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  1. Article ; Online: Point: An alternative hypothesis for why exposure to static magnetic and electric fields treats type 2 diabetes.

    Petersen, Kitt Falk / Rothman, Douglas L / Shulman, Gerald I

    American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

    2021  Volume 320, Issue 5, Page(s) E999–E1000

    MeSH term(s) Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Phenomena
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 603841-4
    ISSN 1522-1555 ; 0193-1849
    ISSN (online) 1522-1555
    ISSN 0193-1849
    DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00657.2020
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Reply to Carter et al.: An alternative hypothesis for why exposure to static magnetic and electric fields treats type 2 diabetes.

    Petersen, Kitt Falk / Rothman, Douglas L / Shulman, Gerald I

    American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

    2021  Volume 320, Issue 5, Page(s) E1003

    MeSH term(s) Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy ; Humans ; Magnetic Phenomena
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 603841-4
    ISSN 1522-1555 ; 0193-1849
    ISSN (online) 1522-1555
    ISSN 0193-1849
    DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00120.2021
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Ethnic and sex differences in hepatic lipid content and related cardiometabolic parameters in lean individuals

    Kitt Falk Petersen / Sylvie Dufour / Fangyong Li / Douglas L. Rothman / Gerald I. Shulman

    JCI Insight, Vol 7, Iss

    2022  Volume 7

    Abstract: Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver affects 25% to 30% of the US and European populations; is associated with insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk; and is defined by hepatic triglyceride (HTG) content greater than 5. ...

    Abstract Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver affects 25% to 30% of the US and European populations; is associated with insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk; and is defined by hepatic triglyceride (HTG) content greater than 5.56%. However, it is unknown whether HTG content less than 5.56% is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and whether there are ethnic (Asian Indian, AI, versus non-AI) and/or sex differences in these parameters in lean individuals.Methods We prospectively recruited 2331 individuals and measured HTG, using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and uric acid. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index.Results The 95th percentile for HTG in lean non-AI individuals was 1.85%. Plasma insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations were increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased in individuals with HTG content > 1.85% and ≤ 5.56% compared with those individuals with HTG content ≤ 1.85%, and these altered parameters were associated with increased IR. Mean HTG was lower in lean non-AI women compared with lean non-AI men, whereas lean AI men and women had a 40% to 100% increase in HTG when compared with non-AI men and women, which was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors.Conclusion We found that the 95th percentile of HTG in lean non-AI individuals was 1.85% and that HTG concentrations above this threshold were associated with IR and cardiovascular risk factors. Premenopausal women were protected from these changes whereas young, lean AI men and women manifested increased HTG content and associated cardiometabolic risk factors.Funding Grants from the United States Department of Health and Human Resources (NIH/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases): R01 DK113984, P30 DK45735, U24 DK59635, and UL1 ...
    Keywords Hepatology ; Metabolism ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher American Society for Clinical investigation
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Effect of Burosumab on Muscle Function and Strength, and Rates of ATP Synthesis in Skeletal Muscle in Adults With XLH.

    Insogna, Karl L / Sullivan, Rebecca / Parziale, Stephen / Deng, Yanhong / Carrano, Diana / Simpson, Christine / Dufour, Sylvie / Carpenter, Thomas / Petersen, Kitt Falk

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

    2023  Volume 109, Issue 3, Page(s) e1061–e1071

    Abstract: Context: In clinical trials, burosumab ameliorates symptoms of pain, fatigue, and stiffness and improves performance on certain muscle function studies in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH).: Objective: This work aimed to determine if ... ...

    Abstract Context: In clinical trials, burosumab ameliorates symptoms of pain, fatigue, and stiffness and improves performance on certain muscle function studies in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH).
    Objective: This work aimed to determine if burosumab increases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in skeletal muscle of treatment-naive adults with XLH, and if so, whether that correlates with improved muscle function.
    Methods: Ten untreated, symptomatic adults with XLH had ATP synthesis rates measured in the right calf using the 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy saturation transfer technique. Baseline muscle function tests and symptoms of pain, fatigue, stiffness, and lower-extremity joint pain were quantified. All participants were treated with burosumab, 1 mg/kg every 4 weeks for 12 weeks. ATP synthesis rates and muscle function tests were repeated 2 weeks ("peak") and 4 weeks ("trough") after the third dose of burosumab.
    Results: All symptoms improved with treatment. Performance on the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Sit to Stand (STS) tests also improved. Muscle strength and ATP synthesis rates did not change over the 3 months of the study. When individuals whose performances on the 6MWT and STS test were at or better than the median outcome for those tests were compared to those whose outcomes were below the median, no difference was observed in the rate of change in ATP synthesis. Intracellular muscle concentrations of phosphate were normal.
    Conclusion: The improvement in the 6MWT and STS test without changes in muscle strength or ATP synthesis rates suggests that reductions in pain, fatigue, and stiffness may partly explain the improved performance. Intracellular phosphate in skeletal muscle is insulated from hypophosphatemia in XLH.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use ; Familial Hypophosphatemic Rickets/diagnosis ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Polyphosphates/therapeutic use ; Pain/drug therapy ; Leg ; Fatigue/drug therapy ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
    Chemical Substances burosumab (G9WJT6RD29) ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Adenosine Triphosphate (8L70Q75FXE) ; triphosphoric acid (NU43IAG5BC) ; Polyphosphates ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3029-6
    ISSN 1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7197
    ISSN 0021-972X
    DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgad642
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Ethnic and sex differences in hepatic lipid content and related cardiometabolic parameters in lean individuals.

    Petersen, Kitt Falk / Dufour, Sylvie / Li, Fangyong / Rothman, Douglas L / Shulman, Gerald I

    JCI insight

    2022  Volume 7, Issue 7

    Abstract: BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver affects 25% to 30% of the US and European populations; is associated with insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk; and is defined by hepatic triglyceride (HTG) content greater than 5 ... ...

    Abstract BackgroundNonalcoholic fatty liver affects 25% to 30% of the US and European populations; is associated with insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, and increased cardiovascular risk; and is defined by hepatic triglyceride (HTG) content greater than 5.56%. However, it is unknown whether HTG content less than 5.56% is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors and whether there are ethnic (Asian Indian, AI, versus non-AI) and/or sex differences in these parameters in lean individuals.MethodsWe prospectively recruited 2331 individuals and measured HTG, using 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and plasma concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and uric acid. Insulin sensitivity was assessed using Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance and the Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index.ResultsThe 95th percentile for HTG in lean non-AI individuals was 1.85%. Plasma insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations were increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased in individuals with HTG content > 1.85% and ≤ 5.56% compared with those individuals with HTG content ≤ 1.85%, and these altered parameters were associated with increased IR. Mean HTG was lower in lean non-AI women compared with lean non-AI men, whereas lean AI men and women had a 40% to 100% increase in HTG when compared with non-AI men and women, which was associated with increased cardiometabolic risk factors.ConclusionWe found that the 95th percentile of HTG in lean non-AI individuals was 1.85% and that HTG concentrations above this threshold were associated with IR and cardiovascular risk factors. Premenopausal women were protected from these changes whereas young, lean AI men and women manifested increased HTG content and associated cardiometabolic risk factors.FundingGrants from the United States Department of Health and Human Resources (NIH/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases): R01 DK113984, P30 DK45735, U24 DK59635, and UL1 RR024139; and the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18CC0034900).
    MeSH term(s) Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Female ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance ; Male ; Sex Characteristics ; Triglycerides ; Uric Acid
    Chemical Substances Cholesterol, HDL ; Cholesterol, LDL ; Triglycerides ; Uric Acid (268B43MJ25)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2379-3708
    ISSN (online) 2379-3708
    DOI 10.1172/jci.insight.157906
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Insulin Resistance, and Potential Genetic Implications.

    Sangwung, Panjamaporn / Petersen, Kitt Falk / Shulman, Gerald I / Knowles, Joshua W

    Endocrinology

    2020  Volume 161, Issue 4

    Abstract: Insulin resistance (IR) is fundamental to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is present in most prediabetic (preDM) individuals. Insulin resistance has both heritable and environmental determinants centered on energy storage and metabolism. ... ...

    Abstract Insulin resistance (IR) is fundamental to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is present in most prediabetic (preDM) individuals. Insulin resistance has both heritable and environmental determinants centered on energy storage and metabolism. Recent insights from human genetic studies, coupled with comprehensive in vivo and ex vivo metabolic studies in humans and rodents, have highlighted the critical role of reduced mitochondrial function as a predisposing condition for ectopic lipid deposition and IR. These studies support the hypothesis that reduced mitochondrial function, particularly in insulin-responsive tissues such as skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue, and the liver, is inextricably linked to tissue and whole body IR through the effects on cellular energy balance. Here we discuss these findings as well as address potential mechanisms that serve as the nexus between mitochondrial malfunction and IR.
    MeSH term(s) Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Lipid Metabolism/physiology ; Liver/metabolism ; Mitochondria/genetics ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Prediabetic State/genetics ; Prediabetic State/metabolism
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
    ZDB-ID 427856-2
    ISSN 1945-7170 ; 0013-7227
    ISSN (online) 1945-7170
    ISSN 0013-7227
    DOI 10.1210/endocr/bqaa017
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Lysophosphatidic acid triggers inflammation in the liver and white adipose tissue in rat models of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2 deficiency and overnutrition.

    Sakuma, Ikki / Gaspar, Rafael C / Luukkonen, Panu K / Kahn, Mario / Zhang, Dongyan / Zhang, Xuchen / Murray, Sue / Golla, Jaya Prakash / Vatner, Daniel F / Samuel, Varman T / Petersen, Kitt Falk / Shulman, Gerald I

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 52, Page(s) e2312666120

    Abstract: AGPAT2 (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase-2) converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA), and mutations of ... ...

    Abstract AGPAT2 (1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate-acyltransferase-2) converts lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA), and mutations of the
    MeSH term(s) Male ; Rats ; Animals ; Acyltransferases/metabolism ; Glycerol ; 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase/genetics ; 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase/metabolism ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Lipodystrophy/genetics ; Fatty Liver ; Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism ; Phosphatidic Acids ; Inflammation ; Overnutrition ; Phosphates
    Chemical Substances Acyltransferases (EC 2.3.-) ; lysophosphatidic acid (PG6M3969SG) ; Glycerol (PDC6A3C0OX) ; 1-Acylglycerol-3-Phosphate O-Acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.51) ; Phosphatidic Acids ; Phosphates
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2312666120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Inhibition of

    Luukkonen, Panu K / Sakuma, Ikki / Gaspar, Rafael C / Mooring, Meghan / Nasiri, Ali / Kahn, Mario / Zhang, Xian-Man / Zhang, Dongyan / Sammalkorpi, Henna / Penttilä, Anne K / Orho-Melander, Marju / Arola, Johanna / Juuti, Anne / Zhang, Xuchen / Yimlamai, Dean / Yki-Järvinen, Hannele / Petersen, Kitt Falk / Shulman, Gerald I

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2023  Volume 120, Issue 4, Page(s) e2217543120

    Abstract: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, in which prognosis is determined by liver fibrosis. A common variant in hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 ( ...

    Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, in which prognosis is determined by liver fibrosis. A common variant in hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase 13 (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver Cirrhosis/pathology ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Pyrimidines/metabolism
    Chemical Substances pyrimidine (K8CXK5Q32L) ; Pyrimidines ; HSD17B13 protein, human (EC 1.1.-.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.2217543120
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: The PNPLA3 I148M variant increases ketogenesis and decreases hepatic de novo lipogenesis and mitochondrial function in humans.

    Luukkonen, Panu K / Porthan, Kimmo / Ahlholm, Noora / Rosqvist, Fredrik / Dufour, Sylvie / Zhang, Xian-Man / Lehtimäki, Tiina E / Seppänen, Wenla / Orho-Melander, Marju / Hodson, Leanne / Petersen, Kitt Falk / Shulman, Gerald I / Yki-Järvinen, Hannele

    Cell metabolism

    2023  Volume 35, Issue 11, Page(s) 1887–1896.e5

    Abstract: The PNPLA3 I148M variant is the major genetic risk factor for all stages of fatty liver disease, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. We studied the effect of this variant on hepatic metabolism in homozygous carriers and non-carriers under ...

    Abstract The PNPLA3 I148M variant is the major genetic risk factor for all stages of fatty liver disease, but the underlying pathophysiology remains unclear. We studied the effect of this variant on hepatic metabolism in homozygous carriers and non-carriers under multiple physiological conditions with state-of-the-art stable isotope techniques. After an overnight fast, carriers had higher plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and lower hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) compared to non-carriers. After a mixed meal, fatty acids were channeled toward ketogenesis in carriers, which was associated with an increase in hepatic mitochondrial redox state. During a ketogenic diet, carriers manifested increased rates of intrahepatic lipolysis, increased plasma β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations, and decreased rates of hepatic mitochondrial citrate synthase flux. These studies demonstrate that homozygous PNPLA3 I148M carriers have hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction leading to reduced DNL and channeling of carbons to ketogenesis. These findings have implications for understanding why the PNPLA3 variant predisposes to progressive liver disease.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Lipogenesis/genetics ; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/metabolism ; Mitochondria/metabolism ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease
    Chemical Substances 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid (TZP1275679)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2176834-1
    ISSN 1932-7420 ; 1550-4131
    ISSN (online) 1932-7420
    ISSN 1550-4131
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The effects of increased acetate turnover on glucose-induced insulin secretion in lean and obese humans.

    Petersen, Kitt Falk / Impellizeri, Anne / Cline, Gary W / Shulman, Gerald I

    Journal of clinical and translational science

    2019  Volume 3, Issue 1, Page(s) 18–20

    Abstract: Introduction: Increased endogenous acetate production (Ra) in rodents has been shown to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby promote increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), increased ghrelin secretion, hyperphagia and ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Increased endogenous acetate production (Ra) in rodents has been shown to activate the parasympathetic nervous system and thereby promote increased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS), increased ghrelin secretion, hyperphagia and obesity.
    Aim: To examine whether rates of acetate turnover are different in lean versus obese humans and whether increased acetate turnover promotes increased GSIS and increased ghrelin secretion in humans.
    Methods: Basal acetate Ra was measured following an overnight fast in lean (BMI: 21.3 ± 1.1 Kg/m
    Results: Basal acetate Ra was 30% higher in the lean compared to the obese subjects (257 ± 27 vs. 173 ± 18 μmol/min;
    Conclusion: Rates of endogenous acetate turnover are ∼30% higher in the lean subjects compared to the obese subjects, and increasing plasma acetate turnover does not promote increased GSIS or ghrelin secretion in either group.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-07-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2059-8661
    ISSN (online) 2059-8661
    DOI 10.1017/cts.2018.342
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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