrial arrhythmias.
MeSH term(s)	Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology ; Caveolin 1/genetics ; Caveolin 2/genetics ; Electrocardiography ; Genetic Loci ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; Heart Atria/metabolism ; Humans ; NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics ; NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel/genetics ; T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
Chemical Substances	CAV1 protein, human ; CAV2 protein, human ; Caveolin 1 ; Caveolin 2 ; NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ; NAV1.8 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ; SCN10A protein, human ; SCN5A protein, human ; T-Box Domain Proteins ; T-box transcription factor 5
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis
ZDB-ID	2477394-3
ISSN	1942-3268 ; 1942-325X
ISSN (online)	1942-3268
ISSN	1942-325X
DOI	10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.116.001667
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Article: Impact of random and periodic surface roughness on P- and L-band radiometry

Shen, Xiaoji / Walker, Jeffrey P. / Ye, Nan / Wu, Xiaoling / Brakhasi, Foad / Boopathi, Nithyapriya / Zhu, Liujun / Yeo, In-Young / Kim, Edward / Kerr, Yann / Jackson, Thomas

Elsevier Inc. Remote sensing of environment. 2022 Feb., v. 269

2022

Abstract: ... investigation established a tower-based experiment site in Victoria, Australia. P-band (~40-cm wavelength/0.75 ... The results showed that P-band was less impacted by random and periodic roughness than L-band, evidenced ... at both P- and L-band with satisfactory simulation and retrieval performance. However, for rougher soil (e.g ...

Abstract	L-band passive microwave remote sensing is currently considered a robust technique for global monitoring of soil moisture. However, soil roughness complicates the relationship between brightness temperature and soil moisture, with current soil moisture retrieval algorithms typically assuming a constant roughness parameter globally, leading to a potential degradation in retrieval accuracy. This current investigation established a tower-based experiment site in Victoria, Australia. P-band (~40-cm wavelength/0.75 GHz) was compared with L-band (~21-cm wavelength/1.41 GHz) over random and periodic soil surfaces to determine if there is an improvement in brightness temperature simulation and soil moisture retrieval accuracy for bare soil conditions, due to reduced roughness impact when using a longer wavelength. The results showed that P-band was less impacted by random and periodic roughness than L-band, evidenced by more comparable statistics across different roughness conditions. The roughness effect from smooth surfaces (e.g., 0.8-cm root-mean-square height and 11.1-cm correlation length) could be potentially ignored at both P- and L-band with satisfactory simulation and retrieval performance. However, for rougher soil (e.g., 1.6-cm root-mean-square height and 6.8-cm correlation length), the roughness impact needed to be accounted for at both P- and L-band, with P-band observations showing less impact than L-band. Moreover, a sinusoidal soil surface with 10-cm amplitude and 80-cm period substantially impacted the brightness temperature simulation and soil moisture retrieval at both P- and L-band, which could not be fully accounted for using the SMOS and SMAP default roughness parameters. However, when retrieving roughness parameters along with soil moisture, the ubRMSE at P-band over periodic soil was improved to a similar level (0.01‐0.02 m³/m³) as that of smooth flat soil (0.01 m³/m³), while L-band showed higher ubRMSE over the periodic soil (0.03‐0.04 m³/m³) than over smooth flat soil (0.01 m³/m³). Accordingly, periodic roughness effects were reduced by using observations at P-band.
Keywords	Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite ; environment ; radiometry ; roughness ; soil water ; statistics ; surface roughness ; temperature ; wavelengths
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2021.112825
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Article: Evaluation of the tau-omega model over bare and wheat-covered flat and periodic soil surfaces at P- and L-band

Shen, Xiaoji / Walker, Jeffrey P. / Ye, Nan / Wu, Xiaoling / Brakhasi, Foad / Boopathi, Nithyapriya / Zhu, Liujun / Yeo, In-Young / Kim, Edward / Kerr, Yann / Jackson, Thomas

Remote sensing of environment. 2022 May, v. 273

2022

Abstract: ... for global soil moisture monitoring; Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS). Looking towards the future, P ... Accordingly, this investigation evaluated the tau-omega model at P-band (0.75 GHz) using a tower-based ... experiment in Victoria, Australia, where brightness temperature observations were collected concurrently at P ...

Abstract	It has been over ten years since the successful launch of the first-ever dedicated satellite for global soil moisture monitoring; Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS). Looking towards the future, P-band (0.3–1 GHz) is a promising technique to replace or enhance the L-band (1.4 GHz) SMOS and SMAP (Soil Moisture Active Passive) missions because of an expected reduction in roughness and vegetation impact, leading to an improved soil moisture accuracy over rougher soil surfaces and more densely vegetated areas. Accordingly, this investigation evaluated the tau-omega model at P-band (0.75 GHz) using a tower-based experiment in Victoria, Australia, where brightness temperature observations were collected concurrently at P- and L-band over bare and wheat-covered flat and periodic soil surfaces. The potential to retrieve soil moisture without discriminating periodic and flat surfaces was investigated by applying the roughness and vegetation parameters calibrated for flat soil to retrieve the moisture of periodic soil. Results showed that P-band had a comparable RMSE across different roughness configurations (variations less than 0.016 m³/m³) for both bare and wheat-covered soil, while the L-band RMSE was only comparable for wheat-covered soil, indicating that periodic surfaces did not need to be discriminated in such scenarios. Conversely, a difference of 0.022 m³/m³ was observed for L-band with bare soil. A reduced vegetation impact was also demonstrated at P-band, with an RMSE of 0.029 m³/m³ achieved when completely ignoring the wheat existence with under 4-kg/m² vegetation water content, whereas at L-band the RMSE increased to 0.063 m³/m³. This study therefore paves the way for a successful P-band radiometer mission for obtaining more accurate global soil moisture information.
Keywords	Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity satellite ; environment ; models ; roughness ; soil water ; temperature ; vegetation ; water content ; wheat
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	431483-9
ISSN	0034-4257
ISSN	0034-4257
DOI	10.1016/j.rse.2022.112960
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Article: Computationally-Guided Development of a Chelated NHC-P Iridium(I) Complex for the Directed Hydrogen Isotope Exchange of Aryl Sulfones.

Kerr, William J / Knox, Gary J / Reid, Marc / Tuttle, Tell / Bergare, Jonas / Bragg, Ryan A

ACS catalysis

2020 Volume 10, Issue 19, Page(s) 11120–11126

Abstract: Herein, we report the rational, computationally-guided design of an iridium(I) catalyst system capable of enabling directed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) with the challenging sulfone directing group. Substrate binding energy was used as a parameter to ... ...

Abstract	Herein, we report the rational, computationally-guided design of an iridium(I) catalyst system capable of enabling directed hydrogen isotope exchange (HIE) with the challenging sulfone directing group. Substrate binding energy was used as a parameter to guide rational ligand design via an
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2155-5435
ISSN	2155-5435
DOI	10.1021/acscatal.0c03031
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Article ; Online: Cross-linking, DEER-spectroscopy and molecular dynamics confirm the inward facing state of P-glycoprotein in a lipid membrane.

Carey Hulyer, Alex R / Briggs, Deborah A / O'Mara, Megan L / Kerr, Ian D / Harmer, Jeffrey R / Callaghan, Richard

Journal of structural biology

2020 Volume 211, Issue 1, Page(s) 107513

Abstract: The drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) displays a complex transport mechanism involving ... of transport remains elusive and the availability of P-gp structures in distinct natural and ligand trapped ... a direct link to the catalytic centres. A series of P-gp mutants were generated with a single cysteine ...

Abstract	The drug efflux pump P-glycoprotein (P-gp) displays a complex transport mechanism involving multiple drug binding sites and two centres for nucleotide hydrolysis. Elucidating the molecular mechanism of transport remains elusive and the availability of P-gp structures in distinct natural and ligand trapped conformations will accelerate our understanding. The present investigation sought to provide biochemical data to validate specific features of these structures; with particular focus on the transmembrane domain that provides the transport conduit. Hence our focus was on transmembrane helices six and twelve (TM6/TM12), which are believed to participate in drug binding, as they line the central transport conduit and provide a direct link to the catalytic centres. A series of P-gp mutants were generated with a single cysteine in both TM6 and TM12 to facilitate measurement of inter-helical distances using cross-linking and DEER strategies. Experimental results were compared to published structures per se and those refined by MD simulations. This analysis revealed that the refined inward-facing murine structure (4M1M) of P-gp provides a good representation of the proximity, topography and relative motions of TM6 and TM12 in reconstituted human P-gp.
MeSH term(s)	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/chemistry ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/ultrastructure ; Animals ; Binding Sites/genetics ; Cell Membrane/chemistry ; Cell Membrane/genetics ; Cell Membrane/ultrastructure ; Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy ; Humans ; Hydrolysis ; Membrane Lipids/chemistry ; Membrane Lipids/genetics ; Mice ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Nucleotides/chemistry ; Nucleotides/genetics ; Protein Conformation
Chemical Substances	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 ; Membrane Lipids ; Nucleotides
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1032718-6
ISSN	1095-8657 ; 1047-8477
ISSN (online)	1095-8657
ISSN	1047-8477
DOI	10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107513
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Article ; Online: Location of contact residues in pharmacologically distinct drug binding sites on P-glycoprotein.

Mittra, Rituparna / Pavy, Megan / Subramanian, Nanditha / George, Anthony M / O'Mara, Megan L / Kerr, Ian D / Callaghan, Richard

Biochemical pharmacology

2016 Volume 123, Page(s) 19–28

Abstract: The multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is characterised by the ability to bind and/or ... P-gp. Drugs were selected to represent each of the four pharmacologically distinct sites. Contact ... residues important in rhodamine123 binding were identified in the central cavity of P-gp. However, contact ...

Abstract	The multidrug resistance P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is characterised by the ability to bind and/or transport an astonishing array of drugs. This poly-specificity is imparted by at least four pharmacologically distinct binding sites within the transmembrane domain. Whether or not these sites are spatially distinct has remained unclear. Biochemical and structural investigations have implicated a central cavity as the likely location for the binding sites. In the present investigation, a number of contact residues that are involved in drug binding were identified through biochemical assays using purified, reconstituted P-gp. Drugs were selected to represent each of the four pharmacologically distinct sites. Contact residues important in rhodamine123 binding were identified in the central cavity of P-gp. However, contact residues for the binding of vinblastine, paclitaxel and nicardipine were located at the lipid-protein interface rather than the central cavity. A key residue (F978) within the central cavity is believed to be involved in coupling drug binding to nucleotide hydrolysis. Data observed in this investigation suggest the presence of spatially distinct drug binding sites connecting through to a single translocation pore in the central cavity.
MeSH term(s)	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics ; ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Culture Media ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Humans ; Moths ; Mutagenesis, Site-Directed ; Nicardipine/metabolism ; Paclitaxel/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms/genetics ; Protein Isoforms/metabolism ; Rhodamine 123/metabolism ; Vinblastine/metabolism
Chemical Substances	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 ; Culture Media ; Protein Isoforms ; Rhodamine 123 (1N3CZ14C5O) ; Vinblastine (5V9KLZ54CY) ; Nicardipine (CZ5312222S) ; Paclitaxel (P88XT4IS4D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208787-x
ISSN	1873-2968 ; 0006-2952
ISSN (online)	1873-2968
ISSN	0006-2952
DOI	10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.002
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Article ; Online: Multiresponsive Behavior of Functional Poly(p-phenylene vinylene)s in Water.

Ryskulova, Kanykei / Rao Gulur Srinivas, Anupama / Kerr-Phillips, Thomas / Peng, Hui / Barker, David / Travas-Sejdic, Jadranka / Hoogenboom, Richard

Polymers

2016 Volume 8, Issue 10

Abstract: The multiresponsive behavior of functionalized water-soluble conjugated polymers (CPs) is presented with potential applications for sensors. In this study, we investigated the aqueous solubility behavior of water-soluble CPs with high photoluminescence ... ...

Abstract	The multiresponsive behavior of functionalized water-soluble conjugated polymers (CPs) is presented with potential applications for sensors. In this study, we investigated the aqueous solubility behavior of water-soluble CPs with high photoluminescence and with a particular focus on their pH and temperature responsiveness. For this purpose, two poly(phenylene vinylene)s (PPVs)-namely 2,5-substituted PPVs bearing both carboxylic acid and methoxyoligoethylene glycol units-were investigated, with different amount of carboxylic acid units. Changes in the pH and temperature of polymer solutions led to a response in the fluorescence intensity in a pH range from 3 to 10 and for temperatures ranging from 10 to 85 °C. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the polymer with the largest number of carboxylic acid groups displays upper critical solution temperature (UCST)-like thermoresponsive behavior in the presence of a divalent ion like Ca
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2527146-5
ISSN	2073-4360 ; 2073-4360
ISSN (online)	2073-4360
ISSN	2073-4360
DOI	10.3390/polym8100365
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Article: P-glycoprotein: so many ways to turn it on.

Callaghan, Richard / Crowley, Emily / Potter, Simon / Kerr, Ian D

Journal of clinical pharmacology

2007 Volume 48, Issue 3, Page(s) 365–378

Abstract: Expression of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1) is associated with resistance ...

Abstract	Expression of the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp or ABCB1) is associated with resistance to chemotherapy in cancer. However, early investigations into the regulation of ABCB1 expression revealed that the process is not a classical induction as observed for certain metabolizing enzymes. The process involves the cellular stress response pathway initiated by either inflicted (e.g., chemotherapy damage) or endogenous (e.g., hypoxia) factors. However, ABCB1 is also expressed in a number of noncancerous tissues. In particular, the protein is found at tissues providing a barrier or secretory function. The localization of ABCB1 in normal tissues will impact significantly on drug pharmacokinetics, in particular the absorption and elimination processes. This review also describes the mechanism underlying ABCB1 expression in noncancerous tissue, a process that does not involve the stress response.
MeSH term(s)	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism ; Animals ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Signal Transduction
Chemical Substances	ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2) ; Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A (EC 1.14.14.1)
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-12-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	188980-1
ISSN	1552-4604 ; 0091-2700 ; 0021-9754
ISSN (online)	1552-4604
ISSN	0091-2700 ; 0021-9754
DOI	10.1177/0091270007311568
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